The document discusses the processes of weathering and erosion. It explains that weathering is when rocks break down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering includes frost wedging, abrasion, biological weathering, and salt crystal formation. Chemical weathering involves processes like carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and microbial breakdown that alter the composition of rocks. Once weathered, erosion transports pieces of rock to different locations through processes like mass wasting, which moves rock and sediment down slopes under gravity. Mass wasting includes rapid events like rockfalls as well as slower movements like creep and earthflows. Landmarks like arches and rock formations are created through the combined action of weathering and erosion over long periods of time.

2. When rocks and
minerals break down
into pieces or dissolve,
it is called weathering.

3. Once rocks have been broken
down into tiny pieces, a process
called erosion transports them
away into different areas. The
process of weathering and
erosion is responsible for the
creation of some famous
landmarks around the world like
the Delicate Arch in Utah and
Kapurpurawan Rock Formations
in Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

4. The process of weathering is divided in
2 types-physical and chemical
weathering.

6. also known as mechanical weathering,
takes place when rocks are broken
into smaller pieces because of any
natural or anthropogenic forces.

7. The following processes below contributes to the
physical weathering of rocks:

8. happens when
water gets inside
the cracks of rocks.

9. The following processes below contributes to the
physical weathering of rocks:

10. takes place when
rocks wear away
because of
constant collision of
loose particles.

11. The following processes below contributes to the
physical weathering of rocks:

12. is sometimes considered a
different type of weathering,
biological weathering.
However, many still
acknowledges it as part of
physical weathering as the
process only changes the
physical appearance of rocks.

13. The following processes below contributes to the
physical weathering of rocks:

14. is another factor of
physical disintegration of
rocks. The force exerted
by salt crystal, formed
when water evaporates
from the rock’s pores or
cracks, causes the rock to
fall apart.

17. on the other hand changes the composition or
molecular structure of the rock. For example,
when carbon dioxide from the air or soil
combines with water, this can dissolve the
rock. The process itself is called carbonation.

18. Carbonation produces a weak
acid, called carbonic acid.

19. Other processes of chemical weathering includes the
following:

20. is a chemical type of weathering which changes
the composition of minerals from rocks when
they react with acidic water. When iron in rocks
get to be exposed to oxygen, it creates iron
oxide. The iron oxide produces a rusty-colored
weathered surface to the rocks. This process is
called Oxidation.

21. Other processes of chemical weathering includes the
following:

22. is the process in which rocks weather
because of its reaction to acids. When an
acidic water (rainwater with dissolved
carbon dioxide) reacts with rocks,
minerals from rocks dissolve leaving
them with holes or cavities.

23. Other processes of chemical weathering includes the
following:

24. Microbes break down minerals
from rocks by changing its
composition making it more
vulnerable to weathering.

26. removal and transport of
weathered material from
one location to another.

27. refers to all the processes by which
masses of rock move downhill Under
the influence of gravity.

28. Coherent grouping of sediment/rock
begins moving downward due to the
force of gravity.

29. A cliff or mountain slope is
diminishing or wasting away.

30. The force of GRAVITY acts to move
the layer of loose materials
covering slope of rock into
downward slope. That force is
resisted by the cohesion of the
slope materials.

31. Certain factors influence a slope’s cohesion:
Amount of
water in slope
materials
1 2 3
Steepness of
slope
Composition
of slope
materials

33. TWO MAIN TYPES OF MASS WASTING

34. perceptible motion occurs. Events
are briefer in duration, more
damaging, and occur on relatively
steep slopes.

35. Produced by rocks falling from
near vertical cliffs, the rockfall is
the smallest, most common, and
most rapid form of mass wasting.

36. Rapid transport of mixture of soil, rock,
and vegetation down a moderate to
steep slope may cause a Debris slide,
Avalanche or flow. Usually triggered by
rainstorms.

37. -Driest -Wettest

38. movements in which loose
material moves rapidly down
a slope in a chaotic fashion.

39. Mostly fluid, rapid flow of mud,
usually mixed with rocks and
other debris, downhill. Mudflows
travel faster than debris flow.

40. TWO MAIN TYPES OF MASS WASTING

41. Occurrences of slow mass wasting is
visually imperceptible, more widespread,
and bring a greater volume of material
down slope than rapid wasting.

42. The intermittent movement (slip) of a
mass of earth or rock along a cured
plane is a slump. A slump is mostly
occurred after a heavy rain, on a steep
slope with deep, clay-rich soil.

43. Earth flow is slow flowage of nearly
saturated soil down to moderate to steep
slopes. Earth flow are more fluid, shallower,
and smaller than slumps. Earthflow most
often form on hillsides in humid areas during
heavy time of precipitation or snowmelt.

44. The slowest and least noticeable, but most
wide spread in the slow mass wasting
categories is creep. Creep involves the entire
hillside, and characterized by very slow
movement of soil or rock over a period of
several years.