This document summarizes a research article that proposes using a smart personal sensor network to control a DC grid powered LED lighting system for energy savings. The key points are:
1) A smart personal sensor network would be distributed throughout a building to monitor indoor conditions, control interactions between lighting and occupants, and optimize energy usage of building lights.
2) Unlike fluorescent lights that require AC power, LED lights are DC and using a DC grid would avoid conversion losses from powering them with AC.
3) Experimental results showed the proposed smart LED lighting system achieved around 44% energy savings compared to the original AC fluorescent system, while maintaining similar lighting performance.
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The paper discusses the application of DC micro grids and how they can be used to form smart grids which can easily incorporte solar systems. Such grids have various advantages over the existing grid infrastructure, which has been discussed at length.
If you have any questions, please write to me.
Optimized energy efficient lighting system for green buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract
Increasing population places increasing demands on energy supply, which leads to heavy power deficiency. We can supply only a
limited amount of energy to the consumers because we have only limited conventional sources of energy and non-conventional
energy sources are mostly still under research and have not been deployed on a large scale. Not only there is limited amount of
energy to be supplied to the consumers but heavy demand of energy supply also leads to environment degradation. This creates a
need to use the limited energy efficiently. This has given rise to new trend towards reducing the energy consumption: Green
Buildings. About 40% of the energy consumption in the world is consumed by buildings [1]. Energy consumed by lighting systems
accounts for about 15% of total energy consumption of buildings [1]. Thus we need to use energy efficient lighting devices for
illuminating buildings. Thus in this study we to tend to develop optimized energy efficient system, which will use LED lights to
illuminate buildings. The illumination intensity of the LED lights will be decided by the FPGA, which is interfaced to the LED
driver. Based on combined values of light intensity of the room and occupancy of the room using different sensors, the light output
of the LED will be controlled.
Keywords: LED Lighting System, FPGA, Green Buildings, Auto-dimming.
since our electrical system consists of many interconnections .in order to have a proper transmission we need grid if we incorporate some sensors it results in smart grid .today grid system consists of all interconnection tapping points
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The paper discusses the application of DC micro grids and how they can be used to form smart grids which can easily incorporte solar systems. Such grids have various advantages over the existing grid infrastructure, which has been discussed at length.
If you have any questions, please write to me.
Optimized energy efficient lighting system for green buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract
Increasing population places increasing demands on energy supply, which leads to heavy power deficiency. We can supply only a
limited amount of energy to the consumers because we have only limited conventional sources of energy and non-conventional
energy sources are mostly still under research and have not been deployed on a large scale. Not only there is limited amount of
energy to be supplied to the consumers but heavy demand of energy supply also leads to environment degradation. This creates a
need to use the limited energy efficiently. This has given rise to new trend towards reducing the energy consumption: Green
Buildings. About 40% of the energy consumption in the world is consumed by buildings [1]. Energy consumed by lighting systems
accounts for about 15% of total energy consumption of buildings [1]. Thus we need to use energy efficient lighting devices for
illuminating buildings. Thus in this study we to tend to develop optimized energy efficient system, which will use LED lights to
illuminate buildings. The illumination intensity of the LED lights will be decided by the FPGA, which is interfaced to the LED
driver. Based on combined values of light intensity of the room and occupancy of the room using different sensors, the light output
of the LED will be controlled.
Keywords: LED Lighting System, FPGA, Green Buildings, Auto-dimming.
since our electrical system consists of many interconnections .in order to have a proper transmission we need grid if we incorporate some sensors it results in smart grid .today grid system consists of all interconnection tapping points
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
This paper discusses the principle of operation, dynamic modeling, and control design for light-to-light
(LtL) systems, whose aim is to directly convert the sun irradiation into artificial light. The system discussed in
this paper is composed by a photo- voltaic (PV) panel, an LED array, a dc–dc converter dedicated to the
maximum power point tracking of the PV panel and a dc–dc converter dedicated to drive the LEDs array. A
system controller is also included, whose goal is to ensure the matching between the maximum available PV
power and the LED power by means of a low-frequency LEDs dimming. An experimental design example is
discussed to illustrate the functionalities of the LtL system.
EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR AN ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR COLONYcscpconf
A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home
driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a
model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency
of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful
implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper presents a design and simulation of a rule based energy management system for a dc MicroGrid that considers a cost function to reflect the battery degradation and that relates to the actual battery parameters.The derivation of the battery cost function and the utilization of that to ensure an optimum utilization of the battery energy storage were presented. The detailed description of the algorithms used to implement the EMS was presented. Simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to demonstrate the operation of the EMS both under grid connected and islanded modes. Further, the inertia support provided by the super-capacitor to avoid the collapse of the dc link of the MicroGrid was demonstrated.
Roof top solar PV connected DC micro grids as smart gridsBrhamesh Alipuria
The roof top solar systems are becoming popular these days with the need for reliable power and reducing costs. Further, with recent trends to shift towards smart grids; a new system layout has been proposed which is based on the concept of DC micro grids
Survey of energy-efficient solutions in NetworkOlivier Zheng
Since 2000, the growth of IT has increased in a radical way, to become the first carbon dioxide producer. It is at this time that people start to think about the global warming and the bad effect of the carbon dioxide. Everybody try to reduce his carbon dioxide footprint. Today, computers are connected to a network. So the main actors in IT (manufacturers, organisations...) start to work on solution to decrease the Network’s footprint.
In this paper, different non-commercial energy-efficient solutions are described: the 802.3az standard, the EMAN framework, the energy-efficiency metrics and the MiDORi network. Each solution is focused on a particular part of the Network (from the interface, to the global design), it has its advantages, but it has also its disadvantages. We’ll talk more about the disadvantages of each solution.
Each solution introduced in this paper will decrease the power consumption of the network. But to have the best results, the chosen solution will have to be implemented in the good way to have the best impact on the network power consumption: having Core layer routers with 802.3az ports won’t save more energy than having Access layer switches with 802.3az ports.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
Abstract
Frequent power outages arising from poor state of electricity infrastructure is hindering Nigeria’s socio-economic growth. Port Harcourt is one of the foremost cities in Nigeria where business and social activities are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity. Any power outage, even of the shortest duration, in Port Harcourt City has severe socio-economic impacts and there is no likelihood that the phenomenon would abate even in the nearest future. This research investigated the causes of incessant power outages in Port Harcourt City and suggested remedial measures to reverse the trend. The researcher relied on data personally collected from primary sources through personal observations, interviews and discussions with residents of the city and from secondary sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) and current scholarly literature relating to this research, over a period of twelve months. The study used a descriptive and the non-parametric simple percentages technique in analysing the data so collected and in drawing conclusions. It was found that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution network, inadequate power infrastructure facilities, etc. are the chief causes of incessant power outages in the Port Harcourt metropolis. The paper recommends, among others, immediate upgrade of existing power infrastructure facilities, review of government policy on domestic gas supply and stiff statutory legislation on vandalism as measures to stabilise electricity supply in the Port Harcourt city.
Motor Burnout and Under voltage protection Soumik Bakshi
This Under-voltage protection circuit is a reliable and low cost circuit for providing protection for under-voltage condition of power supply. As the project name suggest, its primary objective is protection of motors. Although this circuit is completely operational to protect other kinds of equipment from under-voltage condition. The other part, motor burnout protection requires several types of protection, like protection from overloads, single phasing etc. As we are only concerned with protection of single phase motors, we are providing overcurrent protection so that the motor would not burnout due to excessive heat. If either voltage drops below a certain limit or the current exceeds a certain limit or both of these conditions occurs together, the circuit trips and disconnects the motor from supply.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
This paper discusses the principle of operation, dynamic modeling, and control design for light-to-light
(LtL) systems, whose aim is to directly convert the sun irradiation into artificial light. The system discussed in
this paper is composed by a photo- voltaic (PV) panel, an LED array, a dc–dc converter dedicated to the
maximum power point tracking of the PV panel and a dc–dc converter dedicated to drive the LEDs array. A
system controller is also included, whose goal is to ensure the matching between the maximum available PV
power and the LED power by means of a low-frequency LEDs dimming. An experimental design example is
discussed to illustrate the functionalities of the LtL system.
EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR AN ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR COLONYcscpconf
A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home
driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a
model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency
of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful
implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper presents a design and simulation of a rule based energy management system for a dc MicroGrid that considers a cost function to reflect the battery degradation and that relates to the actual battery parameters.The derivation of the battery cost function and the utilization of that to ensure an optimum utilization of the battery energy storage were presented. The detailed description of the algorithms used to implement the EMS was presented. Simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to demonstrate the operation of the EMS both under grid connected and islanded modes. Further, the inertia support provided by the super-capacitor to avoid the collapse of the dc link of the MicroGrid was demonstrated.
Roof top solar PV connected DC micro grids as smart gridsBrhamesh Alipuria
The roof top solar systems are becoming popular these days with the need for reliable power and reducing costs. Further, with recent trends to shift towards smart grids; a new system layout has been proposed which is based on the concept of DC micro grids
Survey of energy-efficient solutions in NetworkOlivier Zheng
Since 2000, the growth of IT has increased in a radical way, to become the first carbon dioxide producer. It is at this time that people start to think about the global warming and the bad effect of the carbon dioxide. Everybody try to reduce his carbon dioxide footprint. Today, computers are connected to a network. So the main actors in IT (manufacturers, organisations...) start to work on solution to decrease the Network’s footprint.
In this paper, different non-commercial energy-efficient solutions are described: the 802.3az standard, the EMAN framework, the energy-efficiency metrics and the MiDORi network. Each solution is focused on a particular part of the Network (from the interface, to the global design), it has its advantages, but it has also its disadvantages. We’ll talk more about the disadvantages of each solution.
Each solution introduced in this paper will decrease the power consumption of the network. But to have the best results, the chosen solution will have to be implemented in the good way to have the best impact on the network power consumption: having Core layer routers with 802.3az ports won’t save more energy than having Access layer switches with 802.3az ports.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
Abstract
Frequent power outages arising from poor state of electricity infrastructure is hindering Nigeria’s socio-economic growth. Port Harcourt is one of the foremost cities in Nigeria where business and social activities are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity. Any power outage, even of the shortest duration, in Port Harcourt City has severe socio-economic impacts and there is no likelihood that the phenomenon would abate even in the nearest future. This research investigated the causes of incessant power outages in Port Harcourt City and suggested remedial measures to reverse the trend. The researcher relied on data personally collected from primary sources through personal observations, interviews and discussions with residents of the city and from secondary sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) and current scholarly literature relating to this research, over a period of twelve months. The study used a descriptive and the non-parametric simple percentages technique in analysing the data so collected and in drawing conclusions. It was found that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution network, inadequate power infrastructure facilities, etc. are the chief causes of incessant power outages in the Port Harcourt metropolis. The paper recommends, among others, immediate upgrade of existing power infrastructure facilities, review of government policy on domestic gas supply and stiff statutory legislation on vandalism as measures to stabilise electricity supply in the Port Harcourt city.
Motor Burnout and Under voltage protection Soumik Bakshi
This Under-voltage protection circuit is a reliable and low cost circuit for providing protection for under-voltage condition of power supply. As the project name suggest, its primary objective is protection of motors. Although this circuit is completely operational to protect other kinds of equipment from under-voltage condition. The other part, motor burnout protection requires several types of protection, like protection from overloads, single phasing etc. As we are only concerned with protection of single phase motors, we are providing overcurrent protection so that the motor would not burnout due to excessive heat. If either voltage drops below a certain limit or the current exceeds a certain limit or both of these conditions occurs together, the circuit trips and disconnects the motor from supply.
Wireless Sensor Design for Hospital Managements and Applications; By AMINU Lo...The Titivators Hub
A research work conducted on the improvement otf the use of Wireless Sensors in Hospital Management and Applications.
It suggests a new design model, for the management of health information system and improves on some existing models.
project report on REMOTE SENSING THERMOMETERdreamervikas
Ever since the invention of thermometer, various techniques have been developed and used to measure temperature of solid, liquid and gaseous matters. But none of these techniques could measure the temperature from a remote place, which sometimes becomes a necessity particularly when the object under testis in a dangerous or inaccessible area. Presented here is a remote sensing thermometer to measure the temperature from a remote place.
The temperature of the object under test is sensed by a temperature sensor convert the sensed voltage into equivalent frequency by using a voltage-to frequency (V-F) converter and send the same to the remote end through a transmitter. At the remote end, a frequency-to-voltage (F-V) converter is used to retrieve the original signal from the received frequency-encoded signal for display or control process.
It can measure from -55°C to 150°C. In a properly calibrated system, meter reading should increase or decrease@ 10mV/°C. Therefore a 0.250V reading on the mV meter indicates 25°C temperature.
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical ...journalBEEI
Intelligent management of the electrical network is the implementation of an integrated system based on a reliable and secure communication architecture for transmitting end-to-end information between the equipment and the management system. The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent telecontrol solution for the electrical distribution network combining communication techniques and an intelligent reconfiguration strategy. The solution is based on a graphic model and a secure communication architecture using the internet of things to ensure flexibility in terms of management of the intelligent network. This intelligent multi-criteria solution uses a secure communication architecture and the MQTT protocol to ensure system interoperability and security. The tests were carried out on the IEEE 33 bus network and consequently, an optimization of the losses and a clear improvement in the nodal voltage were recorded despite the variation of the electric charge.
Integrated arrangement of advanced power electronics through hybrid smart gri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
As an enabler component for renewable energy integration, power electronics (PE) technology in smart grid system is one of the most important issues of development the electrification, decentralization and information-technology/operation-technology (IT/OT) digitization within the electrical energy transmission and distribution systems. The arrangement of PE may different along the feeder either for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cells, wave energy system and battery storage unit, respectively.This is due to the electric voltage that might need to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. For that reason, this paper proposed a concept of advanced PE as an integrated arrangement of several AC/DC/AC-and DC/AC- converters in such ways that support thepreviously mentioned grid-connected hybrid renewable energy sources and distributed generators (DGs) along the distribution feeder. Additionally, for the system that supported by battery storage unit, then this hybrid smart grid concept might become the answer for future utility needs.
The high power consumption of conventional street lighting systems, and the consequences on environmental ecosystem due to continuous turning ON of light, have led researchers to seek solutions to this problem. LED light dimming system has been presented in many studies using computerized systems with or without wireless monitoring facility. The demerits of these systems include complexity, high cost and unfixed data transfer speed. This paper proposes to reduce power consumption of street lighting through a decentralized light dimming system that is based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This is in addition to replacing conventional high power lamps with lower power LED lamps. The dimming control circuit of this system is fixed on each pole and controlled individually resulting in faster and more reliable response. The proposed system uses the available infrastructure and is suitable for small or main streets regardless of the number of light poles. It is also flexible in its coverage distance due to the freedom of motion detector selection. The advantages of using LED lighting on the environment as compared to conventional lighting are explained. Simulations reveal the effectiveness of the proposed system on energy saving and on the environment.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
29 9136 eee learning manuscript on power (edit lafi)IAESIJEECS
This paper manages the investigation of the control system and the down to earth utilization of electrical machines utilizing an android telephone in a Zigbee arrange. The framework measures the voltage and current parameters of electric gadgets and consequently sees the power devoured. The proposed framework is an adaptable framework which gives a proficient and successful control system from a remote area. The framework likewise concentrates on voice based control and in this manner spares the power cost of the purchasers. Alternate other options to zigbee are additionally examined in the paper.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...Yayah Zakaria
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was
proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the
Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...IJECEIAES
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
THE ADVANCED DESIGNING OF LED DRIVER WITH THE DIFFUSIONAL ACCOMMODATION OF CU...ijiert bestjournal
The High Brightness LEDs for street lighting has ga ined popularity in street lighting owing to energy efficiency and the long life. The amalgamate d feature of brightness and the dimming solutions makes it equally adoptable in outdoor lig htings. The street lighting utilizes the power supply from the lines. The invent of renewabl e energy resources for appliances and illumination systems highlights the usage of solar system for lighting and heating systems. The solar photovoltaic panels are most featured sol utions. The standalone PV systems require the designing knowledge of electrical,thermal and optical properties of LEDs. These parameters allow the development of driver system f or design of the luminaire. Different strategies have been proposed for driver circuits t o provide stable characteristics. The selection of Drivers is dependent on various factor s like,energy efficiency,cost effectiveness,operation and maintenance,losses as sociated with the components and the assembly. The aim is to obtain a stable driver syst em for reliable operation using solar energy. The power supply and the battery management system reflect the efficient operation of the complete system. The approach is to design a nd manage a driver system for highly efficient HB-LEDs for street lighting and commercia l outdoor applications. The multiple stages enhance the efficiency by maintaining the de ciding factors such as power factor,losses and the long life. The 3 stage and expandable conve rter topology uses the maximum power point tracking and empowers the LEDs for required n umber of hours of glowing. An approach has been made to improve the energy conver sion efficiency along with standby power consumption management system during the wint er seasons which is a crucial factor around 92% has been made. The innovative methodolog y provides groundbreaking LED driver systems that help the consumers to gain a co mpetitive edge.
Similar to smart sensor control for energy saving in DC grid led lighting system (20)
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception ofpagination.
2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID
[16]. Another aspect of this research work, other than the
human-lighting interaction, is to focus on lighting-building grid
interaction whereby the challenges faced by the demand-side
smart dc building grid under dynamic personalized control are
explored.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section II
presents the overview of dc grid powered LED lighting system,
Section III describes the proposed concept of personal sensor
network control of LED lighting system, Section IV illustrates
the implemented test-bed and its experimental results are
illustrated in Section V, lastly a conclusion in Section VI.
II. OVERVIEW OF DC GRID POWERED LED LIGHTING SYSTEM
In any building environment, there exists plenty of opportu-
nity to attain energy saving as lighting accounts for the second
largest primary energy consumption in buildings annually [17].
With recent advances in the development and mass produc-
tion of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the possibility of replacing
conventional light sources for in-built environment with higher-
power LED luminaires has been realized [18].
LED luminaires offer significant advantages of higher
efficiency, longer lifetime and lower maintenance over con-
ventional lighting sources like incandescent, fluorescent and
halogen lamps to enable more energy saving in buildings [18].
However, LED lighting is an inherently dc electrical load
whereas the power supply grid installed in buildings is in ac
form. A research work presented by Chen et al. in [19]
proposed a driving technique that operates electronic ballasts of
fluorescent lamps to drive LEDs without requiring the replacing
of any electronic ballast circuitry or modifying the existing
infrastructure of a lighting network. Even so this is a viable
solution, an extra power converter is needed to convert the ac
power from conventional ac grid to constant direct current (dc)
for powering the LED luminaire.
To overcome this drawback of having to use the ac-dc power
converter to condition the electrical power for the LEDs and
incur several power conversion losses, a low voltage level dc
grid, which is relatively much safer than conventional ac grid,
has already been proposed by Koh et al. [20] and Kurohane et
al. [21]. According to the findings reported by Cheng et al. [22]
and Zhou et al. [23], a dc grid is more energy-efficient in pro-
viding electrical power to the LED lighting system. The block
diagram of a typical lighting system commonly used in com-
mercial or residential buildings using gas discharge/fluorescent
lighting (FL) system as compared to an energy-efficient dc grid
for powering LED lighting system are illustrated in the left and
right sides of Fig. 1 respectively.
Within any building of today, the 110/230 , 60/50 Hz ac
power grid is the only power supply available to power both ac
and dc electrical loads. In this case, as can be seen in the left side
of Fig. 1, the fluorescent lamps are powered by the ac grid via
their onboard electronic ballasts that consist of two power con-
ditioning stages (see Fig. 1); 1) an ac-dc power factor correction
circuit and 2) a dc-ac high frequency inverter with an output res-
onant tank circuit. Unlike these conventional fluorescent lamps
powered mainly by the ac grid, LED luminaires and many other
electronic loads within in-built environment are dc in nature,
thus resulting in significant power conversion losses if the dc
Fig. 1. Overview of conventional ac grid powered fluorescent system and dc
grid powered LED system.
Fig. 2. Layout of networked LED lighting system.
loads are to operate on traditional ac powered system. As such,
referring to the right side of Fig. 1, an ac-dc power converter is
employed to convert the existing 230 power source coming
from the public utilities into a much lower voltage and safer dc
power source to power these dc LED luminaires directly. If a dc
renewable source, i.e., solar and/or fuel cell are available, direct
dc output from the dc renewable source can be supplied to the
LED lights and dc loads while at the same time hybrid the dc
grid with the building ac grid.
III. PERSONAL SENSOR NETWORK CONTROL OF LED
LIGHTING SYSTEM
The dc grid powered LED lighting system is constructed into
a 3-D virtual office workspace of 70 as shown in Fig. 2 and it
is simulated with various design parameters such as lu-
minaires layout, reflectance of ceiling, walls and floor and other
key measurable parameters, i.e., light intensity, daylight, occu-
pancy, etc., for the floor area. The simulation results of the lu-
minaires and their lighting isolines are depicted in Fig. 3.
Referring to the lighting simulation illustrated in Fig. 2, the
height of the designed working plane is set as 0.8 meters from
floor level and altogether 9 sets of 24 54 W
LED luminaires and 5 sets of 24 19 W LED down lights are
installed on the ceiling of the target office. The layout of
networked LED lights designed in Fig. 2 is then simulated to
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TAN et al.: SMART PERSONAL SENSOR NETWORK CONTROL FOR ENERGY SAVING 3
Fig. 3. Luminaires isolines simulation.
generate the isolines of the room lighting condition described in
Fig. 3. This is the typical step taken by a lighting designer in its
initial design for the ambient lighting of an office area. As can
be seen in Fig. 3, at the center of the room where the highest
illuminance exists, it is read that the lumen value, measurable
on the office desk 1 meter from the ground, is around 550 lux.
However, as the simulated lux points move towards the edge of
the room, it is observed in Fig. 3 that the illuminance starts to
drop and near the office walls is the lowest with only 220–330
lux. According to the Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America report [24], the standard illumination for an
office space is to be between 300 lux to 500 lux. For the layout
of networked LED lighting placed in Fig. 2, it is able to gen-
erate lighting isolines (see Fig. 3) for the workplace areas in the
room with more than the standard illuminances of 300 lux.
A. Personal Wireless Sensors for DC Grid Powered Networked
LED Lighting
For the office space depicted in Fig. 2, the isolines analysis
of the room brightness illustrated in Fig. 3 shows that the of-
fice staffs are having either sufficient lighting of around 300 lux
or brighter than required lighting of up to 500 lux. This phe-
nomenon poses an opportunity to recuperate some wasted en-
ergy while bringing down the lighting intensity of the room to
suit the personal preferences of individual office user. On top of
that, with this personalized feature, the office usage behaviour of
each user, i.e., sitting at his/her desk, walking around common
spaces, etc., is able to further cut down the energy consumption
of lighting system and its dc grid. This is where inexpensive
and mini personal wireless sensors are required, instead of those
fixed conventional bulky sensors mounted on the ceiling. The
personal wireless sensors are distributed throughout the office
space in a network form to acquire ambient information as in-
telligence for use in control of the dc-grid powered LED lighting
system.
Fig. 4. Positioning of wireless sensor nodes distributed in the workplace.
In the proposed smart WSN-based LED lighting system, the
context ambient information from the user’s environment is
obtained and managed intelligently through sensor network to
provide an adequate interaction between the users and their
surrounding environment. Take for example; light dependent
resistor (LDR) sensors measure illuminance, whereas pyro-
electric infrared-red (PIR) sensors detect the movements of
inhabitants. Comparing with the commercially available com-
puter-based lighting control systems, which are mostly open
loop types and the sensor data is not fully exploited [25] [26],
the proposed system collects these output context information
from the distributed sensor network for use as feedback infor-
mation to control the LED lighting. In order to make sure each
user of the lighting area has its own lighting preference, such
context information must be processed by self-adaptable and
dynamic mechanisms to satisfy independently of each partic-
ular situation. In addition, the control requirement becomes
more complex when the natural day light levels is neither
changeable nor controllable; the combined illumination of the
sunlight with the LEDs is measured by the lighting sensor to
ensure constant preset light intensity at sensor’s ambient
environment. Therefore in this paper, the closed loop approach
is used to control the light intensity of the LED lighting and
then adjust the ambient light at user’s location as illustrated in
Fig. 4.
The wireless sensor network (WSN) based LED lighting
system consists of 9 distributed wireless sensors, also known
as end device (ED) nodes, wirelessly connected to an access
point (AP) node, a personal computer (PC) and a digital ad-
dressable lighting interface (DALI) controller to control 14 sets
LED lighting arrays as shown in Fig. 1. The AP of the WSN
communicates with the DALI controller of the LED lighting
via a standard RS232 serial communication protocol of the PC.
With the proposed system, the ambient intelligence collected
by the WSN is used to influence and control the way the LED
lighting system operates in order to conserve LED lights and
their luminance, hence energy, while maintaining the indoor
lighting condition to be within the standard lighting between
300–500 lux.
Based on the lighting lumen expectations and needs of dif-
ferent users, diverse references have been set in the controller
for each user. After the sensors detect the illuminance of the
ambience as illustrated in Fig. 5, the sensed data is transmitted
back to the base station in a wireless manner. The base station
communicates with the central controller to calculate and adjust
the brightness of the LED lighting for several times, the illumi-
nance on the desks is then able to reach the reference lighting
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID
Fig. 5. Closed loop LED lighting control scheme.
Fig. 6. Deployment of smart personal sensor network control for energy saving
in dc grid powered LED lighting system.
set points defined by the each individual user. By having the
self-autonomous wireless dimming feature, the unused light,
hence its energy can be conserved.
B. Smart Control Algorithm for Energy Saving in LED
Lighting System
Based on the personal sensor network based LED lighting
system platform, a smart control algorithm is proposed to
achieve energy saving in the LED lighting system. An overview
of the wireless LED lighting control scheme being proposed is
illustrated in Fig. 6.
The onboard microcontroller of a wireless sensor node is re-
sponsible for processing the output signal of the LDR sensor
that measures the ambient light intensity contributed from both
daylight and LED lighting. The equivalent voltage of the sensed
lumen value is converted into a digital number per-
formed by an onboard 10-bit analog-to-digital converter. This
digital output is calculated by the closed loop control approach
with the set point set by users as illustrated in Fig. 5. Re-
ferring to Fig. 5, this net difference, denotes as error signal, is
amplified and controlled by the proportional-integral (PI) con-
troller. The output control signal, , is sent to the driver circuit
of the LED luminaires to adjust the light intensity and regulate
the difference, , to close to zero value. With this closed loop
control integrated into the LED lighting system, if the ambient
illumination changes abruptly, the system can react according
to the continuous awareness of the light intensity received from
the sensor at any time. This digital output is calculated by the
closed loop control approach with the set point preset by users.
From a macro point of view, for the lighting control problem
formulation, each sensor node, , where has a
utility function, , representing the close relationship
amongst the duration to be controlled, the ambient illumination
and the corresponding light output from the LED lighting. With
this setting, the function, , is defined as follows:
(1)
A particular setting, , control the specific light intensity at
the location of the sensor node while the timer, , indi- cates
when the PIR sensor control mode, , is performed to- gether
with the utility function, . The LED lighting system will be
turned on/off or dimmed automatically during office hours
(from 8 A.M. to 6:30 P.M.). After office hours (6:30 P.M. to 8
A.M.), as usual the lighting system is automatically turned off
by LDR sensor-based control system; however, the lighting
system at the locations where the staffs are still working needs
to remain in its on-state based on PIR sensors expressed as
(2)
Once the PIR sensors detect the movement of any human
, the wireless sensor network feeds the sensed occu-
pancy signals back to the access point (AP) node in a wireless
manner. The PC will identify the respective LED lights which
are still in need by the individual who is still at work and send
out the control signals, , to that individual LED lighting. The
illuminance level, , is again controllable according to the
user’s preference. The other areas of the workplace which are
not in use after office hours will have their respective
LED lighting turn-off to achieve energy conservation
in the building.
Beside the task of minimizing the energy usage, the smart
LED lighting system also offers satisfaction for individual
users’ lighting preference. In the building offices, the common
arrangement for working places is to share the space where the
illumination on each of the working space is mutually affected
by others. And different users have their own preferred illumi-
nation level. Even though the standard illumination for office
is between 300–500 lux [24], some office users still prefer the
lighting conditions to be at lower level in between 300 lux to
400 lux. In this case, with dimmable function, the smart LED
lighting system allows the users to select their preferred
illumination by setting the individual sensor node located at
each office desk. The system automatically recognizes the
address of each sensor node together with LED lighting, and
then controls that particular LED lighting to match with the
individual user’s reference. This approach optimizes the light
intensity to the satisfaction of every user.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION TEST-BED
The proposed personal sensor network control dc grid pow-
ered LED lighting system is depicted in Fig. 6. As can be seen
in Fig. 6, there is a dc power mains panel that houses 2-unit of
power factor correction (PFC) converters, each with power
rating of 750 W, running at greater than 95% power factor to
output a 24 supply along the dc grid to the connected LED
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TAN et al.: SMART PERSONAL SENSOR NETWORK CONTROL FOR ENERGY SAVING 5
lighting system. The digital communication between the ad-
dressable LED lighting system and the personal sensor network
distributed into the office space is a hybrid interface of stan-
dardized wired communication, DALI, and wireless communi-
cators. Through this hybrid communication means, the ambient
information is gathered by the sensors in a wireless manner and
then transmitted to the main PC, as illustrated in Fig. 6, to en-
able individual addressable ballast to switch on-off or dim the
respective LED luminiaire.
The personal sensor nodes platform employed in this
research composes of an ultra-low-power MSP430F2274 mi-
crocontroller and a CC2500 2.4 GHz wireless radio transceiver
arranged in a star topology form within the specified 70 office
space. Taking advantage of the small constrained size of the
office space, which is well within the capability of wireless
sensors without compromising on signal communication loss,
a single-hop star topology WSN with all the wireless sensor
nodes within direct communication range to the gateway, is
implemented. The implementation cost of the proposed system,
excluding the expensive LED luminaries, is quite comparable
to the conventional fluorescent lighting system using similar
wirings and protection subsystems. The extra cost for having
more sensor nodes is also trivial as compared to the overall
system cost, probably 1%.
The address information of each LED lighting and the sensor
nodes are encoded to ensure that each sensor node controls its
respective LED lighting. Taking into account the LED lighting,
the preference value of each user for each sensor is changed
flexibly versus the specific location of that sensor node. The
LED lighting system is controlled by the proposed smart wire-
less sensor network as illustrated by the following steps:
• Decision Making Algorithm: To determine the time to
change the mode: LDR sensor and PIR sensor.
• Detection Phase: To detect and calculate the lumen value.
• Receive the output signal from sensor node, classify this
signal and then send it to DALI controller to control the
LED lighting.
The access point (AP) of the distributed personal sensor net-
work, like the base station of a star wireless sensor network, is
tasked to calculate and determine the time to control the sensing
frequency of sensor node as well as to operate the mode of PIR
sensors whenever possible. For example, LDR sensors control
the LED lighting system during office hours from 8:30 A.M. to
5:45 P.M.; after office hours the mode which human movement is
detected by PIR sensors is activated. An overview of the lighting
control schedule set in accordance to occupants’ activities in a
full day is shown in Fig. 7. After the time is specified, a message
from AP is sent to end devices (EDs) in the personal sensor net-
work control system to select the operation modes. Based on this
information, an internal timer in each ED is activated to count
the operation time to change such modes properly.
To adequate control the dc grid powered LED lighting system
to react according to the lighting need of individual office user,
a closed loop PI control scheme has been employed to real-time
adjust the brightness of the LED luminiaires. In the proposed
control loop, the respective sensor of the wireless node, acti-
vated based on the designed decision making algorithm, senses
the value of either lighting condition or occupancy for feedback
Fig. 7. A full day lighting control schedule set in accordance to occupants’
activities.
periodically in every two seconds to the PI controller. By com-
paring with the preset user-defined reference value, the desired
control signal, in terms of a specified dimming percentage or
on/off level, is outputted from the AP node via the DALI net-
work to control the LED luminiaire. Note that the address of
each LED light is encoded into its assigned controlling sensor
node. At times, a predetermined group of LED lights is con-
trolled by one sensor node. By controlling the intensity of LED
lighting to reach the satisfactory level and in combination with
the use of the day lighting, it is seen that the energy is used ef-
ficiently with the best effort for energy saving.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The smart personal sensor network controlled dc grid pow-
ered LED lighting system has been implemented and the exper-
iment results are discussed here. Several experiments were con-
ducted on the developed smart LED lighting system powered by
dc grid to understand its transient and steady state performance
under various office users’ needs and working behaviour.
A. Luminance Analysis of LED Lighting System With Closed
Loop Personal Control
For comparison purpose, the original office lighting fitted
with T8 fluorescent lamps powered from ac grid supply was
retained while the dc grid powered LED lighting was installed
into the same ceiling to carry out fair experiments. The mea-
surements of the indoor illuminance of the office space were
conducted using a portable lux meter at different time intervals
of the day. Several sets of experimental results were recorded
namely: the condition of LED lighting with wireless sensor
control was measured first, followed by the condition of LED
lighting without dimming or control. The average illuminance
graph of the office space with traditional T8 fluorescent and
LED lighting is shown in Fig. 8.
Referring to Fig. 8, it is observed that the average bright-
ness of the office space, throughout the working day, illuminated
with personal sensor network controlled LED lighting remains
around 400 lux. The closed loop control system with the lighting
intensity feedback has exhibited its performance to personalize
6. This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception ofpagination.
6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID
Fig. 8. Comparison of Lux measurement with: (a) AC Luminaires (AC FULL),
(b) LVDC LED luminaires (DC FULL), and (c) LVDC LED luminaires with
Smart Wireless Sensors (DC Sensor).
the lighting to the users’ needs and reduce excessive usage of
electrical energy. Fig. 8 showed that in mid afternoon, i.e., 11
A.M.–12 P.M., when indoor ambience becomes brighter due to
natural daylight, LED lighting with wireless sensor compen-
sation control algorithm was still able to keep the office desks
within stable ambient lumen level through dimming so that en-
ergy from dc grid is conserved automatically. The illuminance
graph in Fig. 8 shows that the retrofitted LED lighting system
has 150–200 lux of illuminance on average more than the fluo-
rescent lighting system, so there is plenty room for adjustment
using the LED lighting system to control and keep the office am-
bience on a desirable lighting level. LED luminaire employed
can be dimmed when its input current decreases, while its input
voltage essentially constant.
To evaluate the performance of the designed closed loop PI
controller and track the lux set-point defined for the brightness
of each desktop in the office, several experiments were con-
ducted on the proposed smart LED lighting system under dif-
ferent lighting conditions. The light intensity is controlled by a
step change scenario from 530 lux to 390 lux respectively. Fig.
9 shows the lux value of light intensity response which fol-
lows the reference set-point firmly with negligible small steady
state error. The lux value of the light intensity is measured by a
handheld light meter (Tenma 72-6693). Notice that, the time of
controlling is about 10 minutes to reach the steady state in these
experiments with data acquisition of 2 seconds in this system.
A gradual change in the light intensity is preferred by the users
instead of a fast and abrupt lighting response.
Referring to Fig. 9, at steady state condition, the maximum
percentage error between the measured light intensity and the
reference lux value is 1.53%. This minimal percentage error
comes from various sources: sensors, location of installed sen-
sors and ambient light intensity. Another observation seen from
Fig. 9 is that there exist some minor fluctuations in the LED
lighting system. This fluctuation is so small that it is almost im-
possible for human eye to sense it [16]. Hence, a stable lighting
supplied by the smart LED lighting system which totally meets
with users’ preference set-points is achieved. On top of that,
with the ability to control and dim the brightness of the room
according to the users, it implies that the redundant and wasteful
lumen generated from the LED lights system can be conserved,
hence saving energy.
Fig. 9. Performance of wireless sensor network-based smart lighting system
with ambient intelligence.
TABLE I
ENERGY USE (kWh) BY DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS AT VARIOUS
REFERENCE CONTROL
B. Energy Saving Evaluation of DC Networked Lighting With
Smart Personal Sensor Control
The experiments conducted to evaluate the energy saving
level of the proposed dc networked lighting with smart personal
sensor control are accomplished in three different settings: a)
existing 9 sets of ac lighting with 2 28 W 4 T8 lamps, b) low
voltage dc (LVDC) powered LED luminaires with full bright-
ness, and c) LVDC powered LED luminaires controlled by a set
of smart personal sensors embedded with closed loop control
algorithm in the PC, which will allow continuous monitoring
of ambient lighting level. The energy consumptions of the three
different lighting systems are summarized in Table I.
Referring to Table I, in general, a dc-grid LED lighting
system is more energy-efficient than a fluorescent lighting
system. At similar lux level spread across the office space, the
LED system consumes 13.5% of less energy than its counter-
part lighting system. Another 10% of energy saving is achieved
when the reference lux value of the smart controlled LED
lighting system is set as 500 lux, the standard illumination for
office between 300–500 lux [24]. Finally, referring to Table I,
it is read that the smart wireless personal sensors and dimming
control helps the LED lighting system to save as much as 44%
energy of the original fluorescent system yet offering the same
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TAN et al.: SMART PERSONAL SENSOR NETWORK CONTROL FOR ENERGY SAVING 7
illuminance in the offices. The payback period for the cost of
the system from 44% energy savings versus the capital cost of
putting it in is around 3–5 years, depending on the electricity
tariff rate.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a low voltage dc lighting system with wireless
sensor network control is developed. It is clearly demonstrated
that LVDC LED luminaires has a far superior lumens per watt
performance compared to traditional ac lighting. With the pro-
posed smart lighting system, the ambient light at the user’s lo-
cation is able to be controlled in real-time to give users the most
amount of indoor environmental quality but in an energy effi-
cient manner. Moreover, wireless lighting sensors help realize
better energy conservation and the human interaction with the
indoor lighting system by dimming LED lighting according to
set points in the controller. The LVDC LED system saves as
much as 44% energy compared to the original T8 fluorescent
system. Finally, the power losses in the dc grid are studied and
the experimental results show that a bigger energy saving po-
tential if the quality of the wires used can be improved.
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Yen Kheng Tan (S’02–GS’06–M’11) received the
B.Eng. degree in electrical and computer engineering
from the National University of Singapore (NUS),
Singapore, in 2003, the M.S. degree in technological
design (mechatronics engineering) degree jointly of-
fered by NUS and the Eindhoven University of Tech-
nology (TU/e), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in 2006,
and the Ph.D. degree from NUS in 2011.
He is a Research Scientist (Group Leader—Energy
Harvesting & Sustainable Building Technologies) at
the Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technolog-
ical University (ERI@N), Singapore. He leads a research group comprising of
Ph.D-, Master-, and Bachelor-trained researchers to conduct research, design,
development and testbedding on various academic and industrial projects. Key
projects include: a) self-autonomous energy harvesting/scavenging systems, b)
smart TCP/IP-connected wireless sensor network (WSN) and optimal control
algorithms for LED lighting control, facilities IEQ monitoring, etc.; c) dc re-
newable connected grid and its high and low voltage power conversion inter-
face; and d) wireless power transfer systems in mid and far fields, i.e., high
frequency (MHz) high power (kW).
Dr. Tan is an invited member of InTech Scientific and SpringerOpen Edito-
rial Board and he is the book editor of more than 6 books published separately
in Taylor & Francis, John Wiley, InTech, and Sciyo. He is a committee member
of the IEEE Industry Applications/Power Electronics Joint Chapter and serves
as the Technical Programme Chairperson for the IEEE Power Electronics and
Drive Systems (PEDS, 2011) and International Conference on Sustainable En-
ergy Technologies (ICSET, 2012) conferences.
8. This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception ofpagination.
8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID
Truc Phuong Huynh was born in Binh Dinh,
Vietnam. She received her B.Sc. degree from the Ho
Chi Minh City University of Natural Sciences,
Vietnam, and her M.Sc. degree from the Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore.
She has worked with the Energy Research Institute
at NTU for two years, as a Research Associate. Her
current research interests include design, analysis and
programming for embedded systems used for wire-
less sensor networks in green/smart buildings.
Zizhen Wang received the B.Eng. degree in au-
tomation from Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, in
2009, and the M.Sc. degree in computer control and
automation from Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, in 2010.
From 2011 to 2012, he was a Research Associate
with Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Techno-
logical University, Singapore, where he was involved
with intellectual lighting control, neural network, and
optimization process.