Carnot Engine & Effieciency.pptx
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The document discusses Nicolas Carnot and the Carnot engine. It describes how Carnot discovered that a steam engine transfers heat from a warm reservoir to a cool one, using some of the heat to produce work. The greater the temperature difference between the reservoirs, the more efficient the engine. It then discusses the ideal Carnot cycle and the four processes involved: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression. The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the heat reservoirs and is maximum when there is the greatest difference between these temperatures.
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The document discusses thermal power plants and the thermodynamic processes involved. It describes the basic energy cycle from chemical to mechanical to electrical energy. It then explains various thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic, and isentropic. It discusses the throttling process and its uses. It also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics. Finally, it describes important thermodynamic power cycles like Carnot, Rankine, Brayton, and combined cycles as well as ways to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle.
CARNOT CYCLE AND THEOREM(REVERSIBLE ENGINE)
This presentation briefly describes the Carnot cycle and the theorem associated with it. It also states about the Carnot reversible engine with the help of diagrams it illustrates the processes that occur inside the Carnot engine SOURCE: The source should be at a fixed high-temperature 𝑻_𝟏 from which the heat engine can draw heat. It has infinite thermal capacity and any amount of heat can be drawn from it at constant temperature 𝑻_𝟏.
SINK: The sink should be at a fixed lower temperature 𝑻_𝟐 to which any amount of energy can be rejected. It also has infinite thermal capacity and its temperature remains at a constant temperature 𝑻_𝟐.
WORKING SUBSTANCE: A cylinder with non-conducting sides and a conducting bottom contains the perfect gas as a working substance. A perfect non-conducting and frictionless piston are fitted into the cylinder. The working substance undergoes a complete cyclic operation. A perfect non-conducting stand is also provided so that the working substance can undergo an adiabatic operation.The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws. When the second law of thermodynamics states that not all the supplied heat in a heat engine can be used to do work, the Carnot efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat which can be so used.
In order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy. This means that the Carnot cycle is an idealization, since no real engine processes are reversible and all real physical processes involve some increase in entropy.The working substance is subjected to the following cycle or quasi-static operations known as Carnot’s cycle to obtain a continuous supply of work.
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION: The cylinder is first placed on the source so that the gas acquires the temperature T1 of the source. It is then allowed to undergo quasi-static expansion. As the gas expands, its temperature tends to fall. Heat passes into the cylinder through the perfectly conducting base which is in contact with the source. The gas, therefore, undergoes slow isothermal expansion at the constant temperature T1. Let the working substance during isothermal expansion goes from its initial state A(𝑷_𝟏,𝑽_𝟏,𝑻_𝟏) to the state B(𝑷_𝟐,𝑽_𝟐,𝑻_𝟏) at constant temperature T1 and does work W1 given by
ADIABATIC EXPANSION: The cylinder is now removed from the source and placed on the insulating stand. The gas is allowed to undergo slow adiabatic expansion, performing external work at the expense of its internal energy, until its temperature falls to T2, the same as that of the sink.
This process is represented by the adiabatic BC, starting from state B (𝑷_𝟐,𝑽_𝟐,𝑻_𝟏) to the state C(𝑷_𝟑,𝑽_𝟑,𝑻_𝟐) . In this process, there is no tras
CARNOT ENGINE tsh .pptx
The Carnot engine is a theoretical heat engine that establishes the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs. Any engine operating between the same reservoirs cannot exceed the efficiency of a Carnot engine. A Carnot cycle involves four steps - two isothermal and two adiabatic processes - between the two reservoirs. The efficiency of the Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the reservoirs and is independent of the working substance.
MECII GAS POWER Cycles - PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMIC .pptx
Thermodynamics Principles on Gas power cycles
carnotengine-131025091754-phpapp02.pdf
This document explains heat engines and the Carnot cycle. It defines a heat engine as a device that converts heat into work via a cyclic process. It describes the key components of a heat engine - a hot reservoir or source, a cold reservoir or sink, and a working substance. The document then explains the Carnot cycle in detail, which consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes and results in the maximum possible efficiency for a heat engine. It provides the formula for calculating the efficiency of a Carnot engine based on the temperatures of the heat source and sink.
Eg 261 - carnot and jet engines
This document provides information on entropy and thermodynamics concepts including:
1. Entropy is a measure of irreversibilities and increases for all actual processes, being conserved only for idealized reversible processes.
2. Processes can only occur in the direction that complies with the increase of entropy principle.
3. Gas turbine cycles including Brayton, jet propulsion, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling and reheating are discussed. The efficiency and performance of these cycles depends on parameters like pressure and temperature ratios.
Carnot engine
This document explains heat engines and the Carnot engine. It defines a heat engine as a device that converts heat into work via a cyclic process. It then describes the key components of a heat engine - a hot reservoir or source, a cold reservoir or sink, and a working substance within a cylinder. The document goes on to explain the Carnot cycle in detail, which consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. It states that the Carnot engine has the maximum possible efficiency among heat engines operating between the same temperature limits. The efficiency of any heat engine is defined and the efficiency of the Carnot engine is derived.
Stirling Engine Report_BSc-ME-014
The document discusses the construction and working of a Stirling engine. It begins with an abstract explaining that a Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates through cyclic compression and expansion of a gas using different temperatures to convert heat into mechanical work. It then provides a brief history of the Stirling engine, explaining its invention in 1816 and various early designs. The main body of the document describes the Stirling cycle and working principles through four phases, provides a diagram of the pressure-volume relationship, and gives equations for efficiency. It concludes by detailing the design, construction, and potential applications of Stirling engines.
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Carnot Engine & Effieciency.pptx
- 2. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot was a French mechanical engineer in the French Army, military scientist and physicist, and often described as the "father of thermodynamics". Carnot discovered that a steam engine works, not by consuming caloric, but by transferring heat from a warm reservoir to a cool one, using part of the heat to produce work. The greater the temperature difference between the two reservoirs, the more efficient the engine.
- 3. CARNOT ENGINE Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine whose efficiency is maximum. In carnot engine, carnot cycle is used. In carnot engine, ideal gas is the working substance and all the dissipative forces are absent.
- 4. CARNOT CYCLE Carnot devised an ideal cycle of operation for a heat engine and is know as carnot cycle. In one complete cycle of operation there are four different thermodynamic processes.
- 5. 4 PROCESSES OF CARNOT CYCLE
- 6. ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION At first, the working substances is kept in contact with the source. The piston of the cylinder is moved outwards. The gas expands at constant temperature. The amount of heat (𝑄1) is absorbed from the source to make the temperature constant. The volume increases and pressure decreases. V P
- 7. ADIABATIC EXPANSION The lower conducting side of the cylinder is kept in contact with the insulating outwards. The piston of the cylinder is moved outwards. The gas expands such that no heat enters the system or leaves from it. The temperature and pressure decreases. The temperature is decreased from 𝑇1𝑡𝑜 𝑇2. V P T
- 8. ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION The cylinder is kept in contact with the sink. The piston of the cylinder is moved inwards. The gas is compressed at constant temperature. The excess heat produced (𝑄2) will flow to the sink to make the temperature constant. The volume decreases and pressure increases. V P
- 9. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION The cylinder is kept in contact with the insulating stand. The piston of the cylinder is moved inwards. The gas is compressed such that no heat enters the system or leaves from it. The volume decreases and pressure increases. The temperature remain constant. V P
- 12. Efficiency of Carnot Engine We have the efficiency of heat engine, 𝜂 = 𝑊/𝑄ℎ where “W” is the work done and 𝑄ℎ is the amount of heat absorbed from the source. Also 𝑊 = 𝑄ℎ − 𝑄𝑐 is the amount of energy rejected to sink. There fore, 𝜂 = 𝑄ℎ−𝑄𝑐 𝑄ℎ = 1 − ( 𝑄𝑐 𝑄ℎ ) For carnot engine, it can be shown that: 𝜂 = 1 − ( 𝑇𝑐 𝑇ℎ ) where 𝑇ℎ is the temperature of source and 𝑇𝑐 that of sink
- 13. Important results: η is always less than 1 because TH is less than TC. This implies the efficiency cannot be 100%. It can be 1 or 100% only when TC = 0K (absolute zero of temperature) which is impossible to attain practically. The efficiency of the Carnot’s engine is independent of the working substance. It depends only on the temperatures of the source and the sink. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, higher the efficiency. When TC=TH the efficiency η =0. No engine can work having source and sink at the same temperature.
- 14. Example 1. For a coal-fired utility boiler, the temperature of high pressure steam (Thot)would be about 540°C and Tcold, the cooling tower water temperature, would be about 20°C. Calculate the Carnot efficiency of the power plant.
- 16. Example 2. A steam engine boiler is maintained at 250°C and water is converted into steam. This steam is used to do work and heat is ejected to the surrounding air at temperature 300K. Calculate the maximum efficiency it can have?
- 19. TEST I (10 points) 1. What is a working fluid in Carnot’s cycle(5 points) 2. What is a Carnot heat engine? (5 points) 3. Name the processes involved in the Carnot cycle? (5 points)
- 20. TEST II (5 points) There are two Carnot engines A and B operating in two different temperature regions. For Engine A the temperatures of the two reservoirs are 150°C and 100°C. For engine B the temperatures of the reservoirs are 350°C and 300°C. Which engine has lesser efficiency?
- 21. ANSWERS: 1. The working fluid in a Carnot’s cycle is an ideal gas. 2. Carnot heat engine is a theoretical engine that operates on a reversible carnot cycle. It has maximum efficiency that a heat engine can possess. 3. (1)Isothermal Expansion (2)Adiabatic Expansion (3)Isothermal Compression (4)Adiabatic Compression