This lab report summarizes 6 experiments conducted to measure various mechanical properties:
1. Measuring temperature using different devices and noting the differences.
2. Explaining the working of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine through diagrams and concluding that isothermal and adiabatic processes allow it to generate power.
3. Demonstrating the working principle of a concentric heat exchanger under counterflow conditions and calculating efficiency.
4. Demonstrating the working principle of a concentric heat exchanger under parallel flow conditions and concluding more heat is transferred under counterflow.
5. Determining the temperature distribution during steady-state heat conduction through a cylinder wall and demonstrating the effect of
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their classification. It covers:
1) The different cycles of operation for IC engines including Otto, Diesel, and dual combustion cycles.
2) The assumptions and calculations used in air standard efficiency analysis which approximates real engine cycles.
3) Key parameters that determine thermal efficiency and work output for different cycles.
This document provides an overview of various gas power cycles used in thermal engineering. It discusses the Otto, Diesel, dual, Brayton, and other cycles. For each cycle, it describes the key processes on P-V and T-S diagrams, such as isentropic compression and expansion and constant volume or pressure heat addition/rejection. It also provides the efficiency equations for ideal versions of the Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles. Real-world examples of engines using different cycles are given at the end.
This document describes the design and analysis of an air-cooled radiator for a diesel engine with a hydrostatic transmission in a special purpose vehicle. It involves calculating the heat loads of the engine and transmission, designing a customized radiator using CAD software to dissipate the heat within given space constraints, and analyzing the radiator design using CFD software. The radiator is designed to have a heat transfer area of 1.23 square meters and incorporates fins to increase surface area for improved heat dissipation performance within the allotted volume of 706mm width, 370mm height and 80mm depth.
Performance Analysis of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of an automobile radiator. It describes the components of the cooling system, including the radiator, water heater, pump, thermometers and flow meter. An assembly is connected to circulate water and measure the inlet and outlet temperatures. Formulas are provided to calculate heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, Reynolds number and friction factor. The radiator performance is evaluated by measuring temperatures and calculating the heat transfer rate to determine how effectively it transfers heat from the engine. This analysis helps identify the best radiator for different applications.
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine Power PlantsIOSR Journals
: Steam are a major energy consumer. Optimising process operating conditions can considerably
improve turbine water rate, which in turn will significantly reduce energy requirement. Various operating
parameters affect condensing and back pressure turbine steam consumption and efficiency. The industrial
sector is the largest energy consumer, accounting for about 30 % of total energy used. Fuel and energy prices
are continuously rising. With the present trend of energy prices and scarcity of hydrocarbon resources lowering
energy requirement is a top priority. Energy conservation benefits depend on the adopting minor or major
modifications and using the latest technology. Turbines are designed for a particular operating conditions like
steam inlet pressure, steam inlet temperature and turbine exhaust pressure/ exhaust vacuum, which affects the
performance of the turbines in a significant way. Variations in these parameters affects the steam consumption
in the turbines and also the turbine efficiency. The present study was done to improve the power output of the
turbine, thermal efficiency and specific steam consumption in conventional steam power plants. Three cycles i.e
regenerative cycle, superheater cycle and cogeneration cycle are considered to formulate the data and obtain a
better result in steam turbine power plants
This document provides information about the Thermal Engineering course ME6404 for 4th semester mechanical engineering students at RMK College of Engineering and Technology. It was compiled by Assistant Professor Bibin C. The course covers gas power cycles, internal combustion engines, steam nozzles and turbines, air compressors, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It lists the course objectives, units of study, textbooks, and references. The document also provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in thermal engineering such as work, heat, entropy, and processes like isothermal, adiabatic, throttling and free expansion.
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their classification. It covers:
1) The different cycles of operation for IC engines including Otto, Diesel, and dual combustion cycles.
2) The assumptions and calculations used in air standard efficiency analysis which approximates real engine cycles.
3) Key parameters that determine thermal efficiency and work output for different cycles.
This document provides an overview of various gas power cycles used in thermal engineering. It discusses the Otto, Diesel, dual, Brayton, and other cycles. For each cycle, it describes the key processes on P-V and T-S diagrams, such as isentropic compression and expansion and constant volume or pressure heat addition/rejection. It also provides the efficiency equations for ideal versions of the Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles. Real-world examples of engines using different cycles are given at the end.
This document describes the design and analysis of an air-cooled radiator for a diesel engine with a hydrostatic transmission in a special purpose vehicle. It involves calculating the heat loads of the engine and transmission, designing a customized radiator using CAD software to dissipate the heat within given space constraints, and analyzing the radiator design using CFD software. The radiator is designed to have a heat transfer area of 1.23 square meters and incorporates fins to increase surface area for improved heat dissipation performance within the allotted volume of 706mm width, 370mm height and 80mm depth.
Performance Analysis of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of an automobile radiator. It describes the components of the cooling system, including the radiator, water heater, pump, thermometers and flow meter. An assembly is connected to circulate water and measure the inlet and outlet temperatures. Formulas are provided to calculate heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, Reynolds number and friction factor. The radiator performance is evaluated by measuring temperatures and calculating the heat transfer rate to determine how effectively it transfers heat from the engine. This analysis helps identify the best radiator for different applications.
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine Power PlantsIOSR Journals
: Steam are a major energy consumer. Optimising process operating conditions can considerably
improve turbine water rate, which in turn will significantly reduce energy requirement. Various operating
parameters affect condensing and back pressure turbine steam consumption and efficiency. The industrial
sector is the largest energy consumer, accounting for about 30 % of total energy used. Fuel and energy prices
are continuously rising. With the present trend of energy prices and scarcity of hydrocarbon resources lowering
energy requirement is a top priority. Energy conservation benefits depend on the adopting minor or major
modifications and using the latest technology. Turbines are designed for a particular operating conditions like
steam inlet pressure, steam inlet temperature and turbine exhaust pressure/ exhaust vacuum, which affects the
performance of the turbines in a significant way. Variations in these parameters affects the steam consumption
in the turbines and also the turbine efficiency. The present study was done to improve the power output of the
turbine, thermal efficiency and specific steam consumption in conventional steam power plants. Three cycles i.e
regenerative cycle, superheater cycle and cogeneration cycle are considered to formulate the data and obtain a
better result in steam turbine power plants
This document provides information about the Thermal Engineering course ME6404 for 4th semester mechanical engineering students at RMK College of Engineering and Technology. It was compiled by Assistant Professor Bibin C. The course covers gas power cycles, internal combustion engines, steam nozzles and turbines, air compressors, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It lists the course objectives, units of study, textbooks, and references. The document also provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in thermal engineering such as work, heat, entropy, and processes like isothermal, adiabatic, throttling and free expansion.
Application of first law thermodynamics (yoga n zian)qiebti
The document discusses several thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle consists of four steps: two isothermal processes where heat is absorbed and rejected at different temperatures, and two adiabatic processes where the gas expands and compresses with no heat transfer. The Otto cycle uses spark ignition and has two adiabatic and two isochoric processes. The Diesel cycle approximates the combustion chamber and has one isobaric and two adiabatic processes. The Rankine cycle converts heat to work like the steam engine and has two isobaric and two adiabatic processes.
Experimental Analysis on Thermosyphon Heatpipe to Find Heat Transfer CoefficentIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis conducted to determine the heat transfer coefficient of a thermosyphon heat pipe. The experiment used a copper thermosyphon heat pipe 570mm long with de-ionized water as the working fluid. Tests were run at heat inputs of 155W, 200W, 250W and 300W, fluid flow rates of 10, 15, and 20 ml/sec, and inclinations of 30 and 45 degrees. Temperature readings at the evaporator and condenser ends were recorded and used to calculate parameters like thermal efficiency, heat flux, thermal resistance, and heat transfer coefficient. Graphs of the results show that a 45 degree inclination produced higher efficiency and heat transfer compared to 30 degrees.
The document discusses abnormal combustion in spark ignition engines. Under normal combustion, the flame travels uniformly across the combustion chamber. Abnormal combustion occurs when combustion deviates from this normal behavior. Two types of abnormal combustion are pre-ignition and knocking. Pre-ignition occurs when the fuel-air mixture ignites before the spark, while knocking is the auto-ignition of unburned fuel late in the combustion cycle. Both pre-ignition and knocking can damage engine components and reduce performance. The causes of abnormal combustion include issues with fuel quality, engine parts, air quality, cooling, vibration, and operating environment.
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle.
The document describes a water cooling system that uses engine exhaust heat from a two-wheeler engine. The system uses an adsorber bed filled with activated carbon to adsorb R134a refrigerant. Exhaust from the engine passes through the adsorber bed, heating it and causing the refrigerant to evaporate. The evaporated refrigerant then passes through a coil that acts as an evaporator, cooling water passed through it. After condensing, the refrigerant is expanded through a valve and re-adsorbed in the bed, completing the cycle. Experimental results showed the system could cool 2 liters of water to 19°C within 30 minutes, using only waste heat from the engine exhaust. The system provides
radiator in a heat exchanger its a part of engine cooling module. manufacturing of radiator and you can go through every part used to make the radiator with the different process till leak testing.
This document discusses various thermodynamic power cycles including:
- The Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient but impractical cycle.
- Rankine cycles, which are more practical vapor power cycles that use steam as the working fluid.
- Simple Rankine cycles involve heating water to steam then expanding it in a turbine before condensing it back to water.
- Rankine cycles with superheated steam, which increase efficiency by heating steam above its saturation temperature.
- The efficiencies of different cycles are calculated and compared in examples. Superheated steam cycles have higher efficiencies than simple Rankine cycles due to higher average temperatures.
Thermodynamic Design of a Fire-Tube Steam BoilerJohn Walter
This document summarizes the thermodynamic design of a fire-tube steam boiler. It includes an introduction describing the key components of a fire-tube boiler. The design analysis section shows calculations for temperature distribution, heat transfer within the boiler, area for the second and third passes, and volume ratios. The design outcome provides the dimensions and specifications determined for the boiler, including a boiler length of 5m, diameter of 2m, and furnace diameter of 0.8m. Supporting data is also included in an Excel file.
This document presents an analysis of improvements to the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant cycle through regeneration and reheat. It describes three scenarios: a basic Rankine cycle (24% efficiency), addition of regeneration and preheating (44% efficiency), and further addition of reheat (66% efficiency). Tables and diagrams are included showing the state variables and performance of each scenario. The document provides theoretical background on steam power plant components and outlines the assumptions and calculations used in the analysis.
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of an automobile radiator test rig using MATLAB. The main divisions of the project include estimating costs, designing the cooling system in MATLAB, assembling components to create the test rig, and analyzing rig values for different parameters. The test rig components include a reservoir, pump, rotameter, thermocouples, radiator, fan, and coolant bottle. Experiments are conducted using water and coolant at different dilution levels. Observations of inlet/outlet temperatures and efficiency calculations are made. Results show inlet temperature decreases with increasing outlet temperature. Thermal efficiency increases with greater temperature difference. The project concludes with recommendations for further analysis and simulation of the system.
This document describes a seminar submitted by Mr. Swami H. Masulkar on the topic of a six-stroke engine. The six-stroke engine incorporates two additional strokes beyond a conventional four-stroke engine. It includes two independent chambers, a combustion chamber and an air heating chamber, separated from the cylinder. This design allows for increased thermal efficiency over a traditional internal combustion engine. The six-stroke engine consists of an external combustion cycle and an internal combustion cycle, each with four events. It provides advantages such as reduced fuel consumption and emissions.
To assess the performance of the vapor compression cycle as a refrigerator and as a heat pump and its dependence on various parameters. To learn how to use the equipment to measure temperatures at various test points and the flow rates for liquids and gases.
The document discusses heat engines and internal combustion engines. It provides details on:
1) Heat engines partially convert heat energy to other forms of energy and involve a cyclic process using a working substance.
2) Internal combustion engines combust fuel within the engine cylinder. Common applications include vehicles, power generation, and farm equipment.
3) The four main cycles of internal combustion engines are Otto, Diesel, two-stroke, and four-stroke cycles. Parameters like efficiency and power output are defined.
Hydraulic Oil Cooling with Application of Heat PipeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using heat pipes to cool hydraulic oil in systems. Heat pipes transfer heat from hot oil to fins more efficiently than conventional cooling methods.
2. A prototype hydraulic oil cooler was developed that uses 4 parallel heat pipe modules to transfer heat from hot oil to spiral radial fins, aided by a radial blower. Experimental results showed increased heat transfer rates and effectiveness with higher oil flow rates.
3. Using heat pipes for hydraulic oil cooling provides benefits like lower maintenance costs, reduced system size, and energy savings compared to other cooling methods. The experiments demonstrated the heat pipe cooler's ability to prevent hydraulic system overheating through efficient heat removal.
The document discusses the idealized air standard diesel cycle that is used to analyze internal combustion engine processes. It describes how the actual open cycle is approximated as a closed cycle by assuming exhaust gases are recycled. It also outlines how the combustion process is replaced with constant pressure heat addition and other actual processes are approximated using ideal processes like constant pressure and isentropic. Finally, it provides the thermodynamic analysis of the six processes that make up the air standard diesel cycle and gives the equation to calculate the cycle's thermal efficiency.
Improving the Heat Transfer Rate for Multi Cylinder Engine Piston and Piston ...IOSR Journals
The four stroke otto engine uses just one of the four strokes to perform work. This causes various
problems: The engine runs jerkily, and this can only be prevented by a large flywheel, which needs a lot of
space and weights pretty much in addition. In this thesis, thermal loads and pressures produced in the multi
cylinder petrol engine Toyota 86 Car by varying compression ratios 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1 and 25:1 are
calculated by mathematical correlations And also calculating the effect of these thermal loads on piston and
piston rings by varying materials Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy 6061 for piston and Cast Iron and Steel for piston
rings.FEA transient thermal analysis is performed on the parametric model to validate the effect of thermal
loads on piston and piston rings for different materials. The optimum value of compression ratio and the better
material is determined by analysis results to improve the heat transfer rate of multi cylinder engine piston and
piston rings. Dynamic analysis is done on the piston by applying the pressures developed and also static
analysis by applying the maximum pressure.
Power Plants and Basic Thermodynamic CyclesSalman Haider
1. Power plants convert thermal energy from fossil fuels into electrical energy through thermodynamic cycles like the Brayton, Rankine, and Otto cycles. They use prime movers like steam and gas turbines to power electrical generators.
2. Common types of power plants include fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric, nuclear, and renewable plants. Fossil fuel plants burn coal, natural gas, or oil. Alternative energy sources help address environmental concerns of fossil fuels.
3. Thermodynamic cycles determine power plant categories. The Brayton cycle powers gas turbines, Rankine cycle powers steam turbines, and Otto and Diesel cycles power reciprocating engines. Combined cycle plants boost efficiency by combining gas and steam cycles.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
This document provides information on entropy and thermodynamics concepts including:
1. Entropy is a measure of irreversibilities and increases for all actual processes, being conserved only for idealized reversible processes.
2. Processes can only occur in the direction that complies with the increase of entropy principle.
3. Gas turbine cycles including Brayton, jet propulsion, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling and reheating are discussed. The efficiency and performance of these cycles depends on parameters like pressure and temperature ratios.
The document discusses using an F-test to compare the variances of temperature measurements from two different thermocouples (T-type and K-type). The F-value calculated was larger than the critical F-value, so the null hypothesis that the variances are equal was rejected, indicating the variances of the two sets of temperature measurements are unequal. A silicon wafer was then heated on a hotplate to further assess the precision of a pyrometer relative to a surface-attached thermocouple.
Application of first law thermodynamics (yoga n zian)qiebti
The document discusses several thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle consists of four steps: two isothermal processes where heat is absorbed and rejected at different temperatures, and two adiabatic processes where the gas expands and compresses with no heat transfer. The Otto cycle uses spark ignition and has two adiabatic and two isochoric processes. The Diesel cycle approximates the combustion chamber and has one isobaric and two adiabatic processes. The Rankine cycle converts heat to work like the steam engine and has two isobaric and two adiabatic processes.
Experimental Analysis on Thermosyphon Heatpipe to Find Heat Transfer CoefficentIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis conducted to determine the heat transfer coefficient of a thermosyphon heat pipe. The experiment used a copper thermosyphon heat pipe 570mm long with de-ionized water as the working fluid. Tests were run at heat inputs of 155W, 200W, 250W and 300W, fluid flow rates of 10, 15, and 20 ml/sec, and inclinations of 30 and 45 degrees. Temperature readings at the evaporator and condenser ends were recorded and used to calculate parameters like thermal efficiency, heat flux, thermal resistance, and heat transfer coefficient. Graphs of the results show that a 45 degree inclination produced higher efficiency and heat transfer compared to 30 degrees.
The document discusses abnormal combustion in spark ignition engines. Under normal combustion, the flame travels uniformly across the combustion chamber. Abnormal combustion occurs when combustion deviates from this normal behavior. Two types of abnormal combustion are pre-ignition and knocking. Pre-ignition occurs when the fuel-air mixture ignites before the spark, while knocking is the auto-ignition of unburned fuel late in the combustion cycle. Both pre-ignition and knocking can damage engine components and reduce performance. The causes of abnormal combustion include issues with fuel quality, engine parts, air quality, cooling, vibration, and operating environment.
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle.
The document describes a water cooling system that uses engine exhaust heat from a two-wheeler engine. The system uses an adsorber bed filled with activated carbon to adsorb R134a refrigerant. Exhaust from the engine passes through the adsorber bed, heating it and causing the refrigerant to evaporate. The evaporated refrigerant then passes through a coil that acts as an evaporator, cooling water passed through it. After condensing, the refrigerant is expanded through a valve and re-adsorbed in the bed, completing the cycle. Experimental results showed the system could cool 2 liters of water to 19°C within 30 minutes, using only waste heat from the engine exhaust. The system provides
radiator in a heat exchanger its a part of engine cooling module. manufacturing of radiator and you can go through every part used to make the radiator with the different process till leak testing.
This document discusses various thermodynamic power cycles including:
- The Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient but impractical cycle.
- Rankine cycles, which are more practical vapor power cycles that use steam as the working fluid.
- Simple Rankine cycles involve heating water to steam then expanding it in a turbine before condensing it back to water.
- Rankine cycles with superheated steam, which increase efficiency by heating steam above its saturation temperature.
- The efficiencies of different cycles are calculated and compared in examples. Superheated steam cycles have higher efficiencies than simple Rankine cycles due to higher average temperatures.
Thermodynamic Design of a Fire-Tube Steam BoilerJohn Walter
This document summarizes the thermodynamic design of a fire-tube steam boiler. It includes an introduction describing the key components of a fire-tube boiler. The design analysis section shows calculations for temperature distribution, heat transfer within the boiler, area for the second and third passes, and volume ratios. The design outcome provides the dimensions and specifications determined for the boiler, including a boiler length of 5m, diameter of 2m, and furnace diameter of 0.8m. Supporting data is also included in an Excel file.
This document presents an analysis of improvements to the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant cycle through regeneration and reheat. It describes three scenarios: a basic Rankine cycle (24% efficiency), addition of regeneration and preheating (44% efficiency), and further addition of reheat (66% efficiency). Tables and diagrams are included showing the state variables and performance of each scenario. The document provides theoretical background on steam power plant components and outlines the assumptions and calculations used in the analysis.
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of an automobile radiator test rig using MATLAB. The main divisions of the project include estimating costs, designing the cooling system in MATLAB, assembling components to create the test rig, and analyzing rig values for different parameters. The test rig components include a reservoir, pump, rotameter, thermocouples, radiator, fan, and coolant bottle. Experiments are conducted using water and coolant at different dilution levels. Observations of inlet/outlet temperatures and efficiency calculations are made. Results show inlet temperature decreases with increasing outlet temperature. Thermal efficiency increases with greater temperature difference. The project concludes with recommendations for further analysis and simulation of the system.
This document describes a seminar submitted by Mr. Swami H. Masulkar on the topic of a six-stroke engine. The six-stroke engine incorporates two additional strokes beyond a conventional four-stroke engine. It includes two independent chambers, a combustion chamber and an air heating chamber, separated from the cylinder. This design allows for increased thermal efficiency over a traditional internal combustion engine. The six-stroke engine consists of an external combustion cycle and an internal combustion cycle, each with four events. It provides advantages such as reduced fuel consumption and emissions.
To assess the performance of the vapor compression cycle as a refrigerator and as a heat pump and its dependence on various parameters. To learn how to use the equipment to measure temperatures at various test points and the flow rates for liquids and gases.
The document discusses heat engines and internal combustion engines. It provides details on:
1) Heat engines partially convert heat energy to other forms of energy and involve a cyclic process using a working substance.
2) Internal combustion engines combust fuel within the engine cylinder. Common applications include vehicles, power generation, and farm equipment.
3) The four main cycles of internal combustion engines are Otto, Diesel, two-stroke, and four-stroke cycles. Parameters like efficiency and power output are defined.
Hydraulic Oil Cooling with Application of Heat PipeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using heat pipes to cool hydraulic oil in systems. Heat pipes transfer heat from hot oil to fins more efficiently than conventional cooling methods.
2. A prototype hydraulic oil cooler was developed that uses 4 parallel heat pipe modules to transfer heat from hot oil to spiral radial fins, aided by a radial blower. Experimental results showed increased heat transfer rates and effectiveness with higher oil flow rates.
3. Using heat pipes for hydraulic oil cooling provides benefits like lower maintenance costs, reduced system size, and energy savings compared to other cooling methods. The experiments demonstrated the heat pipe cooler's ability to prevent hydraulic system overheating through efficient heat removal.
The document discusses the idealized air standard diesel cycle that is used to analyze internal combustion engine processes. It describes how the actual open cycle is approximated as a closed cycle by assuming exhaust gases are recycled. It also outlines how the combustion process is replaced with constant pressure heat addition and other actual processes are approximated using ideal processes like constant pressure and isentropic. Finally, it provides the thermodynamic analysis of the six processes that make up the air standard diesel cycle and gives the equation to calculate the cycle's thermal efficiency.
Improving the Heat Transfer Rate for Multi Cylinder Engine Piston and Piston ...IOSR Journals
The four stroke otto engine uses just one of the four strokes to perform work. This causes various
problems: The engine runs jerkily, and this can only be prevented by a large flywheel, which needs a lot of
space and weights pretty much in addition. In this thesis, thermal loads and pressures produced in the multi
cylinder petrol engine Toyota 86 Car by varying compression ratios 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1 and 25:1 are
calculated by mathematical correlations And also calculating the effect of these thermal loads on piston and
piston rings by varying materials Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy 6061 for piston and Cast Iron and Steel for piston
rings.FEA transient thermal analysis is performed on the parametric model to validate the effect of thermal
loads on piston and piston rings for different materials. The optimum value of compression ratio and the better
material is determined by analysis results to improve the heat transfer rate of multi cylinder engine piston and
piston rings. Dynamic analysis is done on the piston by applying the pressures developed and also static
analysis by applying the maximum pressure.
Power Plants and Basic Thermodynamic CyclesSalman Haider
1. Power plants convert thermal energy from fossil fuels into electrical energy through thermodynamic cycles like the Brayton, Rankine, and Otto cycles. They use prime movers like steam and gas turbines to power electrical generators.
2. Common types of power plants include fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric, nuclear, and renewable plants. Fossil fuel plants burn coal, natural gas, or oil. Alternative energy sources help address environmental concerns of fossil fuels.
3. Thermodynamic cycles determine power plant categories. The Brayton cycle powers gas turbines, Rankine cycle powers steam turbines, and Otto and Diesel cycles power reciprocating engines. Combined cycle plants boost efficiency by combining gas and steam cycles.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
This document provides information on entropy and thermodynamics concepts including:
1. Entropy is a measure of irreversibilities and increases for all actual processes, being conserved only for idealized reversible processes.
2. Processes can only occur in the direction that complies with the increase of entropy principle.
3. Gas turbine cycles including Brayton, jet propulsion, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling and reheating are discussed. The efficiency and performance of these cycles depends on parameters like pressure and temperature ratios.
The document discusses using an F-test to compare the variances of temperature measurements from two different thermocouples (T-type and K-type). The F-value calculated was larger than the critical F-value, so the null hypothesis that the variances are equal was rejected, indicating the variances of the two sets of temperature measurements are unequal. A silicon wafer was then heated on a hotplate to further assess the precision of a pyrometer relative to a surface-attached thermocouple.
A Proposal on Heat Engines, a topic in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics.
This work aim at studying the process involved in the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work and in effect the principles which engine operate.
Heat engines are systems that convert heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy which can then be used to do mechanical work. This is done basically by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. The working substance is brought to a high temperature by a heat source which generates thermal energy. This energy is converted to work by exploiting the proportion of the working substance during which the heat is transferred to the colder destination until it reaches a lower temperature state.
The conversion of this heat to mechanical work follow certain routes which ends at the start point and hence are called cycles. This work will in essence focus on these cycles. Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle and brayton cycle are some of the cycle that represent models for heat engine operations. The condition to which the working fluid is subjected in the process, is what distinguishes one cycle from the other.
This document summarizes an experiment on enhancing the heat transfer efficiency of a counter flow heat exchanger by using API SN oil and Super Kool Xtra oil. The experimental setup uses a copper tube heat exchanger with the hot fluid passing through the inside of the copper tube and the cold fluid passing over the outside. Temperature readings are taken at the inlet and outlet of both fluids. The results show that API SN oil provides greater heat transfer efficiency than water or Super Kool Xtra oil based on the temperature changes of the fluids. The heat exchanger has applications in industries involving heat transfer like oil/gas, power generation, and industrial processing.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
This document provides an overview of mechanical engineering elements, including thermal prime movers, heat engines, heat engine cycles, and the Otto and Diesel cycles. It defines a heat engine as a device that absorbs heat and uses it to do useful work in a cycle. The Otto cycle uses combustion and constant volume processes, while the Diesel cycle uses constant pressure combustion. Key aspects of both cycles like their stages and efficiencies are described.
This document discusses the design of a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of air from 25°C to 400°C using combustion gas at 1800°C. It includes the problem statement, assumptions, relevant equations, and calculations to determine the required tube length. The key steps are: (1) determining mass flow rates and properties of air and combustion gas, (2) calculating heat transfer coefficients on the tube and shell sides, and (3) using effectiveness-NTU method to calculate the required tube length based on the heat transfer rates and coefficients. The goal is to evaluate if the heat exchanger dimensions provide high efficiency and could be applied to real systems.
The document provides information about the NTPC Dadri power plant located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It has a coal-fired thermal power plant with a capacity of 1820 MW as well as a gas-fired plant of 817 MW and a 5 MW solar plant, totaling 2642 MW. The power plant uses a steam turbine generator process to convert the heat energy from coal combustion into electrical energy. It also discusses the various units involved in this process like the boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser, and cooling towers. The control and instrumentation department works to monitor and control parameters across the plant to ensure safe and efficient operations.
This document presents information on a thermoelectric refrigerator. It includes an abstract that describes how thermoelectric modules can be used to produce refrigeration without CFCs. It then discusses the principles of thermoelectric refrigeration including the Peltier effect. It provides descriptions of the key components of the refrigerator like the thermoelectric module, heat sinks, fans, and temperature indicator. It also includes specifications, power calculations, comparisons to normal refrigerators, advantages, applications and concludes that thermoelectric refrigerators are portable, compact and environmentally friendly alternatives for some cooling applications.
Abstract: Heat pipe are high-efficient heat transfer devices and have been widely applied in various thermal systems. Since heat pipe utilize the phase change of the working fluid to transport the heat, the selection of working fluid is of essential importance to promote the thermal performance of heat pipe. Owing to the heat transfer enhancement effect of nanofluid in the single phase and phase change heat transfer, some researchers have applied various nanofluids in heat pipe as the working fluids to enhance their heat transfer performance.
1. The report analyzes heat exchange properties of small scale Stirling engines through experiments testing different materials for heat exchangers, working fluids, and the addition of fins.
2. The experiments found that copper heat exchangers performed best at higher temperatures, and that the working fluid helium produced higher engine performance than air or carbon dioxide.
3. The addition of fins to the engine provided no significant benefit to performance in low temperature Stirling engines.
IRJET- Uncertainty Analysis of Flat Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe with Differen...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the thermal performance of a flat plate oscillating heat pipe (OHP) using different working fluids. It presents the following key points:
1. An experimental setup was used to test the OHP with working fluids like water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Thermal resistance was calculated at varying heat input levels.
2. Acetone showed the lowest thermal resistance and best thermal performance compared to the other fluids. Thermal resistance decreased with increasing heat input for all fluids.
3. Uncertainty analysis was performed on the heating power and thermal resistance measurements. For a sample acetone test, the uncertainties were calculated to be 5.17% for heating power and 1.5%
This document describes the design of a 1 MW power plant based on a superheated Rankine cycle. Key components include a steam generator with economizer, boiler and superheater sections, a high pressure turbine operating from 100-20 bar, a low pressure turbine from 20-0.1 bar, a condenser, an open feedwater heater containing a deaerator, a closed feedwater heater, and a reheater. Thermodynamic calculations are shown to select locations and operating conditions for these components. Performance is calculated with a net work output of 968.28 kW, heat input of 2557.14 kW, and heat rejected of 2358.52 kW.
The document discusses Nicolas Carnot and the Carnot engine. It describes how Carnot discovered that a steam engine transfers heat from a warm reservoir to a cool one, using some of the heat to produce work. The greater the temperature difference between the reservoirs, the more efficient the engine. It then discusses the ideal Carnot cycle and the four processes involved: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression. The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the heat reservoirs and is maximum when there is the greatest difference between these temperatures.
Separating and throttling calorimeter for steamSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the quality (dryness fraction) of steam passing through a steam main using a separating and throttling calorimeter setup. The calorimeter was developed on a diesel-fired boiler in a thermal power laboratory. The experiment measured parameters like steam temperature, pressure, and flow rates. Steam was sampled from the main and passed through a separator to remove water, then throttled to a lower pressure and superheated region where its dryness fraction could be calculated using energy equations and steam tables. Factors affecting the accuracy of the experiment like measurement errors and device leaks were also discussed.
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
This document provides definitions and key concepts related to applied thermodynamics and heat engines. It defines a heat engine as a device that converts heat energy into mechanical work. It then lists common thermodynamic equations including those for absolute pressure, temperature, heat transfer, gas laws, and the first law of thermodynamics. The document also summarizes the laws of thermodynamics, common thermodynamic cycles, and components and systems of internal combustion engines.
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This document provides an overview of the second law of thermodynamics. It discusses how the second law establishes conditions for equilibrium and determines theoretical performance limits. The document defines key concepts like thermal efficiency, the Carnot cycle, and entropy. It presents examples calculating efficiency and heat transfer for systems like power plants, refrigerators, and heat pumps operating between different temperature levels.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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2. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
RCET Campus
Lab Report of Thermo Fluids
Name:
Muhammad Abdullah
Roll Number:
2010-IM-110
3. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Experiment: 1
To measure the temperature using different temperature measuring devices.
Introduction:
What is temperature?
The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a
comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch.
Temperature is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance. Since it is an
average measurement, it does not depend on the number of particles in an object. In that sense it does not
depend on the size of it. For example, the temperature of a small cup of boiling water is the same as the
temperature of a large pot of boiling water. Even if the large pot is much bigger than the cup and has millions
and millions more water molecules.
We experience temperature every day. When it is very hot outside or when we have a fever we feel hot and
when it is snowing outside we feel cold. When we are boiling water, we wait for the water temperature to
increase and when we make popsicles we wait for the liquid to become very cold and freeze.
Thermometer:
Thermometer is a temperature measuring device which use its capillary action to measure the heat in the body.
Its calibration of scale mainly depends on the type of material it has used.
Usually mercury due to its unique characteristics is used in the thermometer.
Thermo couple:
A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature. It comprises two dissimilar metallic wires joined
together to form a junction. When the junction is heated or cooled, a small voltage is generated in the electrical
circuit of the thermocouple which can be measured, and this corresponds to temperature.
In theory, any two metals can be used to make a thermocouple but in practise, there are a fixed number of types
that are commonly used. They have been developed to give improved linearity and accuracy and comprise
specially developed alloys.
Thermocouples can be made to suit almost any application. They can be made to be robust, fast responding and
to measure a very wide temperature range.
4. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Procedure:
Take the liquids whose temperature is to be measured.
Dip the thermometer in each liquid for one minute each.
Note the temperature for each liquid and measure the difference.
App diagram with schematic diagram
Thermocouple Thermmometer
Specification
Thermometer=100 C
Thermocouple range =-50 –1300C
-58---1998F
Result:
Time
(second)
Thermometer
(°C)
Thermocouple
(°C)
30 82 89.5
60 81 87.3
90 81 85.6
120 79 83.5
5. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
150 77 81.5
200 78 80
Comments:
We should also be vigilant because during measuring high temperatures safty should not
be ignored.
Conclusion:
The temperature difference is directly proportional to the heat in the liquid.
Reference:https://www.quora.com/What-is-temperature, www.te.com/usa-
en/products/sensors/temperature-sensors/thermocouple-sensors.html?te
Experiment#2
To explain the working of the four stroke internal combustion engine
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine:
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally
a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral
part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion
of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply
direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to
pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.
ClassificationsofInternal Combustion Engine:
Internal combustion engines can be classified in many ways on following basis:
Basic Design
According to the design, the internal combustion engines are of two types.
Reciprocating:
Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back and forth. The
combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each cylinder. Power is delivered to a
rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with the pistons.
Rotary:
Engine is made of a block (stator) built around a large non-concentric rotor and crankshaft.
The combustion chambers are built into the non-rotating block. A number of experimental
engines have been tested using this concept, but the only design that has ever become
common in an automobile is the Wankel engine in several Mazda models. Mazda builds
rotary automobile engines with one, two, and three rotors.
Engine Working Cycle
6. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
There are basically two types of working cycles on which the internal combustion engines
operates. These cycles are explained below.
Four-stroke cycle:
A four-stroke cycle has four piston movements over two engine revolutions for each cycle.
The four strokes are Intake, co mpression, Expansion and Exhaust.
Procedure
First of all fuel from the tank is drawn by the pressure due to the opening of the inlet valve.
Than the compression cycle occurs and combustion takes place as a result of the combustion the piston moves
outward and power is transferred and in the next cycle the outlet valve is opened and the combusts gases are
thrown outward and the cycle begins again.
Graphical explanation
7. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Two are isothermal processandtwoare adiabaicprocessinwhichone iscompresionandotherisexpension.
Conclulsion
Isothermal and adiabaticprocesse ahas so muchvalue thattheycan be usedto generate poweranddue tothisreason
the engine woksandthisisthe basic principle.
Refrances; https://www.google.com/search?q=Experiment+%232+working+principle+of
combustion+engine&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPK984PK984&oq=Experiment+%232+working+principle+of+combustion+engine&
aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160l2.26546j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Experiment: 3
To demonstrate the working principle of a concentric heat exchange operating
under counter flow condition.
Introduction
Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat between two or more fluids—i.e., liquids, vapors, or
gases—of different temperatures. Depending on the type of heat exchanger employed, the heat transferring
process can be gas-to-gas, liquid-to-gas, or liquid-to-liquid and occur through a solid separator, which prevents
mixing of the fluids, or direct fluid contact. Other design characteristics, including construction materials and
components, heat transfer mechanisms, and flow configurations, also help to classify and categorize the types of
heat exchangers available. Finding application across a wide range of industries, a diverse selection of these
heat exchanging devices are designed and manufactured for use in both heating and cooling processes.
This article focuses on heat exchangers, exploring the various designs and types available and explaining their
respective functions and mechanisms. Additionally, this article outlines the selection considerations and
common applications for each type of heat exchanging device.
Procedure:
Turn on the taps and allow the hot and cold waters in such a way that the water should pass through the valves
and turn on the temperature measuring unit to calculate the value of hot water and cold water
Allow the hot and cold water to flow in such a way that the respective waters Should pass through their
respective channel and control the flow rate of the fluid by variable float meter.
Set up the water to water heat transfer unit, and valves V2,V4 and V6 are the valves for the hot water. While
valves V1, V3 and V5 are the valves for the cold water.
When the water flow is started,the valves show the temperature of water at the specific valve.
8. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Using the thermometer displayed on the apparatus,note values of the temperature at different valves.
Also note the value to heat supplied and after heating the fluid note the value of the heat emitted.
Now calculate the %efficiency of the fluid flowing in the water to water heat transfer unit.
T1, T2, T3 are the temperature of the hot water at inlet and T4, T5, T6 are the temperature of cold fluid.
App diagram with schematic diagram
Specification
For coldwater: Tc in =19C
Tcout =24C
Tc mid=29C
For hot water:
Tc in =53C
Tcout =45C
Tc mid=48C
Result:
Sr.
No.
mhw Mcw Th in Th mid Th out Tc in Tc mid Tc out Heat
rejected
1 0.033 0.025 53.9 48.8 45 19.5 24.4 29.7 1.23
2 0.066 0.055 54.9 50.7 47.1 19.5 24.4 29.2 1.96
Heat absorbed %Efficiency
9. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
1.066 86.67
2.02 97.02
Explanation of results and observations
This is clear from the calculation that the heat will be transferred maximum if the difference between the temperatures
will be maximum.
Conclusion
Comments:
Reference: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/understanding-heat-exchangers/
https://www.google.com/search?q=heat+exchanger&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPK984PK984&oq=heat+exchanger&aq
s=chrome..
To demonstrate the working principle of a concentric heat exchange operating
under parallel flow condition.
Experiment: 4
Introduction
Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat between two or more fluids—i.e., liquids, vapors, or
gases—of different temperatures. Depending on the type of heat exchanger employed, the heat transferring
process can be gas-to-gas, liquid-to-gas, or liquid-to-liquid and occur through a solid separator, which prevents
mixing of the fluids, or direct fluid contact. Other design characteristics, including construction materials and
components, heat transfer mechanisms, and flow configurations, also help to classify and categorize the types of
heat exchangers available. Finding application across a wide range of industries, a diverse selection of these
heat exchanging devices are designed and manufactured for use in both heating and cooling processes.
This article focuses on heat exchangers, exploring the various designs and types available and explaining their
respective functions and mechanisms. Additionally, this article outlines the selection considerations and
common applications for each type of heat exchanging device.
Difference in the counter and parallel flow during heat exchange experiment
The main difference in the counter and parallel flow is that the cold and hot fluid flows in opposite and parallel
directions direction with their respective inlet valve to enter. In the counter flow the valve which was used for
the hot water is used for the cold water and vice versa.
Procedure:
10. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Turn on the taps and allow the hot and cold waters in such a way that the water should pass through the valves
and turn on the temperature measuring unit to calculate the value of hot water and cold water
Allow the hot and cold water to flow in such a way that the respective waters Should pass through their
respective channel and control the flow rate of the fluid by variable float meter.
Set up the water to water heat transfer unit, and valves V2,V4 and V6 are the valves for the hot water. While
valves V1, V3 and V5 are the valves for the cold water.
When the water flow is started,the valves show the temperature of water at the specific valve.
Using the thermometer displayed on the apparatus,note values of the temperature at different valves.
Also note the value to heat supplied and after heating the fluid note the value of the heat emitted.
Now calculate the %efficiency of the fluid flowing in the water to water heat transfer unit.
T1, T2, T3 are the temperature of the hot water at inlet and T4, T5, T6 are the temperature of cold fluid.
App diagram with schematic diagram
Specification
For coldwater: Tc in =19C
Tcout =24C
Tc mid=29C
For hot water:
Tc in =53C
Tcout =45C
Tc mid=48C
Result:
Sr.
No.
mhw Mcw Th in Th mid Th out Tc in Tc mid Tc out Heat
rejected
1 0.033 0.025 53.9 48.8 45 19.5 24.4 29.7 1.23
2 0.066 0.055 54.9 50.7 47.1 19.5 24.4 29.2 1.96
11. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Heat absorbed %Efficiency
1.066 86.67
2.02 97.02
Explanation of results and observations
This is clear from the calculation that the heat will be transferred maximum if the difference between the temperatures
will be maximum.
Conclusion
The heat transfer in the fluid is directly proportional to the hot and cold temperatures and in the counter flow a
large amount of heat is transferd rather than low
Comments:
Reference: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/understanding-heat-exchangers/
https://www.google.com/search?q=heat+exchanger&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPK984PK984&oq=heat+exchanger&aq
s=chrome.
Experiment NO: 5
To determine the temperature distribution for the steady state conduction of heat through the wall
of cylinder and demonstrate the effect of change in heat flow.
Introduction
The conservation of mass is the fundamental concept of physics. It is the part of thermodynamics physics. Within a
given problem domain, the amount of mass always should remain constant. Hence mass is neither created nor
destroyed. The mass of any object is simply the volume that is occupied by the object multiplied with the density of
the object. Also, for a fluid, the density, volume, and shape of the object can all change within the domain with
time. And mass may move through the domain. In this topic, we will discuss the concept of Mass Flow rate
formula with examples. Let us begin!
Concept of Mass FlowRate
The conservation of mass is telling us that the mass flow rate through a tube must be constant. We can compute the
value of the mass flow rate from the given flow conditions.
12. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Mass Flow Rate is the rate of movement of a massive fluid through the unit area. Obviously this flow rate depends
on the density, velocity of the fluid and the area of the cross-section. Therefore, it is the movement of mass per unit
time. It is measured in the unit of kg per second. Thus we can say that the mass flow rate is the mass of a liquid
substance passing per unit time.
The mass flow formula: Mass FlowRate = (density) × (velocity) × (area of the cross-section)
Mathematically, (m = rho times V times A)
Procedure:
Turn on the centrifugal pump and apply set the liquid to flow through the channel and fill it with water
While water is filling in the side channel than take a reference point on the tube and note the reading
from one certain position to the other and note the value of the time period for the respective
measurement of the volume.
Than measure the value of the flow rate by the following formula:
Flow rate =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
App diagram with schematic diagram
Specification
Maximum capacity of the water chanell = 100lr
Results:
13. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Sr. No. Volume (L) Volume (m3) Time (sec) Flow Rate
(m3 s-1)
1 3.5 0.0035 10.45 0.00033
2 4.5 0.0045 10.76 0.00081
3 5.7 0.0057 7.16 0.00079
4 6 0.006 6.98 0.00086
Conclusion
Mass flow rate mainly depends on the velocity of the fuid flowing through the area of the croos
section.
Refrances:https://www.britannica.com/technology/pressure-gauge#ref38055
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/mass-flow-rate-formula/
Experiment: 6
To calibrate the bourdon pressure gauge using the dead weight column
apparatus
Introduction:
The Bourdon-tube gauge, invented about 1850, is still one of the most widely used instruments for measuring
the pressure of liquids and gases of all kinds, including steam, water, and air up to pressures of 100,000 pounds
per square inch (70,000 newtons per square cm). The device (also shown in the figure) consists of a flattened
circular tube coiled into a circular arc. One end is soldered to a central block and is open to the fluid whose
pressure is to be measured; the other end is sealed and coupled to the pointer spindle. When the pressure inside
the tube is greater than the outside pressure, the tube tends to straighten, thus turning the pointer. The pressure is
read on a circular scale.
Metal bellows and diaphragms are also used as pressure-sensing elements. Because of the large deflections for
small pressure changes, bellows instruments are particularly suitable for pressures below atmospheric. Two
corrugated diaphragms sealed at their edges to form a capsule, which is evacuated, are used in aneroid
barometers to measure atmospheric pressure (see altimeter).
14. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
These instruments employ mechanical linkages and so are primarily useful for measuring static pressures or
pressures that change slowly. For rapidly changing pressures, electrical pressure transducers that convert
pressure to an electrical signal are more suitable. These include strain gauges; moving contact resistance
elements; and inductance, reluctance, capacitative, and piezoelectric devices. Electromechanical transducers,
which are used in hydraulic controllers, where speed and power are needed, convert changes in pressure of fluid
to electrical signals.
Apparatus:
Dead weight calibration apparatus
Weights
Supply of water
Bourdon pressure gauge:
Bourdon tube pressure gauges are the most common type in many areas and are
used to measure medium to high pressures. They cover measuring spans from
600 mbar to 4,000 bar.
App diagram with schematic diagram
Specification
Mass in kilogram=0.5kg
Mass in kilogram=1 kg
Mass in kilogram=2kg
Procedure:
Fill the funnel of the piston with water by pump.
Than fill it in the piston and apply the load.
Note the readings of pressure from the pressure gauge and theoraticaly and
compare the values.
15. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
App diagram with schematic diagram
Observations and calculations:
Results:
Sr. No. Mass Force Pm=
𝐹
𝐴
𝜌 PGauge %error =
𝜌−𝑃
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
∗
100
1 0.5 4.9 1929 0.2 3.55
2 1 9.8 38582 0.4 3.55
3 1.5 14.7 57874 0.58 0.2
4 2 19.6 77165 0.78 1.07
5 3 29.4 115748 1.115 -0.65
Conclusion
The pressure in the apparatus depends on the area of cross section and the load applied in the piston and the
pressure gauge meter are also calibrated in this way.
Refrance https://www.britannica.com/technology/pressure-gauge#ref38055
Experiment no 7
To determine the energyhead losses in pipes for different elbow, enlargement,
contractionand valve positions.
Introduction
16. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Major losses are associated
with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and roughness of the pipe
wall. Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to overcome the frictional
resistance. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most widely accepted formula for determining the energy loss
in pipe flow. In this equation, the friction factor (f ), a dimensionless quantity, is used to describe the friction
loss in a pipe. In laminar flows, f is only a function of the Reynolds number and is independent of the surface
roughness of the pipe. In fully turbulent flows, f depends on both the Reynolds number and relative roughness
of the pipe wall. In engineering problems, f is determined by using the Moody diagram.
2. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
In engineering applications, it is important to increase pipe productivity, i.e. maximizing the flow rate capacity
and minimizing head loss per unit length. According to the Darcy-Weisbach equation, for a given flow rate, the
head loss decreases with the inverse fifth power of the pipe diameter. Doubling the diameter of a pipe results in
the head loss decreasing by a factor of 32 (≈ 97% reduction), while the amount of material required per unit
length of the pipe and its installation cost nearly doubles. This means that energy consumption, to overcome the
frictional resistance in a pipe conveying a certain flow rate, can be significantly reduced at a relatively small
capital cost.
Procedure
Set up the apparatus and make it ready for the experiment and turn on the centrifugal pump and valve to
allow the liquid to flow in the pipes. Use the pump to remove trapped air in the funnel of the respective
representatives of the elbows. Adjust the flow rate and calculate the distance between the heights of the column
of the respective elbows.
App diagram with schematic diagram
Specification
The volume flow rate is in liters per seconds
17. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
The height is in mm.
Observations and calculations:
Explanation of results and
observations
This is obvious from this apparatus that the head losses
mainly depends on the conditions like surface tention of the liquid the cross section area through which the
liquid is passing and the bent angle of the elbow.
Conclusion:
When a liquid pass though the bent in the pipe there is the significant reduction of the decrease in the velocity
of the liquid this significant loos we have studied in this experiment.
Comments:
The head losses also depends on the type of the material used in the elbows
LAB SESSION # 9
To determine the Coefficient of Performance of heat Pump.
Introduction
A heat pump is a system used to heat or cool an enclosed space or domestic water by transferring thermal
energy from a cooler space to a warmer space using the refrigeration cycle, moving heat in the opposite direction in
which heat transfer would take place without the application of external power. When used to cool a building, a heat
pump works like an air conditioner by transferring heat from inside the building to the outdoors. When used to heat a
building, the heat pump operates in reverse: Heat is transferred into the building from the outdoors. Common heat
pump types are air source heat pumps, ground source heat pumps, water source heat pumps and exhaust air heat
pumps. Heat pumps are also often used in district heating systems.
The efficiency of a heat pump is expressed as a coefficient of performance (COP), or seasonal coefficient of
performance (SCOP). The higher the number, the more efficient a heat pump is and the less energy it consumes.
When used for space heating these devices are typically much more energy efficient than simple electrical
resistance heaters. Heat pumps have a smaller carbon footprint than heating systems burning fossil fuels such
as natural gas,[1]
but those powered by hydrogen are also low-carbon and may become competitors.[2
Procedure
Switch on the vapor-compression refrigeration apparatus after taking care of all necessary
precautions. Allow running of the apparatus for a while so that the readings shown become stable.
Change the condenser water flow rate using the knob provided, for each set of readings. Insert the
values in the table of observations.
Sr
no
Flow
rate
Headlossacross
longbend
K=ΔhX2
/v2
v/t H1 H2 ∆H
1 o.0034 109 105 4 2.6×10-3
2 0.0001 131 124 7 3.66×10-3
3 0.00025 172 161 11 2.966×10-3
4 0.0003 236 221 18 4.66×10-3
18. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
App diagram with schematic diagram
CAlculatuions
Work input rate across compressor wcom = 4500/ X (I)
Heat Output across condenser qcon = mw x Cp w (T6 – T5) (II)
Coefficient of Performance COP = Heat Output / Work Input (III)
19. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Refrance https://www.p-a-hilton.co.uk/products/refrigeration/mechanical-heat-pump
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump
Experiment: 8
To determine the temperature distribution for the steady state conduction
of heat through the wall of cylinder and demonstrate the effect of change
in heat flow.
Introduction:
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat through stationary matter by physical contact. (The matter is
stationary on a macroscopic scale—we know there is thermal motion of the atoms and molecules at
any temperature above absolute zero.) Heat transferred from an electric stove to the bottom of a pot
is an example of conduction.
Some materials conduct thermal energy faster than others. For example, the pillow in your room may
the same temperature as the metal doorknob, but the doorknob feels cooler to the touch. In general,
good conductors of electricity (metals like copper, aluminum, gold, and silver) are also good heat
conductors, whereas insulators of electricity (wood, plastic, and rubber) are poor heat conductors.
Microscopic Description of Conduction
On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules
interact with neighboring particles, transferring some of their kinetic energy. Heat is transferred by
conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to
another. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid
objects in thermal contact. Conduction is greater in solids because the network of relatively close
fixed spatial relationships between atoms helps to transfer energy between them by vibration.
Fluids and gases are less conductive than solids. This is due to the large distance between atoms in
a fluid or (especially) a gas: fewer collisions between atoms means less conduction.
20. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Factors Affecting the Rate of Heat Transfer Through Conduction
In addition to temperature and cross-sectional area, another factor affecting conduction is the
thickness of the material through which the heat transfers. Heat transfer from the left side to the right
side is accomplished by a series of molecular collisions. The thicker the material, the more time it
takes to transfer the same amount of heat. If you get cold during the night, you may retrieve a thicker
blanket to keep warm.
Heat flow
Heat flow is the movement of heat. Heat can flow in a vacuum by a process called radiation, which is the
transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Heat flows in solids by conduction, which occurs when two
objects in contact with each other transfer heat between them.
Procedure:
Set the apparatus
Give some value of current and voltages .Afterwards note the values for the
temperatures by rotation the valve.
Now increase the value of the current and voltages, and note the values for the
temperatures.
Get the values and note down.
Schematic diagram
21. 20-IME-110mechanics of material
Specifications
o Material = Brass
o Ri= 7mm
o Ro= 50mm
o Temperature at 7mm = T1
o Temperature at 10mm = T2
o Temperature at 20mm =T3
o Temperature at 30mm = T4
o Temperature at 40mm = T5
o Temperature at 50mm = T6
Observations:
Sr.
No.
Voltages Current Power
on
heat
source
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 10 1.6 16 38.6 34.9 20.4 26.2 24.3 22.9
2 15 2.44 36.6 56.4 48.2 39.6 32.7 27.8 24.8
3 20 3.23 64.6 78.9 65 51.3 40.2 32.2 27.1
Conclusion:
As the temperature increase the thermal conductivity also increase as a result the electrical also
changes.