A Proposal on Heat Engines, a topic in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics.
This work aim at studying the process involved in the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work and in effect the principles which engine operate.
Heat engines are systems that convert heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy which can then be used to do mechanical work. This is done basically by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. The working substance is brought to a high temperature by a heat source which generates thermal energy. This energy is converted to work by exploiting the proportion of the working substance during which the heat is transferred to the colder destination until it reaches a lower temperature state.
The conversion of this heat to mechanical work follow certain routes which ends at the start point and hence are called cycles. This work will in essence focus on these cycles. Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle and brayton cycle are some of the cycle that represent models for heat engine operations. The condition to which the working fluid is subjected in the process, is what distinguishes one cycle from the other.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
this will help to understand the basic knowledge of diesel power plant .
For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the rotor of an alternator by means of a prime mover. The prime mover can be driven by different methods. Using diesel engine as prime mover is one of the popular methods of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators is diesel engine, the power station is called diesel power station.The mechanical power required for driving alternator comes from combustion of diesel. As the diesel costs high, this type of power station is not suitable for producing power in large scale in our country. But for small scale production of electric power, and where, there is no other easily available alternatives of producing electric power, diesel power station are used. Steam power stations and hydro power plants are mainly used to produce maximum portion of the electrical load demands. But for steam power station, sufficient supply of coal and water are required.
Advantages of Diesel Power Station:-
This is simple in design point of view.
Required very small space.
It can also be designed for portable use.
It has quick starting facility, the small diesel generator set can be started within few seconds.
It can also be stopped as when required stopping small size diesel power station, even easier than it’s starting
As these machines can easily be started and stopped as when required, there may not be any standby loss in the system.
Cooling is easy and required smaller quantity of water in this type power station.
Initial cost is less than other types of power station.
Thermal efficiency of diesel is quite higher than of coal.
Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station:-
As we have already mentioned, the cost of diesel is very high compared to coal. This is the main reason for which a diesel power plant is not getting popularity over other means of generating power. In other words the running cost of this plant is higher compared to steam and hydro power plants.
The plant generally used to produce small power requirement.
Cost of lubricants is high.
Maintenance is quite complex and costs high.
Plant does not work satisfactorily under overload conditions for a longer period
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
this will help to understand the basic knowledge of diesel power plant .
For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the rotor of an alternator by means of a prime mover. The prime mover can be driven by different methods. Using diesel engine as prime mover is one of the popular methods of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators is diesel engine, the power station is called diesel power station.The mechanical power required for driving alternator comes from combustion of diesel. As the diesel costs high, this type of power station is not suitable for producing power in large scale in our country. But for small scale production of electric power, and where, there is no other easily available alternatives of producing electric power, diesel power station are used. Steam power stations and hydro power plants are mainly used to produce maximum portion of the electrical load demands. But for steam power station, sufficient supply of coal and water are required.
Advantages of Diesel Power Station:-
This is simple in design point of view.
Required very small space.
It can also be designed for portable use.
It has quick starting facility, the small diesel generator set can be started within few seconds.
It can also be stopped as when required stopping small size diesel power station, even easier than it’s starting
As these machines can easily be started and stopped as when required, there may not be any standby loss in the system.
Cooling is easy and required smaller quantity of water in this type power station.
Initial cost is less than other types of power station.
Thermal efficiency of diesel is quite higher than of coal.
Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station:-
As we have already mentioned, the cost of diesel is very high compared to coal. This is the main reason for which a diesel power plant is not getting popularity over other means of generating power. In other words the running cost of this plant is higher compared to steam and hydro power plants.
The plant generally used to produce small power requirement.
Cost of lubricants is high.
Maintenance is quite complex and costs high.
Plant does not work satisfactorily under overload conditions for a longer period
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. More specifically, a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanently gaseous working fluid.
Group5(compressor and turbine) thermodynamic final presentationShakhawat Sohan
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe.
Detailed Internship Report about RAJIV GANDHI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT-NTPC LTD. Includes information about Thermodynamic Cycles, Combined Cycle, HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator), and various components of a Combined Cycle Power Plant.
The second law of thermodynamics is explored in this lecture. Topics covered include:
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Waste heat is that which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and then dumped into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose.
Erole Technologies Pvt Ltd. 7007957715, 7081584848
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This work aim at studying the process involved in the conversion of heat energy to
mechanical work and in effect the principles which engine operate.
Heat engines are systems that convert heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy
which can then be used to do mechanical work. This is done basically by bringing a
working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. The
working substance is brought to a high temperature by a heat source which generates
thermal energy. This energy is converted to work by exploiting the proportion of the
working substance during which the heat is transferred to the colder destination until it
reaches a lower temperature state.
The conversion of this heat to mechanical work follow certain routes which ends at the
start point and hence are called cycles. This work will in essence focus on these cycles.
Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle and brayton cycle are some of the cycle that represent
models for heat engine operations. The condition to which the working fluid is subjected
in the process, is what distinguishes one cycle from the other.
INTRODUCTION
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a
difference in the temperatures of the bodies. The effect of the transfer of energy is
usually (but not always) an increase in the temperature of the colder body and a
decrease in the temperature of the hotter body (the exception being during phase
change).
An engine is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. The
energy is obtained usually from the burning or consumption of fuel and the work is
performed by exerting a torque or linear force to drive machinery that generates
electricity, pumps water or compress gas.
In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or
thermal energy to mechanical energy which can then be used to do mechanical work. It
does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower
state temperature. A heat “source” generates thermal energy that brings the working
substance to the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the
“working body” of the engines while transferring heat to the colder destination until it
reaches a low temperature state. During this process, some of the thermal energy is
3. converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working
substance is usually a gas or liquid
Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines (e.g. electric motor,
physically powered motor, etc.) by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited
by Carnot’s theorem, which specifies the limits on the maximum efficiency any heat
engine can obtain which solely depends on the difference between the hot and cold
temperature reservoir. Thermodynamics is basically the study of the relationships
between heat and work. The first and second laws of thermodynamics constrain the
operation of a heat engine. The first law is the application of conservation of energy to
the system, and the second sets limits on the possible efficiency of the machine and
determines the direction of energy flow.
Heat engines such as automobile engines operate in a cyclic manner, adding energy in
the form of heat in one part of the cycle and using that energy to do useful work in
another part of the cycle.
Fig. 1
Heat engines in thermodynamics are often modelled using standard engineering models
which are referred to as the “heat engine cycles” such as the Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle,
Brayton cycle, etc. In reality, very few actual implementations of heat engines exactly
match their underlying thermodynamic cycle and as a result one could say that a
thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of a mechanical engine. In any case, fully
understanding an engine and its efficiency requires gaining a good understanding of the
(possibly simplified or idealized) theoretical model, the practical nuances of an actual
mechanical engine, and the discrepancies between the two.
4. In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and
cold sink, the larger the potential thermal efficiency. Also, the heat which cannot be
used to do work is exhausted.
Examples of heat engines are Refrigerator, Carnot cycle, dual pump, diesel engines.
Examples of everyday heat engines include the steam engine (for example in trains), the
diesel engine, and the gasoline (petrol) engine in an automobile.
Heat engine processes.
Cycle
Process 1-2
(Compression)
Process 2-
3
(Heat
Addition)
Process 3-4
(Expansion)
Process 4-
1
(Heat
Rejection)
Notes
Power cycles normally with external combustion - or heat pump cycles:
Bell
Coleman
adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric A reversed Brayton cycle
Carnot isentropic isothermal isentropic isothermal Carnot heat engine
Ericsson isothermal isobaric isothermal isobaric
the second Ericsson
cycle from 1853
Rankine adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric Steam engine
Hygroscopic adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric Hygroscopic cycle
Scuderi adiabatic variable
pressure
adiabatic isochoric
5. and
volume
Stirling isothermal isochoric isothermal isochoric Stirling engine
Stoddard adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric
Power cycles normally with internal combustion:
Brayton adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric
Jet engines
the external combustion
version of this cycle is
known as first Ericsson
cycle from 1833
Diesel adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isochoric Diesel engine
Lenoir Isobaric isochoric adiabatic
Pulse jets
(Note: Process 1-2
accomplishes both the heat
rejection and the
compression)
Otto adiabatic isochoric adiabatic isochoric Gasoline / petrol engines
Each process is one of the following:
isothermal (at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source
or sink)
isobaric (at constant pressure)
isometric/isochoric (at constant volume), also referred to as iso-volumetric
6. adiabatic (no heat is added or removed from the system during adiabatic process)
isentropic (reversible adiabatic process, no heat is added or removed during isentropic process)
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is to study in details the different processes (cycles) involved in the
conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
Objectives
To review the concepts of heat and heat engines.
To study heat engine cycles.
To compare the different heat engine cycles as well as their applications.
JUSTIFICATION
Doing this work will give a knowledge of the sequence of steps involved in the
conversion of heat to mechanical work as well as the limitation of each step and how
they differ from one another.
Although the term heat engine, is a common one, this work seeks to explain the actual
operations that take place during the conversion of heat to mechanical work.
Also gives us a knowledge about how the wrong timing of the engine cycle (fuel being
blown up at an inappropriate time either early or late) which could be caused by the
piston slapping next to the side of the engine cylinder walls could lead to catastrophic
engine failure. Improved engine design and more precise ignition timing steadily
improves engine efficiency. The study of the idealistic cycle gives an analysis and a
picture of the specific process in order to get a particular output.
7. METHODOLOGY
In carrying out this work, a theoretical review of heat engine and heat engine cycles is to
be done.
In order to make the subject (processes involved in) clearer, motion pictures will be
employed to provide a vivid illustration of these operations.
If possible, we also hope to show live displays of some components in heat engine for
easier comprehension and assimilation.
CONCLUSION
Even with the aforementioned limitations. Heat engines have an advantage over other
types of engines in that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by
processes like exothermic reactions (e.g. combustion). Since the heat source that
supplies thermal energy to the engine can be powered by virtually any kind of energy,
heat energy are very versatile to have a wide range of applicability.
Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically
engines refer to physical device.
REFERENCES
J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness & M.M. Abbott 2011, “production of power from heat”, 6th
Edition,
McGraw Hill, New York.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles 2001, “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach",
Mcgraw-Hill College; 4th edition (June 2001)