Thermocouple Variances

Thermocouple Variances
Finally, an F Test was used to determine if the variances of the two thermocouple measurement sets
were different. A one tailed test was used to test if the T–type thermocouple measurements had a
variance equal to that of the
K–type thermocouple measurements. The null hypothesis is that the two variances are equal. The F–
value is 1.93 and the critical F value is 1.61. Because the F–value is larger than the critical F–value,
we reject the null hypothesis that the two variances are identical. Thus, the variances of the two sets
of temperature measurements are unequal.
To asses the precision of a pyrometer relative to a surface attached thermocouple, a silicon wafer
was heated to a nominal temperature of 75 °C on a hotplate and the surface temperature
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The Effects Of The Seebeck Effect
Introduction
1.1 Seebeck Effect
When two ends of a conductor are held at different temperatures electrons at
the hot junction at higher thermal velocities diffuse to the cold junction. Seebeck
discovered that making one end of a metal bar hotter or colder than the other produced
an EMF between the two ends. He experimented with junctions (simple mechanical
connections) made between different conducting materials. He found that if he created
a temperature difference between two electrically connected junctions (e.g., heating
one of the junctions and cooling the other) the wire connecting the two junctions
would cause a compass needle to deflect. He thought that he had discovered a way to
transform thermal energy into a magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
➢ TH and TC are the hot and cold thermocouple temperatures, respectively, in ok.
The reverse of the Seebeck effect is also possible: by passing a current through two
junctions, you can create a temperature difference. This process was discovered in
1834 by scientist named Peltier, and thus it is called the Peltier effect. This may sound
similar to Joule heating described above, but in fact it is not. In Joule heating the
current is only increasing the temperature in the material in which it flows. In Peltier
effect devices, a temperature difference is created: one junction becomes cooler and

one junction becomes hotter. Although Peltier coolers are not as efficient as some
other types of cooling devices, they are accurate, easy to control, and easy to adjust.
Peltier effect devices are used coolers for microelectronic devices such as
microcontrollers and computer CPU. Peltier found there was an opposite phenomenon
to the Seebeck Effect, whereby thermal energy could be absorbed at one dissimilar
metal junction and discharged at the other junction when an electric current flowed
within the closed circuit. the thermocouple circuit is modified to obtain a

Heat Transfer Lab Report
UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer processes are prominent in engineering due to several applications in industry and
environment. Heat transfer is central to the performance of propulsion systems, design of
conventional space and water heating systems, cooling of electronic equipment, and many
manufacturing processes (Campos 3).
Unsteady state conduction is the class of heat transfer in which the temperature of the conducting
medium varies with time and position. This occurs frequently in industrial processes, especially food
preservation and sterilization, where the temperature of the food or of the heating or cooling
medium constantly changes (Farid2).
The work reported here involves the investigation of unsteady state heat ... Show more content on
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To achieve this, the final value from each thermocouple was set to be equal to the warm water bath
temperature (370C), and the initial reading was set equal to the ice water bath temperature. Thus, for
each thermocouple an equation was obtained using the two points to convert voltage readings to
temperature. An example of the calibration for one of the thermocouples is shown in Appendix II.
LUMPED ANALYSIS
To determine if a lumped–parameter analysis could be applied, the Biot numbers for the systems
were calculated (shown in Table 1).
Table 1: Biot numbers for the aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders. | Bi | Aluminum | 0.07 | Plexiglas |
81 |
Since the Bi value of the aluminum system is less than 0.1, convection from the water to the surface
of the cylinder is the rate limiting heat transfer mechanism. Thus, a lumped–parameter analysis can
be safely applied. The Plexiglas system, on the other hand, has a Bi >> 0.1, and the rate
limiting mechanism is conduction in the cylinder.
The temperature–time plot gotten by applying a lumped–parameter analysis (Equation 6) to the
Aluminum cylinder was compared to the plot obtained from the thermocouple located closest to
center of the cylinder. This thermocouple is chosen for comparison because it is located farthest
from the heating source and will have a temperature history that differs most from an ideal lumped
system. With this thermocouple, we should therefore obtain the maximum error associated with
applying a

Experimental : Experimental Setup And Procedure
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP & PROCEDURE
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The details of the experimental set up are presented in this chapter and the alternations made to the
instrumentation are also described .The experimental setup is fabricated to fulfill the objective of the
present work. The various components of the experimental set up including modification are
presented in this chapter.
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The experimental set up consists of engine, an alternator, and electrical load system, fuel tank,
Fig5.1 Experimental set up Engine:
The engine which is supplied by Suzuki Company the engine is single cylinder vertical type two–
stroke, air–coo1ed, and spark ignition engine.
Engine specifications:
Engine : SUZUKI engine, 2 stroke–movable.
Type : air–cooled
Ignition : Spark ignition (SI)
Maximum speed : 5000 rpm
Number of Cylinder : One
Bore : 50 mm
Stroke : 50 mm
Piston displacement : 98.2 cc
Compression Ratio : 6.7:1
Maximum HP : 7.8 HP Reasons for selecting the engine:
The above engine is one of the extensively used engines for commercial purpose in India. This
engine can with stand the peak pressures encountered because of its compression ratio .Further, the
necessary modifications on the piston crown can be easily carried out in this type of engine. Hence
this engine is selected for the present project work. Dynamometer:
The engine is coupled to a generated type electrical

The Effect Of Water Fog System On The Outbreak Of Fire Essay
A fire in vehicle was simulated in Reselat Tunnel in Tehran using FDS solver to check the efficiency
of the available fire protection system. A comparison was done between the water mist system and
sprinkler system to analyse their respective effects on the outbreak of fire.
FDS was used as the interface for modelling the tunnel with a heat source, a total of six fans causing
forced ventilation. FDS works by solving the Navier– Stokes Equation which focusses on smoke
development and heat transport from fire. Overall computation is considered as a LES. Domain
geometry, mesh resolution and boundary conditions are some of the inputs.
The modelling conditions have been presented in a tabular form:
Tunnel Dimension 100mx13.5mx9m
Vehicle Dimension 4.4mx2mx1.4m
Flow Rate Of Jet Fan 33.3 cubic metre per second
Fire Heat Release Rate 10 MW
Computational Domain has been divided into 3 3D computational meshes with 40cm mesh density
on which fire was resolved. Total computational time was 300 seconds.
The next step was to check the effect of water mist system and sprinkler system individually on the
outbreak of fire with a main aim of comparing their effectiveness in outbreak of a fire.
The nozzles used for the analysis were modelled based on their operating pressures, flow rates and
droplet size distributions. The input data for both water mist system and sprinkler system has been
presented in the table below:
Parameters Sprinkler System Water mist system
K– Factor (l/min/bar)0.5 80

Bad Thermocouple
It can be really unpleasant to get into the shower and realize that your water heater is no longer
producing hot water. Hot water is essential to a pleasant shower and is essential for keeping things
clean and sanitary in your home. A bad thermocouple is one of the more common reasons for a gas
water heater to stop producing hot water. Check For A Pilot Light The first thing you need to do is
check and see if the pilot light on your gas water heater is lit. The pilot light is located near the
bottom of your water heater. You should literally see a flame if the pilot light on your gas water
heater is working properly. If the pilot light is not lit, and you can't relight it following the steps on
your water heater, you are not going to get any hot water. A bad ... Show more content on
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It is a sensor that provides information to the gas valve on your gas water heater. It tells the gas
valve when and if it should release gas. It also tells it how much gas to release. The thermocouple is
attached directly to the gas valve on one end, and the other end is set up to literally feel the heat
from the pilot light. This allows the thermocouple to determine who much heat is being produced
and how much gas needs to be let out. Replacing The Thermocouple It is easy to replace a
thermocouple. First, you are going to want to turn off the gas to your water heater. You should never
work on your gas water heater when gas is running to it. Take off the cover that goes over the burner
compartment. Then take apart the gas tubes that are attached to the burner assembly. All you need to
do now is replace the thermocouple on the burner unit, but it back in place, turn the gas back on and
see if you can get the pilot light to work again. The thermocouple basically just needs to be pulled
off and the new one inserted in its place. If this doesn't fix your hot water issues, you may want to
bring in a water repair expert to help you fix your gas water

Simple Distillation Of Hexane Lab Report
This experiment consisted of a simple distillation of a hexane and heptane mixture. The first, third,
and fourth fraction were taken and recorded in Table–1. The first fraction temperature ranged from
29.7°C – 38.2°C. The second fraction temperature range was recorded as 40.3°C–41.7°C, but this
fraction was not used. The third fraction temperature range was determined to be 41.8°C – 36.5°C.
Finally, the fourth fraction temperature range was 34.5°C–27.3°C. The ranges of the temps
following the second fraction began to decrease, causing a discrepancy in the data. This decrease in
data can be linked to the formation of water or condensation on the tip of thermocouple. The first,
third, and fourth fractions were collected and further analyzed using ... Show more content on
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The lab group we obtained our information from collected the first, second, and third fraction. Due
to this fact, it is difficult to accurately compare the data. The first fraction was recorded at a
temperature at 110°C. The second fraction was recorded at 124°C , and the final third fraction was
recorded at a temperature of 126°C. Area Percentages of Distilled Fractions 1st Fraction 2nd
Fraction 3rd Fraction 4th Fraction
Hexane 94.44% 16.55 % – 1.11%
Octane 4.56c% 83.45% – 98.89%
Table 2
SOURCES OF ERROR For this experiment there were multiple sources of error. One potential
source of error is the collection of condensation on the tip of the thermometer. This could have
resulted in the inaccurate measurement of the collection temperatures. Another possibility for a
source of error is an impurity being present in the collection vial for the hexane/heptane collection.
The presence of acetone (a cleaning solution), could be the reason for the additional peak in the
hexane/heptane

The Heat Transfer Coefficient For The Double Pipes Heat
Purpose:
The objective of this lab is to find the heat transfer coefficient for the double pipes heat exchanger in
order to determine the best configuration for the double pipes heat exchanger.
There are 4 possible configuration of the double pipes heat exhangers Cocurrent with variable
flowate of cold stream while keeping hot stream flowrate constant. Cocurrent with variable flowrate
of hot stream while keeping cold stream flowrate constant. Counter current with variable flowrate of
cold stream while keeping hot stream flowrate constant. Counter current with variable flowrate of
hot stream while keeping cold stream flowrate constant. Experimental Apparatus
Figure 2: Double Pipe Heat Exchanger (Front)
1/ Inlet/Outlet valves
2/ Hot inlet stream
3/ Cocurrent/countercurrent valves
4/ Cold rotameter
5/ Hot rotameter
6/ Thermocouple dial
7/ Temperature display Figure 3: Double Pipe Heat Exchanger (Back)
1/ Pressurized Steam
2/ Pressurized Steam Valve
3/ Pressure gauge
4/ Main steam outlet
Literature Theory
We expect the temperature profile will follow this figure 4 below [3]
Figure 4: Temperature profile of double pipe heat exchanger in cocurrent and countercurrent.
Equations:
∆T_lm=(((T_Hi–T_Co )–(T_Ho–T_Ci)))/((ln⁡
(T_Hi–T_Co)/(T_Ho–T_Ci )) )
Eq. 1. Log Mean Temperature
Where:
ΔTlm: log mean temperature difference, °C; TCi: cold water inlet temperature, °C; THo: hot water
outlet temperature, °C; THi: hot water inlet temperature, °C; TCo: cold water outlet

The Use Of Thermal Resistance Between A Heated Surface And...
The objectives of this experiment are to apply the concept of thermal resistance between a heated
surface and its surrounding, and to study the effects of attaching fins to the surface. Analysis was
conducted on 3 different surfaces, a flat plate, a flat plate with 1 fin, and a flat plate with 2 fins. The
experiment setup is displayed in Figure 1 below. It consists of placing the blower next to the black
cardboard with air flow direction parallel to the cardboard, and using the blower to force convection
on the electronically heated plate, with 0, 1, or 2 fins. Each plate and fin(s) are thermocouple
embedded. Temperature data was taken using the LABVIEW program in the lab and photos are
taken by using IR Cameras. Some assumptions for this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the fins provide more surface area through which convective heat transfer occurs, there would
logically be less resistance to heat dissipation through the medium. This decrease in total thermal
resistance results in higher heat transfer rate as more fins are introduced. Surface temperature of the
plate was also observed to vary with the number of fins that are attached to the plate, which is likely
a result of the increased heat transfer rate brought about by the fins. This can be modeled as adding
thermal resistors in parallel. The resultant thermal resistance is lower than that of any resistor
separately. Because of this lower resistance, the system is capable of achieving higher heat transfer
rates, and thus less energy is stored in the system at steady state conditions, resulting in lower
surface temperatures.
As shown in Appendix I, the convection heat transfer coefficient is a function of surface area, air
velocity, and conductivities of the air and plate materials. Analysis revealed that the plate itself had a
much lower convection heat transfer coefficient than the fins in both the one–fin and two–fin
configurations; therefore, it is unwise to assume that hfin is equal to hplate. This is most like due to
the fact that the fins have been designed and optimized to enhance the convection from the plate,
both in terms of the surface area through which heat can transfer to the free air, as well as the
material properties

Space Expedition Research Paper
Space expedition physical science:
Computers utilized in house transportation, craft or satellite. For craft the wheel with cables
connected to the pilot controls, which is found on the aero foil. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration said that "shuttle contains a completely fly–by–wire astronautics system". Which
suggests that each one the electrical association square measure a lot of autonomy, that mean
everything is completed on the surface and conjointly it's monitored by the board. The most engines
of the shuttle aren't aided by the most laptop and solely before the utilization of performance
improved. National Aeronautics and Space Administration has used the astronautics technique since
the Fifties and through that point of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two components in the box that help heat up the parts are gold painted walls and aerogel.
Aerogel is basically 99.8% air. For example during the mars mission the warm electronic heated box
because temperature always drops below –90F. This is one of the main component they needed to be
successful during the mars mission or if it wasn't heated at the right temperature the rover could
been misleading them with the readings. This is why NASA chose to create a Curiosity Rover which
doesn't a lot rely on solar panels, but it also rely on other power sources. When components that rely
on solar panels have a drawback and the drawback is when there isn't enough sunlight, it will be
harder for component work properly. Dust will build over period of time and during winter less
amount of sunlight is the heavy maintenance. That will affect the components during the mission
because the components might fail on the spot. For example, during the mars mission they had
different types of sources to keep the components. The mars drone is covered with solar panels and
the panels produce more energy than the recommended energy. That shows us solar panels are
effective for a certain period of time

Thermal Resistance Of Interlocking Block Wall With Infill
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK WALL WITH INFILL MUHAMMAD
ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI Project Report submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth
Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2015 SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION "I
hereby declare that I have checked this project 'Thermal Resistance of Interlocking Block Wall with
Infill' and in my opinion, this topic of project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award
of the degree of bachelor of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering." Signature :
................................................................... Name of Supervisor : PROF. DATIN DR. NASLY BINTI
MOHAMED ALI Position : SUPERVISOR Date : 17 JUNE 2015 STUDENT'S DECLARATION I
hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for the quotations and summaries
which have been duly acknowledge. The project has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted for award of other degree. Signature : ............................................. Name :
MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI ID Number : AA11072 Date : 16 JUNE 2015 Special
thanks... To my beloved mother,Harison bt Wahab who have given me her encouragement and
support, family and fellow friends And To all my lectures AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillah, first
and foremost Alhamdulillah, thanks Allah for giving me an opportunity to do and

Sentinal Fire Protection Ltd ( Sfp )
TITLE
BLANK
Summary
Sentinal Fire Protection Ltd (SFP) is a company that design and specialises in the design and
manufacture of fire detection and extinguishing systems for aircrafts. SFP have been tasked with
carrying out tests on a new fire extinguishant named Agent H3.
Due to the findings conducted in 1994 as per the Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer), the commonly used fire extinguishing agent
Halon 1301 ceased production. Halon 1301 is a CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) gas, which the Montreal
Protocol concluded, had a tendency to significantly breakdown the earths ozone layer. The
termination of Halon 1301 prompted the need for a CFC free replacement fire extinguishing agent.
The replacement extinguishant, Agent H3 was tested by SFP under controlled conditions which
simulated a bulk load cargo fire inside a compartment with a volume of 58m3. The effectiveness of
Agent H3 was constantly monitored through thermocouples and data loggers. It's efficiency as a fire
suppressant was based on two criterion set by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), the
temperature acceptance criterion and the maximum time/temp criterion, with the outcome of a lower
result being more effective. These results would then be compared with the known results of Halon
1301 being subjected to the same tests.
The results concluded that Agent H3

Temperature And Pressure Measurements Of An Ideal Gas
Temperature and Pressure Measurements of an Ideal Gas
That Is Heated in a Closed Container
Introduction
This report discusses an experiment to study the relationship of temperature and pressure of an ideal
gas (air) that was heated in a closed container. Because the ideal gas was in a closed container, its
volume remained constant. The objective of the experiment is to test whether the ideal equation of
state holds. In the equation,
pV = mRT,
where p is the pressure the gas, V is the volume, m is the mass, R is a constant, and T is temperature.
This report presents the procedures for the experiment, the experiment 's results, and an analysis of
those results.
Procedures
In this experiment, air (an ideal gas) was heated in a pressure vessel with a volume of 1 liter.
Attached to this pressure vessel was a pressure transducer and thermocouple to measure the pressure
and the temperature, respectively, of the air inside the vessel. Both of these transducers produced
voltage signals (in Volts) that were calibrated to the pressure (kPa) and temperature (K) of the air
(the atmospheric pressure for where the experiment occurred is assumed to be 13.6 psia). In
addition, the theoretical temperature (K) of air was calculated as a function of the measured
pressured values (kPa).
Results and Discussion
This section analyses the results of the experiment. The experiment went as expected with no
unusual events that would have introduced error. The voltages as measured

Mammalian Insulation Lab Report
Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolution of fur for aquatic
living by Heather E.M. Liwanag, Annalisa Berta, Daniel P. Osta, Masako Abney, and Terri M.
Williams conducted their experiment on species related to the family Carnivora. The three species of
marine environments include; polar bears, pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), and sea otters.
One major key that is crucial to surviving and transitioning to a water environment is the type of
insulation each organism possessed. Insulation is needed to retain body heat, as well as to maintain a
body temperature that is stable after longs submergence. Thus indicating that this particular
experiment was dedicated to examining how evolutionary changes of ... Show more content on
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Procyonoid pelts thermal conductivity was significantly lower than phocid pelts, but shows no signs
of being significantly different from any other group. Greater fur densities were also found among
species that relied primarily on fur for insulation in water. However, fur density showed no
consistent relationship with body mass. There was no significant differences in fur density among
felids, polar bears or walrus. However, phocids, mustelids, and otarids did show a significant
difference in fur

The Water Salt Water Solution
When observing the properties of water, we see liquid freeze into a solid all the time in our everyday
lives. For instance, something as simple as putting a bottle of water in a freezer freezes the water
into a solid in a few hours, or even a pond can be frozen over in the middle of a harsh winter.
Molecules of water or H2O are proven to freeze at a temperature of 0°C, but what is puzzling is that
when looking at the ocean, the waters do not freeze no matter what the temperature is outside. The
reason the ocean does not freeze is because it is not pure water, but a solution of NaCl and H2.O,
also known as salt–water. The ocean salt–water solution actually has a freezing point of –2°C, but if
a salt water solution is saturated it freezes at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the experiment was started, goggles were put on in order to protect our eyes from any
accident with the solutions, and a chemicals utilized table was acquired to fill out throughout the
experiment. To start, a water beaker bath and an ice beaker bath were prepared. The water beaker
bath was placed on a hotplate. Then 5.00 grams (plus or minus a hundredth of a gram) of tert–
butanol was obtained and put in a large test tube. Then a thermocouple connected to a LabQuest was
positioned in the sample. The test tube was balanced in the water bath with the tert–butanol below
the water level and the hot plate was turned on. The water bath was heated until the thermocouple
read above 50 °C. Once the sample was above 50 °C, the LabQuest was set to record temperature
data at 10 samples per minute. After some data was gathered, the sample was removed from the
water bath and positioned in the ice bath. Once the temperature measurements steadied for a few
minutes and there was ice formed in the test tube, the trial was concluded. Three more trials were
performed using different amounts of additive substances. The tert–butanol sample from the first
trial was reused for the second trial. Then the additive substance for each of the three other trials
were added to a 5.00 ± 0.01 gram sample of tert–butanol and the above

Texas City Boat Trip : Case Study
Texas City Boat Trip.
Violeta Leilani Curameng.
Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas.
INTRODUCTION
The Valero Refinery of Texas City is located in the Texas City Ship Channel in the Gulf Coast
region. The Valero Company "is an international manufacturer of transportation fuels, petrochemical
products and power" (1). Originally acquired in 1997, the refinery has been through a series of
major upgrades and extensions (1). Valero is an independent refiner that purchases a variety of oils
such as crude oil and sour and residual oil (2).
The complex refining and distillation processes for Valero can be compared to the experiments
performed in an Organic chemistry lab. From what the company's procedures are to what the Lab ...
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Products of this process can include, pet coke, gasoline, jet fuels, diesels, and liquid petroleum (8).
Figure 2: The Refining Process
Crude oil is heated through the bottom of the distillation tower and then each of the chemical
compounds in the crude oil are sorted into different units based on their boiling points. Products of
this process can include, pet coke, gasoline, jet fuels, diesels, and liquid petroleum (8).
Fractional Distillation. Process.
Fractional distillation is a series of simple and small scaled distillations. Instead of having multiple
condensers and receivers the evaporation and condensation cycles happen in one distillation column
(4). Figure 3 shows the setup of a fractional distillation apparatus.
Figure 3: Fractional Distillation Apparatus.
Distillation is used to separate mixtures that do not work well together. The simple distillation
performed during lab is done to obtain a pure liquid, such as recycling waste acetone to retrieve
purified acetone (4).
DISSCUSSION.
Comparison of the Processes.

In the lab a thermometer is placed into the fractionating column to measure the temperature of the
vapors produced from the heated liquid. At the Valero Refinery to measure the temperature of the
crude oil in the column, thermocouples are used and transmit a radio signal to a control room that
keeps track of the heating status. This process Valero

Robots And The Robot Robots
In the mid 1970's second generation robots were introduced. As these robots became more advanced
they were equipped with internal sensors which gave them a major advantage over first generation
robots. This new technology gave them increased information about the world around them. Robots
use sensors to detect changes around them and to respond to their surroundings based on the
information they receive from certain sensors. There are many types of sensors that perform a
variety of tasks by transforming mechanical, heat, and light energies into electrical signals. The
signals produced by sensors communicate to the robot on how it should respond to different
situations. This gives the robot a higher sense of intelligence and adaptive skills by providing more
information about its environment. These skills allow the robot to change their manipulator location
and the position of its end effector so that it can work around obstructions in its work envelope. The
robot 's surroundings, the precision needed, and what must be sensed all help decide what type of
sensor must be used for the robot. Depending on these credentials, robots could be equipped with
light, optical, sound, or temperature sensors. Light is a form of radiation that makes up a group of
frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see. Robots can react to this form of
radiation by using light sensors. Light sensors respond to variations in light energy by applying
many types of opto–electronic

Differential Scanning Calorimetry ( Dsc )
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
E.S.Watson and M.J.Oneil discovered the DSC technique in 1962 and later introduced this in
pitburg, at a conference talk on analytic chemistry and applied spectroscopy in 1963.
It's a method used to describe the stability of biomolecules such as proteins, and also used to
measure the molecule's heat change associated its thermal denaturation when heated.
When a protein molecule is placed in solution, an equilibrium is created between its' folded
conformations and unfolded conformations.
It's also used to measure the heat change resulting from the heat–induced denaturation as well as the
enthalpy of change in heat capacity of the molecules thermal denaturation.
DSC elucidates factors that contributes in proteins Stability and folding which include; hydrophobic
interaction, Conformational enthalpy, the external environment and H–bonding.
The data obtained from DSC provides important information on proteins stability during processes
of development, multiplication and also in formulation of drug candidates.
Macromolecule assembly such as lipids and proteins form defined structures that can undergo
thermal distribution, caused from heat being absorbed, which resulted from non– covalent bond
redistribution.
Method
The core of a DSC is composed of 2 cells, which are, the sample and reference cells. Thermocouples
(Temperature monitor) are used to monitor and maintain an even distribution of heat between the
two cells at a constant

What Is The Design Analysis Of The Surface Temperature Table
2
Design Analysis of the Surface
Temperature Reference
The Design Analysis of the Surface Temperature Reference is divided in three main sub– section
that deals with different problem areas that can be summarized as follow.
Mathematical Model of the Thermal System to acquire a better understand– ing of the system in
order to control the temperature.
Set–up Insulation Analysis in order to determine if the system can operate at high temperatures (500
[◦C]) without affecting the normal performance of other equipments that have a restricted working
temperature(Tmax = 50[◦C]).
Substrate Heat Transfer Analysis ,this study focuses on the effect(temperature perturbations) on the
substrate temperature at different position and diameters of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bi =
Rcond
Rconv
= hconvLc k (2.1)
11
2.1. Mathematical Model of the Thermal System
where:
Rconv/cond : convective/conductive thermal resistance[◦C/W] hconv : heat convective
coefficient[W/m2K]
Lc : characteristic length[m](V/As[12](ch5)(pag.285)) k : thermal conductivity[W/m ◦C]
2.1.1 Model of the Thermal System

1
2
3
4
5
b
Copper Cylinder
a
Copper Cylinder
a
Heater
Aluminum Substrate
Insulation
Figure 2.1: Simplification of the Thermal System
The figure 2.1 (a) is a 2D representation of the actual system.It is composed by a copper cylinder
and an aluminium substrate disk.This two components are placed in top of each other and
surrounded by insulation material(mineral wool). The bottom element of the system is the heating
element,that provide heat from electrical power.
Validity of the Lumped Method
It order to implement the lumped approximation of the system model it is required to check Biot
Number Bi.The calculated Bi for the copper cylinder and aluminium substrate are values far below
0.1(0.0002 and 0.0003 respectively).This calculations are based on the estimation of the heat
convective coefficient hconv = 12[W/m2K] at 200◦C.[12].(for details in the calculation see appendix
"Implemented Matlab Calculations"). In this case the thermal system fulfil the requirements (Bi <
0.1) in order to be considered as a lumped system. The entire set of assumptions to model the
thermal

Gunpowder Research Paper
Gunpowder is believed to be originated in China, dating back to as early as 142 AD. A man by the
name of Wei Boyang writes a substance with the properties of gunpowder, created by alchemist,
mixing 3 powders said to be "explosive" in today's terms. Scientists cannot be certain than this was
actual gun powder he wrote of, but no other explosive know is made of only 3 powders. Over the
next 700 years references are made to this Chinese gunpowder until finally in the 800's AD the first
confirmed references and formulas using a variety of different proportions of key ingredients –
saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal to make the explosive occurred. The Chinese used the powder in
military for multiple types of bombs and projectiles much like modern day ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the ease of firing coming about, people then started looking to improve the accuracy of these
new guns. Much the same idea as archers angle the fletching to cause rotation to improve flight and
accuracy of the arrow, so does rifling do to a bullet. By cutting slowly twisting grooves down the
interior length of the barrel, the bullet was set to have a spin as it left the barrel, improving range
and accuracy. Improvements to the flintlock would be made over the next couple centuries as people
expanded to the new world, broadening its uses and abilities. Materials other than lead had been
used as projectiles, but due to its ease of casting for balls and bullets as projectiles and its ballistic
properties remained and still is a prominent material.
In 1807 Rev. Forsyth, a Scottish clergyman, developed an ignition system using the principle that
certain chemicals would ignite with a spark if struck a sharp blow, and in 1822 the percussion cap
was invented. The percussion cap contains a small charge of chemical in a small copper cuplike
holder which can be quickly pressed onto to a nipple mounted in the rear of a gun barrel. When the
trigger is pulled, the hammer strikes the cap, igniting the chemical which sparks through a hole in
the nipple into barrel, firing the gun. That within 50 years made the primer powder need of the
flintlock,

Potassium Ocreate To Oxidize An Unknown Secondary Alcohol
Results The experiment performed included the use of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to oxidize an
unknown secondary alcohol and the determination of the identity of the alcohol and the ketone
product by IR spectroscopy. To begin the experiment, approximately 1.75 g of the assigned alcohol,
unknown D, was added to a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask along with 1 mL of acetic acid. After 15 mL of
household bleach were dispensed into a graduated cylinder, it was added in small increments with a
pipette to the alcohol mixture, which was simultaneously stirred. The temperature was monitored
extremely closely with a thermocouple as the bleach was added to the solution to make sure that it
did not exceed 45 oC. An ice bath was made to cool the solution as a precautionary measure. The
thermocouple seemed to malfunction occasionally because the temperatures that it displayed
fluctuated and increased rapidly with the additions of bleach, leading to the flask being submerged
into the ice water bath. However, the temperature finally rose at a slower rate and stabilized between
40 and 45 oC after all the bleach was added. Since the exact concentration of the added bleach and
millimoles of starting unknown alcohol were unknown, potassium iodide–starch paper was used to
make sure that an excess amount of oxidant (bleach) was present. The starch paper turned a blue–
black color when a drop of sample was added, which meant that there was excess bleach in the
solution to oxidize all of the alcohol. Next,

A Letter From Cold Water Catheter
The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to his supervisor Dr. Manish K Tiwari for the
guidance. The motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge of this supervisor encouraged the
author a lot. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Parashkev Nachev for his innovative ideas and
the help in brain model design. Besides, the author's thanks also goes to the friends in the
Nanoengineered Systems Lab: Zhuyang Chen, Feihuang Fang and Dr. Chaoyi Peng for their
encouragement and useful comments. 1 Introduction Focal cerebral cooling (FCC), positioning
cooling devices under the scalp, is a promising cooling method in selective brain cooling. This less–
invasive cooling method was recently drawn attention as a neuroprotective therapy for brain injuries
(Juan Sahuquillo and Anna Vilalta, 2007; Liu et al., 2006) and several nerve diseases (Wagner and
Zuccarello, 2005; Oku et al., 2009). With the development of medical engineering technology, the
cooling device of FCC made a rapid progress from cold–water catheter (Towfighi et al., 1994) to
thermoelectric cooling chip (Fujii et al., 2010). However, in the study of several existing FCC
cooling devices using Peltier chip as the main body (Kida et al., 2012; Nomura et al., 2014; Imoto et
al., 2006), there are still lots of room for improvement to meet clinical use requirements. The aim of
this study was to build an intelligent cooling package, which can reduce the temperature in different
area of the brain with wireless

Finding use in “spacecrafts, pacemakers, underwater...
Finding use in "spacecrafts, pacemakers, underwater systems, electric automobiles, and remote
monitoring systems" (source 6), the atomic battery has existed for over a century and is growing to
benefit our world. The atomic battery generates electricity from a nuclear reaction, utilizing the
radioactive decay of specific elements. The atomic battery is certainly not meant for households or
as a source of common battery use, but rather powerful equipment needing to run for long, extended
periods. Atomic batteries are quite expensive, but can provide an immense amount of energy that
will conduct over an extremely long life period. This paper will explain the basic functioning of an
atomic battery, investigate a brief history of the atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now we will discuss a brief history of early atomic battery development.
Henry G. J. Moseley, known for developing the Atomic Number and numerous other contributions
to physics and chemistry, created the first known atomic battery in 1913 with his demonstration of
the beta cell. He experimented with a radioactive isotope of the element radium, and the respective
emissions of beta particles, to form the first atomic battery (source 5). This first crude battery saw
minimal success and effectiveness, and it wasn't until 1954 when the "Radio Corporation of America
(RCA) began studying atomic batteries for the use of small radio receivers and hearing aids" that
atomic batteries became practical and more potential was realized (source 6). Moving forward to the
1980's, inventor Paul Brown developed an atomic battery that was much more powerful than most
thermal batteries out at the time. Brown used the emission of alpha and beta particles in radioactive
materials to create an extremely powerful magnetic field. As discussed before, these alpha and beta
particles contain kinetic energy to help collide atomic particles. The energy produced from this
system was so rapid and immense that controlling the cell was extremely difficult. This proved to be
a towering roadblock for most scientists to continue research for atomic batteries, until Brown was
able to invent an approach to encompass the uncontrollable magnetic fields. "This battery was so
powerful

Aircraft Instruments System Reviewer
ANEROID – sensitive component in an altimeter or barometer that measures absolute pressure of
the air. –Sealed, flat capsule made of thin corrugated disks of metal soldered together and evacuated
by pumping all of the air out of it.
PRESSURE – amount of force acting on a given unit of area and all pressure must be measured
from some known references.
BAROMETRICSCALE/KOLLSMAN WINDOW– small window in the dial of a sensitive altimeter
in which the pilot sets the barometric pressure level from which the altitude shown on the altimeter
is measured.
AIRSPEED INDICATOR – A flight instrument that measures the differential between the pitot, of
ram air pressure and the static pressure of the air surrounding the aircraft.
BOURDON TUBE – type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ISOGONIC LINE – a line drawn on an aeronautical chart along which the angular difference
between the magnetic and geographic north poles is the same.
AGONIC LINE – a line drawn on an aeronautical chart along which there is no angular difference
between the magnetic geographic north poles.
RATE GYROS – mounted in single gimbals and they operate on the characteristic of precession.
ECAM –Electronic Centralized Aircraft System * 2 ECAMS display * Engine Warning Display *
System Display
EFIS – Electronic Flight Instrument System
ADIRU – Air data /Inertial Reference unit and located rear ECAM
ADR – (Air Data Input) Input: AOA, TAT, and Pitot & static ports. Output: Airspeed, Mach
no., Barometric altitude, TAT, Static Air Temp. And Sensors.
Inertial Reference Section (output) * Gives inertial data to the EFIS.
ADIRS – control and display unit (CDU) located at the overhead panel.
GENEREAL SYSTEMS
1st group * ADIRUs * DDRMI * ISIS
2nd group * GPS * TCAS * DME * ADF * VOR
3rd group * ILS * Marker Receivers
4th group * EGPWS * RAs * WXR * PWS
DME – measures a slant distance from an aircraft to a station.
FWC – Flight Warning Computer (Oral & Visual)
ISIS – Enhanced/Integrated Standby Instrument System * Replaces 3 conventional standby
instruments * Capable of ILS
EIS– Electronic Instrument System
SDAC – System Data Acquisition Concentrators

Mercury Marine Co-Op Tenure Case Study
Throughout my co–op tenure at Mercury Marine, I have been involved in several system and bench
level projects in the Engine Test & Development Team: Fuel Supply Module (FSM) Temperature
Stabilization Bench Test (Spring 2016)– It involved planning and setting up a test (Using
Flowmeters, Thermocouples, Pressure Transducers & DAQ System) to resolve current product
issues. New Product Thermostat Benchmarking Engine Tests (Spring 2016) – I was responsible for
planning and managing the thermostat cycling dyno tests. I also post–processed and analyzed the
data to prepare and present a technical report. New Product Cooling System Fill/Drain Issue
Investigation (Spring & Summer 2016) –Conducted tests on a special test hardware to resolve
cooling

Failure Analysis And Rectification Of Aero Engine...
TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Failure analysis and rectification of Aero Engine combustion chamber
field temperature measurement system.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the root cause of failure and rectification of Aero Engine combustion
chamber field temperature measurement system.
INTRODUCTION
About HAL
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was founded way back in year 1940 by a visionary Seth
Walchand Hirachand as Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile
princely State of Mysore. Government of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and
took over the management in 1942. HAL was formed on 1st October 1964 by merging of
Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot with Hindustan Aircraft Limited.
The present day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, is a Navaratna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU),
under Ministry of Defence and fully owned by Govt. of India.
AERO ENGINE TEST CELL
AERO ENGINE TESTING INTRODUCTION:
During manufacture, the aero engines are subjected to various tests, which will guarantee reliable
operation of the engines during its service life. Each Aero engine after its final assembly is subjected
to two tests, and every combustion chamber module of engine is subjected to temperature profile
measurement test. The tests are broadly classified as
 INITIAL TEST
 FINAL TEST (acceptance test).
 COMBUSTION

Thermal Equilibrium Experiment
ABSTRACT
This laboratory focused on the thermodynamic processes involved when two incompressible
substances are mixed together. 12 experiments were performed, 10 involving the combination of a
measured amount of hot and cold water and 2 involving the combination of ice and liquid water, the
majority of these experiments were performed three times. The average variance in final
temperature for each experiment was less than 10 percent providing proof of repeatability.
Equipment used during the experiment included a gram scale, thermocouple, Styrofoam cup, glass
beakers, microwave, an ice bath and ice. The first half of the experiment was dedicated to the
mixing of two containers of water at different temperatures. The mass of the water ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Experiment #
1 100 grams @ 90 ºC 100 grams @ 5 ºC
2 100 grams @ 90 ºC 75 grams @ 5 ºC
6 100 grams @ 90 ºC 100 grams @ 20 ºC
7 100 grams @ 90 ºC 75 grams @ 20 ºC
8 75 grams @ 90 ºC 100 grams @ 20 ºC
Figure 1 – Weigh the liquid water, measure temperatures and mix
Supplies necessary for completing the experiment were a gram scale, at least one Styrofoam cup, at
least two glass beakers, at least one thermocouple for measuring temperature, an ice bath to cool
down the water and a microwave to heat the water. The beakers were used to first measure out the
correct amount of water with the gram scale. The weight of the beaker was taken into effect and
subtracted from the ending weight of the beaker and water combined. After two beakers were filled
with the appropriate amount of water for each experiment according to Table I, the beaker
containing the water to be chilled was lowered into an ice bath to reduce the temperature of the
water. The beaker containing the water to be heated was put into the microwave and heated until the
correct temperature was obtained. After verifying the temperature of the two liquids, they were
mixed together into a Styrofoam cup. A thermocouple was quickly inserted and stirred in the water
to maintain a uniform temperature reading. Once the temperature stabilized, the final temperature
was recorded

Experimental Apparatus and Procedure
Experimental apparatus and procedure As shown in figure 1 , schematic diagram of the experimental
apparatus is shown. The three pipes used in the fabrication of the heat exchanger are made of
brass(inner pipe), copper pipe(helical pipe), mild steel pipe(outer pipe). The inside diameters of the
three pipes are 0.03175m, 0.009525m and 0.0635m respectively with thickness of each pipe as
1.5mm only. The experimental set up is composed of a test section, normal water loop, cold water
loop, hot water loop and temperature measuring system. The water is used as working fluid. The test
section and the connections of piping system are designed such that parts can be changed for
different flow arrangement. The hot water loop consists of a storage tank, an electric heater of
3000W immerged inside the storage tank to obtain the high temperature of hot water, a pump and
gate valve. The cold water loop consists of a storage tank, a pump and gate valve. Ice cubes are used
to cool down the temperature of tap water to nearly 130 C . The normal water loop consists of
storage tank, pump and gate valve. After the temperature of the water is adjusted to the desired level,
the normal, cold and hot water are pumped out of the storage tank and are passed through test
section and discharged to outside. The flow rate of the water are controlled by adjusting the valve
and measured by the flow metres of +_ 0.2% of full scale. The heat exchanger is a concentric tube

Fire Containment Is A Passive Protection Method
There are two main types of fire protection: active and passive. The differences between the two are
that active fire protection requires outside help in the form of mechanical or electrical power for the
device to work. A passive system works with no outside help at all. Fire containment is a passive
protection method. There are three types of passive devices: limiting the rate of fire growth, fire
containment and then emergency egress. Fire containment is accomplished by limiting a fully
involved fire to the room or area that it is located. This is done through continuous researching and
testing. Fire containment is most successful when complete testing has been done on the many
components of the building 's construction and materials. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Tests can be conducted under non–load bearing, load bearing, unrestrained, and restrained
conditions. Non–load bearing tests are conducted to determine when the fire will spread to the
neighboring compartment. This happens when the heat transfer is high enough to ignite items in the
non–fire room. This test can also result in the wall becoming too hot and cracking, creating a path
for the fire to travel. The test is measured by the time it takes for cotton waste on the unexposed side
to ignite. Unlike the non–load bearing test, the load bearing test is conducted to see how long the
structure will withstand before is collapses. A collapse not only creates a path for the fire to travel,
but it also affects the safety of anyone that would be inside. The test is conducted while the
assembly being tested is under a weighted load, and the test is concluded when the assembly begins
to collapse. This test is mainly used for wood. Steel and concrete are tested without weight because
they will arch when they near breaking point. When testing steel–framed floors, ceilings, and roof
assemblies, they are tested under both restrained and unrestrained conditions. The steel frame is
made to resist the forces of thermal expansion on the industrial steel. It is important to test under
restrained conditions, and this test is required for building parts that make up a structure capable of
resisting thermal expansion through the wide range of

Course Taking And Apparatus Set Up
Course taking and apparatus set up will be the first steps in this project. For safety measures, the
apparatus needs to be reinstalled under the fume hood. Basic pretreatment processes will be carried
out in order to prepare the biosorbents for adsorption. Aiming to check the reliability of the system
and find possible pitfalls, some preliminary tests will be run, and the results will be analyzed. Once
the reliability of the apparatus, repeatability of the process, and standard operating procedure are
determined, the next phase of the project will be commenced.
5.2 Phase 2
In this phase, the experiments will be focused on single component and binary systems. Firstly, pure
methane will be fed into the column and the adsorption process will be investigated. Afterwards, the
same experiments at similar conditions will be carried out using pure water vapor. Based on the
result of these experiments, a new set of experiments will be designed and carried out for binary
systems (Methane and water vapor). Equilibrium and kinetics will be studied. Dynamic studies will
be accomplished. Generally, the performance of Flax Shive and Oat Hulls in PSA process will be
determined.
5.3 Phase 3
To further investigate the adsorption process, various isotherms will be fitted on the experimental
data. Equilibrium capacity, uptake of species, diffusion constants, and selectivity will be calculated.
Based on these results, the nature of the adsorption process will be determined. Afterwards, a set

Heat Transfer From Extended Surfaces And Combined...
ME320 Lab 3
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces and Combined Convection–Radiation Analysis
Imaad Ali
Section: ABE, Thursday 8–10 am
TA– Amir Chavoshi
Submission Date: 11th March 2015
A. Introduction
The primary objective of this experiment to try and understand the heat transfer characteristics from
extended surfaces such as cylindrical pins as conduction. Extended surfaces or 'fins' as they're
normally referred to, are utilized to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by
increasing convection. Adding fins to an object is often seen as an economical solution to heat
transfer issues. We will also study its heat propagation through a combined convection and radiation
analysis.
There will be two main parts to this experiment. In the first part, we will study the power lost from a
0.35m brass cylindrical pin due to natural convection and radiation. This will be done by inspecting
the input power and the temperature along different points on the pin. The different temperature
points will give an idea on the loss of heat between specific sections. The second part will be
concerned with studying the combine effect of natural convection/radiation and comparing it with
the effects of forced convection/radiation. The latter can be observed by forcing air over the desired
interface.
There are certain assumptions that will be made to carry out the said experiment. The heat flow will
always be considered one dimensional. The system is considered

Environmental And Sustainability Considerations For Very...
Environmental and sustainability considerations for very large systems
As mentioned above, the demand for faster and smaller devices with higher performance is
increasing. However with increasing devices, there is increase in data generated. Large companies
like google, amazon, Microsoft and many others generate huge amounts of data which is stored in
large storage centres called Data centres. It is estimated that by 2020, around 35 zettabytes of data
will be generated every year [6]. To store and manage such large data, huge data centres are
required. However there are many challenges faced while operation of these datacentres.
One of the challenges faced by the data centres is land occupied by these data centres. Due to
increasing amounts of data, larger and more number of data centres are being built. For example,
one of the largest data centre by digital realty occupies 1.1 million ft2 of land and require 53
generators [6]. It is estimated that by 2017 there will be around 8.6 million data centres around the
world and although the numbers might decrease after 2017, the space occupied will increase. Data
centre swill occupy around 1.94 billion ft2 by 2018 [7].
Second and the most important challenge faced by the companies are the amount of energy required
to manage data centres. All the data centres around the world use around 30 billion watts of energy
on average, which is equal to output by 30 nuclear power plants [6]. By 2020 it is expected that, US
datacentres

Furnace Breaking Research Paper
Usually, furnaces don't often break down. Durable, sturdy and made to last for almost a lifetime,
owners can count on them working when they need them the most––especially when cold weather
sets in as it often does in Galena and surrounding parts of Ohio.
But, be it as it is, life happens. Fortunately, there are a few tell–tale signs of a coming furnace
breakdown and listed below are some of the most common indicated problems.
Thermostat Problems: If the unit is a digital or programmable thermostat, this may be a sure sign
that perhaps an old battery needs replacement with a new one. Start there before calling a service
man; otherwise, if the battery is brand new, call a certified HVAC repair company.
Ignition Problems: A failure to turn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Blower That Won't Stop Running: Making sure the thermostat is set to "auto" and not to "off," is
the first step. However, there are numerous other things that may be taking place, and a professional
technician is the way to go to make sure it's not something more serious––and costly.
Short–Cycle Operation: A wrong–sized furnace often is the problem for some homes. Especially, if
it's too large for the house, a problem will surely arise. However, a short–cycle operation may also
be a sign of a system blockage. After checking the size and type of the furnace filter, call a HVAC
technician as soon as possible.
Not Enough or No Heat Being Produced: Starting with the filters first, check with the power supply
next. This could indicate whether there's a unit malfunction or a failing ignition. Needless to say,
call a qualified technician.
Unlit Pilot Light: Commonly occurring when there's a failed thermocouple, a clogged gas supply or
because it was simply blown out by a strong draft, please call a technician if not fully comfortable in
relighting the pilot

The Instrument Used For Measure Temperature Is A Thermometer
The instrument used to measure temperature is a thermometer. There are many types of
thermometers; the most common consist of a closed, graduated glass tube in which a liquid expands
or contracts as the temperature increases or decreases. Many different types of thermometers work
by detecting changes in the volume or pressure of an enclosed gas or by registering thermoelectric
changes in a conductor (such as a thermistor or thermocouple). Galen, a Greek scientist and doctor
made the first attempt at measuring temperature.
Central idea of the paper :
The measurement of body temperature may be helpful for monitoring whether a person is ill, or
whether treatment is working. The body temperature is controlled by hypothalamus, a small part of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fluoroscopic are very sensitive to temperature ranges limited by the properties, signal intensity is
weak at low temperatures. In theoretical background OFT, the entire spectral distribution is based on
planck's radiation and the Boltzman constant. The elements which help in configuring the blackbody
OFT ate an optical signal generator, an optical–signal–transmitting system and an detecting system.
This have so many advantages such as high accuracy, intrinsic immunity to the EM inference and
long lifetime. The disadvantage is it gives scattering loss to the fiber and optical losses due to the
couplers. To some extent, dual band compensation is better to solve this issue but the sensor is
sensitive as a single–band system. So, an improved method was proposed by Zhang, Tong inorder to
lessen the light path effect and the temperature calibration. Coming to the applications of Blackbody
OFTs, it have been proved to be very successful in measuring high temperatures in metals,
production of glasses, Boiler burner flames, tube temperatures, and in critical turbine areas. This can
be used in all types of furnaces, paper making, food processing, fusion, sputtering, crystal growth
processes in semiconductor industry.
Non–Contact Infrared Thermometers & Fluorescence–Based OFT:
An infrared thermometer is a type in which it infers temperature from a portion of the thermal
radiation

A Discussion On My Internal Assessment
One can easily argue that no single discovery changed the face of the earth more than electricity. We
can witness its innumerable uses in our lives on a day–to–day basis, so electricity, particularly its
relationship with heat, was always a subject that I found incredibly fascinating. I remember first
learning about the topic in my IB Physics course just the past year and regretting that we couldn 't
delve deeper into the topic or see the phenomenon in person through any lab work. This is precisely
why I decided to take this particular topic as the premise of my internal assessment. A few hours of
research revealed that there was far more to the topic at hand than I had previously assumed, but the
aspect that most interested me was that of the Seebeck Effect. During this investigation, I hope to
gain a thorough understanding of the Seebeck effect and create a homemade thermocouple to see
how electrical potential created at a junction of leads (of different metals) varies with temperature.
Continuing down this line of thought, I ended up with the following research question; Having an
understanding of the Seebeck effect, how will the electrical potential generated at the junction of
leads made of different conductive materials vary with temperature, which will be measured by a
homemade thermocouple thermometer? The concepts involved will be explained in greater depth in
order to ensure that the course of the investigation is precise and comprehensible. Essentially, my

3.2.1 Essay
3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Feed Stock Processing.
Three selected grasses (elephant grass, carpet grass and moss grass) was harvested within U.S.T
premises, the grasses was washed and dried at room temperature.
Crushed fresh stems of the grasses was weighed, 100g of each of the grasses (elephant grass, carpet
grass, and moss grass) respectively, was keep ready for acid hydrolysis to be carried out with
different acids concentrations, hydrolysis time, and temperature was recorded.
3.2.2 Acid Hydrolysis of Grasses
100g of the selected grasses was grinded, and added 150ml of the prepared Molar concentration of
acids (H2So4, HCL, HNo3 )e.g (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%), the mixture was stirred for 1–2 hours for
proper hydrolysis, the solution was heated to 70oc for 15 mines and were stirred continuously to
allow uniform temperature by attaching a temperature control system (thermocouple set) the
hydrolyses was allowed to cool to 300C before neutralized to PH of 6–7 with a known 0.5 Mole
solution of sodium hydroxide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.2.3 Preparation, and sterilization of growth media, Semisynthetic media was prepared using the
following 2g of potassium chloride, 0.5g Magnesium Sulphate, 0.2g iron II Sulphate, and 0.5 yeast
extract, all were dissolved in one liter of distilled water in a conical flask. The solution was place
into an autoclave at temperature of 1210c for 15mins and pressure of 15 pria to destroy any impurity
that might inhibit the micro–organism in the system and allowed to cool to

Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Forced Convection Heat Transfer
I. Introduction
This laboratory deals with forced convection, forced convection can be considered as a staple of
heat transfer. That is to say that forced convection can be found in almost any heat transfer problem,
and thus understanding its importance and how it affects a given problem is one of the more
important learning objectives/outcomes of heat transfer.
When dealing with forced convection the most important section, after understanding how
convection works, is the convection heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient for
convection is denoted by (h) and is measured in w/m^2*K, this lab delves into the application of
convection heat transfer and how it correlates to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results and discussion
–results
(Table 1) Heat input at thermocouple in (W) p1 | p2 | p3 | p4 | p5 | p6 | p7 | 145.77 | 310.79 | 420.8 |
475.81 | 530.82 | 585.83 | 640.83 |
(Table 2) Temp of air at thermocouple locations (C) T1,air | T2,air | T3,air | T4,air | T5,air | T6,air |
T7,air | 37.56 | 42.16 | 45.22 | 46.76 | 48.29 | 49.83 | 51.36 |
(Table 3) Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2*k) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | h1 | h2 | h3 | h4 | | h5 | h6 |
| h7 | | | havg | 3.04 | 2.82 | 2.44 | 2.12 | | 2.72 | 2.7 | | 2.76 | ` | | 2.657143 | | | | | | | | | |
(Table 4)
Pressure in head (m),
Pressure drop across diameter of pipe (m),
Velocity of air (m/s),
Exit temp(C),
Bulk temp rise (C),
Radial Position (in).
Figure 2 Exit velocity and exit temp as a function of radial position

Figure 3 Pipe wall

The Integrated Circuit Using LM35 Temperature Sensor...
Introduction:
The control and monitor of accurate and reliable measurement of temperature is necessary in various
fields such as industrial , environmental, agriculture , food, biotechnology and clinical sectors etc.
furthermore, research labs, clean rooms, and nuclear reactors are the environments which require
continuous temperature monitoring a due to their highly dependence on temperature levels. The role
of sensors and the errors which may affect the measurement of temperature are critical for
temperature measuring devices. The sensor choice may play a large role in on the cost effectiveness
of the system. Every temperature measurement application is according to their different
requirements and the effect of noise on the resolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can be used to detect liquid, gases or solids over a wide range of temperatures.
Non –contact temperature sensor:
Convection and radiation is used in these types of temperature sensors to monitor change in
temperature. They can be used to detect gases and liquids that emit radiant energy as heat rises and
cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an
object in the form of infrared radiation.
Two basic types of contact or non–contact temperature sensors can be divided into following groups
of sensors i.e. electromechanical, resistive and electronic.
Thermostat:
It is contact type electro–mechanical temperature sensor or switch which basically consists of two
different metals such as nickel copper ,tungsten or aluminium etc., that are bonded together through
riveting, brazing or welding to form a Bi–metallic strip. The different linear expansion rates of two
different metals produce a mechanical bending moment when strip is subjected to heat. It shows
bending moment in opposite direction when subjected to cold environment. The metal with large
coefficient of expansion is at the outer side of the curve formed during heating and vice versa.
The bi–metallic strip can be used as an electrical switch or a

Ishika Alternate Ending
Ishika zoned out as her Physics professor droned endlessly about radiation. She loathed Physics with
all the hate she ever had, not for any other reason other than her professors. The previous one wasn't
that pathetic, just very boring, but this one was a nightmare.
"WHAT ARE YOU TWO DOING?" roared the professor, starling Ishika out of her lala land, almost
making her jump. She turned around to see the entire class shocked, except two faces that were
etched with fear. The two faces belonged to the dimwitted boys in her class, who were caught
chattering during class.
Ishika couldn't blame them, listening to her friend whine about her love life was much more
interesting that what a thermocouple would ever be. She didn't talk much during the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are wasting their money by enrolling you all into an excellent international school. And you
children don't even care about the sacrifices that your parents have made. I've seen so many parents
deciding not to buy things they want just by looking at the fees," the professor ranted, which
annoyed Ishika. "If you don't get good marks, what will your parents say to your relatives and
neighbors? Work hard so that your parents would have something good to say about you on their
mouths."
Ishika felt sick to her stomach. The fact that a school could employ such a negative–minded person
was beyond her. Enough was enough. Mustering all the courage she had, she stood up, determined
to teach him a lesson.
"Sir, I'm sorry, but your mindset is completely wrong," she said, gathering the attention of the entire
classes, shock etched upon their face. Ishika was never the one to speak up – she remained in the
shadows. "Just because there are few of us that don't excel in your subject, that does not mean that
we are wasting our parents money. There are few students who love playing sports, for whom
physical fitness is much more important than magnetism. A student wanting a degree in business
management will not care

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