The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient. When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
Pharmacy as a profession and as a health care discipline has gone through phenomenal changes and development during the last few decades, at global as well as regional levels.
The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient. When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
Pharmacy as a profession and as a health care discipline has gone through phenomenal changes and development during the last few decades, at global as well as regional levels.
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
History of Pharmacy , Role of Muslim Scientists in Pharmacy . Hydrolysis expl...RabiyaTariq5
History of Pharmacy is explained in detail . How and when the vast era of pharmacy started and how Muslim scientists contributed in flourishing this vast field of medicine. After that i have discussed a small topic just for the sake of your knowledge i.e Hydrolysis
So let's get some knowledge to remember
The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient.
When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Introduction to Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics.pptxRAHUL PAL
Pharmaceutics is the overall process of developing a new chemical entity into an approved therapy that is safe and effective in treating or preventing disease. It is a complex process requiring multiple scientific, medical, legal, commercial, and regulatory expertise.Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which deals with the formulation, manufacturing, evaluation, packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
History and development of pharmacy profession
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
#rohitkumrtrivedi
B Pharma 1st semester pharmaceutics
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
History of Pharmacy , Role of Muslim Scientists in Pharmacy . Hydrolysis expl...RabiyaTariq5
History of Pharmacy is explained in detail . How and when the vast era of pharmacy started and how Muslim scientists contributed in flourishing this vast field of medicine. After that i have discussed a small topic just for the sake of your knowledge i.e Hydrolysis
So let's get some knowledge to remember
The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient.
When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Introduction to Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics.pptxRAHUL PAL
Pharmaceutics is the overall process of developing a new chemical entity into an approved therapy that is safe and effective in treating or preventing disease. It is a complex process requiring multiple scientific, medical, legal, commercial, and regulatory expertise.Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which deals with the formulation, manufacturing, evaluation, packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
History and development of pharmacy profession
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
#rohitkumrtrivedi
B Pharma 1st semester pharmaceutics
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Di...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
Biography of medicinal plants A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri E...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Biography of medicinal plants A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
In the late 16th century several Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects, but in 1609 Galileo Galilei perfected the first device known as a microscope. Dutch spectacle makers Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey are noted as the first men to develop the concept of the compound microscope.
In the late 16th century several Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects, but in 1609 Galileo Galilei perfected the first device known as a microscope. Dutch spectacle makers Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey are noted as the first men to develop the concept of the compound microscope.
Microbial Spoilage include the contamination of Pharmaceutical products with the microbes which lead to spoilage of the product affecting Drug safety and quality, and is not intended for use. Shortly Microbial Spoilage is defined as deterioration of pharmaceutical products by the contaminant microbe.
In the late 16th century several Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects, but in 1609 Galileo Galilei perfected the first device known as a microscope. Dutch spectacle makers Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey are noted as the first men to develop the concept of the compound microscope.
Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats
Microbiology is the study of organisms that are usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye; it employs techniques—such as sterilization and the use of culture media—that are required to isolate and grow these microorganisms.
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion
Diuretics, also called water pills, are medications designed to increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as urine. There are three types of prescription diuretics. They're often prescribed to help treat high blood pressure, but they're used for other conditions as well.
The main site of diuretic action is well established for the different groups of diuretics: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act on the proximal tubulus, loop diuretics on the diluting segment, thiazides on the cortical diluting segment/distal tubulus, and potassium-sparing agents on distal tubulus/collecting ducts.
Diuretics, also called water pills, are medications designed to increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as urine. There are three types of prescription diuretics. They’re often prescribed to help treat high blood pressure, but they’re used for other conditions as well.
Proton-pump inhibitors are a group of medications whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production. Within the class of medications, there is no clear evidence that one agent works better than another. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
The main site of diuretic action is well established for the different groups of diuretics: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act on the proximal tubulus, loop diuretics on the diluting segment, thiazides on the cortical diluting segment/distal tubulus, and potassium-sparing agents on distal tubulus/collecting ducts.
In conclusion, the present study found that esomeprazole 40 mg daily may be more effective than either omeprazole 20 mg daily, pantoprazole 40 mg daily or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for the rapid relief of heartburn symptoms in patients with endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis.
Mechanisms of diuretic drugs. Diuretic drugs increase urine output by the kidney (i.e., promote diuresis). This is accomplished by altering how the kidney handles sodium. If the kidney excretes more sodium, then water excretion will also increase.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. PHR 110PHR 1101
Evolution of Pharmacy
Md. Saiful Islam
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
Youtube Channel: Pharmacy Universe
Md. Saiful Islam
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
Youtube Channel: Pharmacy Universe
2. PHR 110PHR 1102
Among the several characteristics unique to Homo sapiens
is our propensity to treat ailments with medicines.
Urge to soothe the burdens of disease is as old as humanity’s search
for other tools.
Medicines rarely occur in nature in useful (or palatable) form.
First, the active ingredients or drugs must be collected, processed, and
prepared for incorporation into medicaments.
This activity, done since the dawn of humanity, is still the central focus
of the practice of pharmacy.
Practice of pharmacy by a recognized specialist is only about 1000
years old
THE DRUG-TAKING ANIMAL
3. Excavations of some of mankind’s oldest settlements, such as Shanidar (ca
30,000 BCE)in Iraqi Kurdistan, support the contention that prehistoric peoples
gathered plants for medicinal purposes.
By trial and error, the folk knowledge of the healing properties of certain
natural substances grew.
The arts of primitive pharmacy probably were mastered by all who practiced
the domestic medicine of the household.
When healers at Shanidar or other prehistoric settlements approached
disease, they placed it within the context of their general understanding of the
world around them, which was alive with good and evil spirits.
Early peoples explained illness in supernatural terms, as they did the other
changes and disasters surrounding them.
PREHISTORIC PHARMACY
4. PHR 110PHR 1104
When organized settlements arose in the great fertile valleys of the Nile, the
Tigris and Euphrates, changes occurred that gradually influenced the
concepts of disease and healing.
These changes are evident among the remains of the great civilizations of
Mesopotamia and Egypt of the second millennium BCE, whose clay tablets
and papyri document the beginnings of rational drug use in the West.
An examination of these ancient records reveals a gradual separation of
empirical healing (based on experience) from the purely spiritual.
•For the Babylonians, medical care was provided by two classes of
practitioners: the asipu (magical healer) and the asu (empirical healer):
• the asipu relied more heavily on spells and used magical stones far more
than plant materials;
• the asu drew upon a large collection of drugs and manipulated them into
several dosage forms that are still basic today, such as suppositories, pills,
washes, enemas, and ointments
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)
5. PHR 110PHR 1105
During Greek Civilization there was a mixed concept called Pharmakon, a
word that meant magic spell, remedy, or poison
In the Odyssey, Homer (ca 800 BCE) refers to the esteemed medical
wisdom of Egypt,
Some people beset with persistent afflictions traveled to a temple of the
god Asklepios (Greek god of medicine), where they would sleep with the
hope of being visited during the night by the god or his daughter Hygeia,
who carried a magical serpent and a bowl of healing medicine.
. Hippocratic writers accomplished a conceptual link between the
environment and humanity by connecting the four elements of earth, air,
fire, and water to four governing humors of the body: black bile, blood,
yellow bile, and phlegm.
The trained Greek physician who followed the Hippocratic method favored
dietary and life-style adjustments over drug use.
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)
6. PHR 110PHR 1106
Most Greek medicines were prepared from plants, and the first great
study of plants in the West was accomplished by Theophrastus (ca 370–
285 BCE), a student of Aristotle.
The latter Greek physician’s summary of the drug, the Materia Medica,
became, the standard encyclopedia of drugs for hundreds of years to
follow.
Through the teachings and writings of Galen, a Greek physician who
practiced in Rome in the 2nd century AD, the humoral (immune) system
of medicine gained ascendancy for the next 1500 years.
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)
7. PHR 110PHR 1107
Traditionally, the Middle Ages are defined as the period from the first fall
of Rome (ca 400 AD) to the fall of Constantinople (1453).
The first half of this millennium was once referred to as the “Dark Ages”
by historians because of the political and social chaos
However, many advances were made during the centuries between
400 and 900 AD, including a new, independent calling that emerged out
of the flourishing Islamic civilization—pharmacy.
The use of drugs to treat illness underwent another shift, as Pagan
temples, some of which had operated in conjunction with Greco-Roman
healing methods, were closed.
Rational drug therapy declined in the West, to be replaced by the
Church’s teaching that sin and disease were related intimately.
THE MIDDLE AGES
8. PHR 110PHR 1108
As Western Europe struggled, a new civilization arose among those who
followed the teachings of Mohammed SW (570–632).
Among the Islamic nations, Greek writings, including those dealing with
medicine, were translated into Arabic.
At first the Arabs accepted the authority of Greek medical writings totally,
especially those of Galen and Dioscorides.
But as their sophistication grew, Islamic medical men like Rhazes (860–932)
and Avicenna (980–1063) added to the writings of the Greeks.
Arab physicians made their dosage forms elegant and palatable, through the
silvering and gilding of pills and the use of syrups.
In the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad of the 9th century, the work was taken
over by specialists, the occupational ancestors of today’s pharmacists.
By the mid-13th century, when Frederick II, the ruler of the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, codified the separate practice of pharmacy for the first time in
Europe,
9. PHR 110PHR 1109
The Renaissance, was the beginning of the modern period.
In 1453 Constantinople (Istanbul) fell to the conquering Turks, and the
remnants of the Greek scholarly community there fled west, carrying their
books and knowledge with them.
About that same time, Johann Gutenberg began printing with movable
type, starting an information revolution.
The time was ripe for casting off the old concepts of diseases and
drugs of Galen.
The new drugs that were arriving from faroff lands were unknown to the
ancients.
Printers, after fulfilling the demand for religious books such as bibles
and hymnals, turned to producing medical and pharmaceutical works,
especially those that could benefit from profuse and detailed illustrations.
THE RENAISSANCE AND
EARLY MODERN EUROPE
10. PHR 110PHR 11010
On the medical side, for example, this trend is exemplified in the
anatomical masterworks of Andres Vesalius (1514–1564).
For pharmacy, printing had a profound effect on the study of plant
drugs, because illustrations of the plants could be reproducedeasily.
Among the most gifted of these investigators was Valerius Cordus
(1515–1544), who also wrote a work in another popular genre—
formula books.
His Dispensatorium (1546) became the official standard for the
preparation of medicines in the city of Nuremberg and generally is
considered the first pharmacopeia.
THE RENAISSANCE AND
EARLY MODERN EUROPE
11. PHR 110PHR 11011
It is a bit ironic that from the mid-1600s to the mid-1800s,
when controversy raged within medicine regarding the proper
use of drugs, pharmacy made its greatest contribution to science
as well as becoming firmly established as a profession on the
European continent.
Since most drugs before 1900 were derived from the plant
kingdom, it is not surprising that pharmacists dominated the
investigation of botanical drugs during the 1700s and 1800s.
The single, most important breakthrough occurred during the first
decade of the 19th century when the pharmacist Friedrich
Sertürner extracted morphine from crude opium.
The announcement of his method opened up the era of alkaloidal
chemistry, which resulted in the isolation of several pure drugs from
crude preparations.
12. PHR 110PHR 11012
Back in the 1760s, in his famous Discourse on medical education, Dr
John Morgan, had advocated the separation of medicine and
pharmacy with physicians writing prescriptions.
The years following the War of 1812 were transitional. More and
more physicians gained their clinical experience in hospitals and
dispensaries instead of with preceptors, learning to write
prescriptions, rather than compound them.
After graduation some of these young physicians continued to write
out prescriptions, thereby stimulating the growth of pharmacy.
AMERICAN PHARMACY
13. PHR 110PHR 11013
In 1808 the Massachusetts Medical Society published a state guide
to drug standards, with a national convention of physicians
approving a Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America (USP)
in 1820.
The appearance of these books reflected both the growing amount
of prescription writing and the medical profession’s increasing
reliance on pharmacists.
The number of pharmacy practitioners in urban areas reached the
critical mass necessary for the establishment of local pharmaceutical
societies such as the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1821) and
the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy (1823).