The document discusses various exogenic (surface) geologic processes including weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and sedimentation. It defines different types of weathering such as physical, chemical, and biotic weathering. The key physical weathering processes mentioned are block disintegration, exfoliation, and frost weathering. The main chemical weathering processes covered are oxidation, carbonation, hydration, and solution. The document also discusses different types of mass wasting including different classifications based on speed and moisture content. Finally, it defines erosion and the major types as wind erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.

1. Exogenic Processes
Weathering, Mass Wasting and
Erosion

2. 08/04/19
ROCKS AND MINERALS
CONTENT STANDARDS:
We should be able to demonstrate an understanding of:
1. the geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as
weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation (include the role of
ocean basins in the formation of sedimentary rocks)
2. the geologic processes that occur within the Earth
3. the folding and faulting of rocks
4. plate tectonics

3. 08/04/19
PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS:
You should be able to conduct a survey or design
a study to assess the possible hydro
meteorological hazards that your community may
experience.

4. 08/04/19
PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
FORMATION STANDARDS:
We should be able to:
•Show appreciation of environmental importance of minerals
•Transfer rocks with care
•Help prevent erosion
•Open up a discussion on the effects of weathering and erosion:Obey
policies in mining
•Circulate the information about mining
•Know that minerals are important in the body
•Share one’s appreciation of the different minerals

5. 08/04/19
PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
OBJECTIVES: We should be able to demonstrate an understanding of:
•describe how rocks undergo weathering
•Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
•explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposited elsewhere
•make a report on how rocks and soil move downslope due to the direct action of gravity
•describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from
•describe magmatism, plutonism, volcanism and metamorphism
•compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks
•describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart,
and shearing
•explain how the continents drift and cite evidence that support continental drift
•explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults
•explain how the seafloor spreads
•describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins

6. 08/04/19
PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How do the hydrosphere affects the
geosphere?
How do volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
affects the geosphere?
How are rocks on Earth’s crust deformed?

7. MOTIVATION

8. WEATHERING

9. WEATHERINGThe combined action (physical/chemical process) that
disintegrate and decompose rocks thru the elements of the
weather.

10. PHYSICAL
WEATHERINGAlso called mechani cal weat heri ng.
Happens whenever rocks are broken up without any
change in their chemical composition.
Also called mechani cal weat heri ng.
Happens whenever rocks are broken up without any
change in their chemical composition.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
PROCESSES
OF
PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
BLOCK
DISINTEGRATION
EXFOLIATION
FROST
WEATHERING
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
WATER
ICE

11. PHYSICAL WEATHERING: BLOCK
DISINTEGRATION
08/04/19
Caused by excessive heating and
cooling that causes the repeated
expansion and contraction of
rocks leading to contraction that
creates stress along the joints
breaking the rock, block by
block.
Mostly seen in hot
desert regions
Mostly seen in hot
desert regions

12. PHYSICAL WEATHERING: EXFOLIATION
08/04/19
The stripping of the outer
layers of the rock due to
intense heating.
Outer layers peel off from
the inner layers which
remain almost unaffected
by heat.

13. PHYSICAL WEATHERING: FROST
WEATHERING
08/04/19
Refers to the alternate
freezing and melting
of water inside joints
of rocks causing them
to split into smaller
particles/ fragments

14. CHEMICAL
WEATHERINGWeakening or disintegration of rocks and the
formation
of new compounds or substances caused by
chemical reactions.
Weakening or disintegration of rocks and the
formation
of new compounds or substances caused by
chemical reactions.
PROCESSES OF
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING
OXIDATION
CARBONATION
HYDRATION
SOLUTION

15. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: OXIDATION
08/04/19
The process in which
oxygen reacts with the
rocks and changes its
mineral composition.
Greatest impact are
observed on ferrous
minerals

16. CHEMICAL WEATHERING:
CARBONATION
08/04/19
The process involving the
formation of various types
of carbonates in rocks.
Rainwater that contain CO2
contain Carbonic acid that
passes thru permeable
limestones resulting the
enlargement of it and removal
of lime that holds the particles
together.

17. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: HYDRATION
08/04/19
Result of the absorption/
combination of water
and particular substance
on the rock leading to
the change in shape.
OPHIOLITE

18. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: SOLUTION
08/04/19
Process in which some
of the minerals in the
rocks are directly
dissolved in water.
Water continues to weaken,
deform, broke and
disintegrate rocks
GYPSUM AND ROCK
SALT
GYPSUM AND ROCK
SALT

19. BIOTIC
WEATHERINGAlso called BI OLOGI CAL WEATHERI NG.
The disintegration of rocks caused by living
organisms
Also called BI OLOGI CAL WEATHERI NG.
The disintegration of rocks caused by living
organisms
CONTRIBUTORS
OF
BIOTIC
WEATHERING
PLANTS
ANIMALS
HUMAN

20. MASS WASTING
08/04/19

21. MASS WASTING
08/04/19
Refers to the natural process of the downslope movement of rock,
regolith and soil because of gravity that occurs after weathering.
Refers to the natural process of the downslope movement of rock,
regolith and soil because of gravity that occurs after weathering.
Classified based on their moisture(water content) and speed (rate of movement)Classified based on their moisture(water content) and speed (rate of movement)

22. SOIL EROSION08/04/19

23. SOIL EROSION
08/04/19
Product of weathering.
It is the disintegration of rocks into the particles of soil. Removal of
soil at a greater rate than its replacement by natural agents.
Product of weathering.
It is the disintegration of rocks into the particles of soil. Removal of
soil at a greater rate than its replacement by natural agents.
TYPES OF
EROSION
WIND EROSION
SHEET EROSION
RILL EROSION
GULLY EROSION

24. SOIL EROSION: WIND
EROSION
08/04/19
Happens when wind s carry large amount of fine soil particles
and sand away from a region, spreading it over adjoining
cultivated land and destroying their fertility.
Happens when wind s carry large amount of fine soil particles
and sand away from a region, spreading it over adjoining
cultivated land and destroying their fertility.

25. SOIL EROSION: SHEET
EROSION
08/04/19
The removal of thin layers of soil because of surface run off and
rain.If left unattended, there will be elimination of nutrients
due to the removal of the topsoil resulting to unusable land.
The removal of thin layers of soil because of surface run off and
rain.If left unattended, there will be elimination of nutrients
due to the removal of the topsoil resulting to unusable land.

26. SOIL EROSION: RILL
EROSION
08/04/19
The removal of the soil by the action of concentrated running
water that creates a cm-deep tiny channels(rills) which carry
water during storms.
The removal of the soil by the action of concentrated running
water that creates a cm-deep tiny channels(rills) which carry
water during storms.

27. SOIL EROSION: GULLY
EROSION
08/04/19
The removal of the soil in water channels or drainage lines. The
gullies gradually multiply and spread over a wide area that will
then be called badlands/ravines.
The removal of the soil in water channels or drainage lines. The
gullies gradually multiply and spread over a wide area that will
then be called badlands/ravines.