history_of_pharmacy - complete.ppt

Origin, history & development of pharmacy in India.
Pharmacy in relation to allied health profession.
Pharmacopoeias – I.P., B.P., U.S.P, and EP
Prepared By : MD Ather Abid M.Pharm (PhD)
Asst.Professor MAM COP GLB
Cell : 9916006837

PARMACY
 The word Pharmacy is derived from the Greek word Pharmakon, which
means drug or medicine. Prehistoric people gathered plants for medicinal
purpose. By hit and trial methods they gained knowledge of healing
properties of certain natural substances which grew with the passage of
time. Disease is born with man, and pharmacist came into existence when
man first used an herbal drug to cure a disease. Pharmacy is an ancient
profession dedicated to provide health care through development and
dispensing of drugs. In early days, the physician had to do both diagnosis
and compounding and dispensing of medicines. During the second half of
the European middle ages, the pharmacist became separated, under the
name Apothecaries. Thus the physicians, apothecaries (pharmaceutical
chemists) and drug merchants (druggists) were involved in the supply of
medicament to the patients.
 Egyptian and Greek scholars contributed much in the development in the
field of pharmacy and medicine.

 Pharmacy is defined as the profession which is concerned
with the art and science of Identification, Selection,
Preparation, Preservation & Standardization of suitable
drug substances from natural and synthetic sources and
their formulations which are meant for administration for
Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment of diseases.

Origin, history & development of pharmacy
• Ayurveda
• Ayu (Life)
• Veda (Knowledge)
• Charak-samhita is a
continuation & renewal of
ancient knowledge.
• Sushrutha-sanhita-
encyclopedia of surgery

 Archaeological survey
discovered the material
related to the historical part
of drugs or medicines,
Papyrus-Ebers of 16th
Century BC.
 It contains important
information on vegetable
drugs & the formulations
made from them.

 Then came the era of individuals by virtue of their
involvement in the profession, contributed for
development in science, which in turn has affected
pharmacy profession.
 Hippocrates
 Aristotle
 Dioscorides
 Galen etc

Hippocrates- Father of Medicine
(466-377 BC)
 Systematized the knowledge available
and linked it with ethics
 His knowledge were then accepted
worldwide & still utilized by health
professionals.
 He developed an Oath of Medical
Ethics for physicians to follow.
 Hippocrates is known as the "Father
of Medicine".

Aristotle (Arastu )(384/3 B.C.-322/1 B.C. Greece)
 He not only contributed enormously to medicine
per se, but also to the natural sciences, for he was
the first to classify animals
 It seems that he sustained the notion that certain
"inferior" animals such as insects (whose name
derived from the evident segmentation of the
body into its components) came into the world
spontaneously from decomposing material
regenerating and so their growth could not be
limited or restrained.
 Aristotle elaborated a physiological system
centered on the heart, in which according to him,
there burned a life-giving vital flame maintained
by a spirit named pneuma or spirito vitale (vital
spirit) that produced heat. He felt that the lungs
and the brain had a primary function of cooling.
 The heart was the most important organ because
when the heart stopped, the body died.
 fire, air, water, and earth were the main elements.
Aristotle believed the opposites in nature: hot, cold,
moist, and dry are the main elements since they create
fire, air, water and earth.

 Furthermore, in his studies of
embryology.
 In his theory, heat was the most
important thing and gave life.
He sustained that man, having a
great deal of heat, managed to
use all his body's resources and
to produce sperm. On the other
hand, women did not have
enough heat so a part of the
body's blood was eliminated
during menstruation. With its
heat, sperm acted on
menstruation, producing the
embryo.

Pedanius Dioscorides – A Father of Pharmacognosy (040-80 BC)
 Greek physician linked
botany to this field &
wrote materia medica,
which included various
drugs of vegetable origin
 He described various
naturally occurring drugs
& provided the basic
information regarding its
identification, cultivation,
collection & storage.

GALEN - Experimenter In Drug Compounding(131-200 AD)
Father of Pharmacy
Of the men of ancient times whose names are known
and revered among both the professions of Pharmacy
and Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost.
Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both
Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome;
His principles of preparing and compounding
medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500
years; and his name still is associated with that class
of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical
means - galenicals.
He was the originator of the formula for a cold
cream, essentially similar to that known today.
Many procedures Galen originated have their
counterparts in today's modern compounding
laboratories.

Paraselsus- Swiss physician (1493-1541)
 Responsible for developing the basic thinking of using individual chemical
moiety for treatment of diseases.
 Paracelsus was the first to connect goitre with minerals, especially lead, in
drinking water. He prepared and used new chemical remedies, including
those containing mercury, sulphur, iron, and copper sulphate, thus uniting
medicine with chemistry,

Charak Samhita
 Charak Samhita is one of the structuring dynamics of
Rk Veda.
 It highlights the BALANCING — HOLDING
TOGETHER, NOURISHING, and SUPPORTING
— quality involved in structuring Rk Veda.
 With reference to consciousness, Charak Samhita
comprises the specific sets of laws of Nature that are
engaged in promoting the quality of Rishi — the
observer, the witnessing quality — within the
Samhita level of consciousness, providing a structure
to the eternally silent, self-referral, self-sufficient,
fully awake state of consciousness, which is
intimately personal to everyone.

 During Islamic golden age in 754 pharmacy (drug Store)
were setup 1st time in Baghdad, under the rule of caliph
Abbasid.
 By 9th century pharmacy profession started regulated by
state Govt. in Baghdad.

 Abu-al-Qasim Zahrawi :
(936-1013) Father of
surgery
 Innovated Distillation and
sublimation process, his
manuscript named as ‘Liber
servitoris’
 he last chapter of his
comprehensive book, named
“On Surgery”, was dedicated
to surgical instruments. He
introduced over 200 surgical
tools, a staggering number by
all standards.

 Sabur ibne sahi (689)
 Has completed 1st Pharmacopoeia.
describing large variety of drugs and
aliments.
 Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad
al-Biruni (93-1050)
 Kitab al-saydala fi al-tibb" (Book on the
Pharmacopoeia of Medicine) the book
on drug is the most definite, specific
best ilustrated book on drug on
pharmacology describe drug properties,
role of pharmacy and pharmacist.

Ibn sina (BU ALI SINA) (980-1037)
 authored a five-volume medical encyclopaedia: The Canon of Medicine (Al-
Qanun fi't-Tibb). It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic
world and Europe up to the 18th century. It explained parmacology of 700
medicinal preparation. The Canon still plays an important role in Unani
medicine.
 first to derive the attar of flowers from distillationand used steam
distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he used
as aromatherapeutic treatments for heart conditions.
•First to use 40 days
sanitary isolation to
prevent spread of disease
called as quarantine

Abu Mansur Muwaffaq
 In 10th century abu mansur
muwaffaq wrote a book titled
“The foundation of true
properties of remedies” explain
the distillation process of sea
water so as to make it potable.
 Also gave information about
properties of arsenious oxide
combination with silicic acid.
 Inform about noxious
characteristics of copper and lead
compound.

Jabir Bin hayyan (721-816AD)
Father of chemistry
 He systematized a “quantitative” analysis of
substances and was the inspiration for Geber,
a Latin alchemist who developed an important
corpuscular theory of matter.
 Perhaps the most original aspect of the
Jabirian corpus is a type of arithmology
(numerology) referred to as the “method of
the balance” (mīzān). In essence, this
consisted of determining the quantity of the
“four natures” (hot, cold, wet, and dry) in a
substance by means of its name.
 The Book on Poisons and on the Repelling of
their Harmful Effects (Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-
dafʿ maḍārrihā, Kr. no. 2145).

 Each government made some rules & the standards to
maintain the uniformity & to control the standards of
drugs & devices available in market.
 Each country has its own book of standards which
includes the list of the drugs along with related
substances with their complete protocol.
 These books are known as Pharmacopoeia

PHARMACOPOEIA
 Pharmakon : a drug
 Poieo: I make
 Pharmacopoeia (literally, the art of the drug compounder), in
its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for
the identification of samples and the preparation of compound
medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a
medical or pharmaceutical society.

Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.)
 Various editions of I.P.
Edition Year
1st Edition 1955
2nd Edition 1966
3rd Edition 1985
4th Edition 1996
5th Edition 2007
6th Edition 2010
7th Edition 1014
8th Edition 2018

 In 1944, Govt. of India asked the drugs Technical
Advisory Board to prepare the list of drugs in use in
India, having sufficient medicinal value to justify their
inclusion in official pharmacopoeia.
 Published by the Govt. of India under the name The
Indian Pharmacopoeial List 1946
 The Committee constituted under the chairmanship of
Lt. Col. Sir R.N. Chopra along with 9 members.

• The Indian Pharmacopoeial List 1946 Details
1. Substances included in the British Pharmacopoeia, 48
monographs for crude drugs, chemicals & their preparations
2. Substances not included in British Pharmacopoeia:
(a) Drugs of Plant origin 90
(b) Drugs of animal origin 10
(c) Biological Products 05
(d) Insecticides 07
(e) Colouring agents 03
(f) Synthetics 05
(g) Miscellaneous 15
(h) Drugs for veterinary use 02

First Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1955
 Indian Pharmacopeia committee under chairmanship of Dr. B.
N. Ghosh published First edition of indian pharmacopeia in
1955.
 Written in English
 The official Title of the monographs are given in Latin
 Total 986 Monographs (includes crude-drugs, chemicals,
biologicals & several formulae derived from them)
 Supplements to first edition in 1960

 The titles of monograph have been given in Latin language abbreviated titles
for use in prescription has been given immediately below the Latin title.
 The English title has also been given immediately below the abbreviation title.
 The weights and measures have been given in metric system.
 All statements contained in the individual monographs have been considered as
constitute standards for the official substances.
 Doses are expressed both in metric system as well as in the English system.
 A list of preparations has been given at the end of some of the monograph.
 The temperature has been expressed in Celsius thermometric scale.
 The descriptive terms (very soluble, freely soluble, sparingly soluble, slightly
soluble, very slightly soluble, practically insoluble have been used where the
exact solubility of a pharmacopoeial substance is not known.
Silent features of the First edition of Indian pharmacopoeia

Second Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -1966
 was published in 1966 under the chairmanship of Dr. B. Mukkerji
 Official titles of monographs given in English. Dose were expressed
in Metric system.
 274 monographs from IP 55 & its supplement of 1960 were deleted
 93 new monographs were added
 New analytical techniques were adapted.
 Usual strength for the preparations like tablets & injection was given.
 Supplement to this edition was published in 1975.
 126 new monographs have been included & 250 monographs have
been amended.
 Cholera vaccine has been deleted.

Third Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1985
 Published in two Volumes and Nine appendices
 261 new monographs
 450 monographs included in 2nd Edition were deleted
 IUPAC nomenclature has been used
 New Analytical Techniques
 Dissolution test
 Limit test for microbial contamination
 Addendum I to IP was published in 1989 were 46 new
monographs added and 126 amended. Addendum II was
published in 1991 were 62 new monographs added and 110
amended

Fourth Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -1996
 Under the chairmanship of Dr. Nityanand made effective
from 1st Dec 1996
 It covers 1149 monographs & 123 appendices
 It include 294 new monographs
 110 included in 3rd edition were deleted
 General monographs of formulations
 Addendum I has been made effective from 31st
December 2000 were 42 new monographs have been
added.
 Addendum II has been made effective from 30th June
2003 were 19 new monographs have been added.
 The veterinary supplement to IP 1996 contains 208
monographs & four appendices.

Fifth Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -2007
• prepared by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) in
accordance with a plan and completed through the untiring
efforts of its members and its Secretariat over a period of about
two years.
• This is the fifth edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia after
Independence.
• It supersedes the 1996 edition but any monograph of the earlier
edition that does not figure in this edition continues to be
official as stipulated in the Second Schedule of the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act, 1940.

• The Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007 is presented in three
volumes.
• Volume 1 contains the Notice, Preface, the structure of the
IPC, Acknowledgements, Introduction, and the General
Chapters.
• Volume 2 deals with the General Monographs on Drug
Substances, Dosage Forms and Pharmaceutical Aids (A to
M).
• Volume 3 contains Monographs on Drug Substances,
Dosage Forms and Pharmaceutical Aids (N to Z) followed
by Monographs on Vaccines and Immunosera for Human
use, Herbs and Herbal products, Blood and blood-related
products, Biotechnology products and Veterinary products.

• The scope of the Pharmacopoeia has been extended to include
products of biotechnology, indigenous herbs and herbal
products, viral vaccines and additional antiretroviral drugs and
formulations, inclusive of commonly used fixed-dose
combinations.
• Standards for veterinary drugs and products that were
published as a Supplement to the previous edition of the Indian
Pharmacopoeia now form an integral part of this compendium.

Sixth Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -2010
 The 6th edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 is published by the Indian
Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) Ghaziabad in accordance with a plan and
completed through the untiring efforts of its members, Secretariat and Laboratory
over a period of about two years.
 It supersedes the 2007 edition but any monograph of the earlier edition that does not
figure in this edition.
 This edition would be effective from 1st September, 2010.
 The Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 is presented in three volumes.
 Volume I contains the Notices, Preface, the Structure of the IPC,
Acknowledgements, Introduction, and the General Chapters.
 Volume II contains the General Notice, General Monographs on Dosage Forms and
Monographs on drug substances, dosage forms and pharmaceutical aids (A to M).
 Volume III contains Monographs on drug substances, dosage forms and
pharmaceutical aids (N to Z).
 Followed by Monographs on Vaccines and Immunosera for Human use, Herbs and
Herbal products, Blood and bloodrelated products, Biotechnology products and
Veterinary products.

Sixth Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -2010
The scope of the Pharmacopoeia has been extended to include products of
biotechnology, indigenous herbs and herbal products, veterinary vaccines and
additional antiretroviral drugs and formulations, inclusive of commonly used fixed-
dose combinations. Standards for new drugs and drugs used under National
Health Programmes are added and the drugs as well as their formulations not in
use now a
day are omitted from this edition.
The number of monographs of Excipients, Anticancer drugs, Herbal products and
antiretroviral drugs has been increased in this edition.
Monographs of Vaccines and Immunosera are also upgraded in view of
development of latest technology in the field.
A new chapter on Liposomal products and a monograph of Liposomal
Amphotericin B injection is an added advantage in view of latest technology
adopted for drug delivery.
A chapter on NMR is incorporated in Appendices.
The chapter on microbial contamination is also updated to a great extent to
harmonise with prevailing international requirements.

Seventh Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -2014
 The seventh edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP 2014) is published by the
Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) on behalf of the Government of India,
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
 The Indian Pharmacopoeia 2014 is presented in four volumes. The scope of the
Pharmacopoeia has been extended to include additional anticancer drugs &
antiretroviral drugs and formulations, products of biotechnology, indigenous herbs
and herbal products, veterinary vaccines.
 The IP 2014 incorporates 2550 monographs of drugs out of which 577 are new
monographs consisting of APIs, Excipients, dosage forms and herbal products etc. A
list of 577 New Monographs not included in IP-2010 and its Addendum-2012 but
added in this edition containing 313 New Monographs on drug substances, Dosage
forms & Pharmaceutical aids (A to Z), 43 New Drugs Substances Monographs, 10
Antibiotic Monographs, 31 Herbal Monographs, 05 Vaccines & immunosera for
human use, 06 Insulin Products, 07 Biotechnology Products etc. along with the 19
new General Chapters.
 19 New Radiopharmaceutical Monographs & 1 General chapter is first time being
included in this edition.

Eighth Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia -2018
 The eighth edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP 2018) is published by
the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) on behalf of the Government
of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. The Indian Pharmacopoeia
(IP) is published in fulfilment of the requirements of the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules there under. It prescribes the standards for
drugs produced and/or marketed in India and thus contributes in the control
and assurance of the quality of the medicines. The standards of this
pharmacopoeia are authoritative and legally enforceable. It intends to help
in the licensing of manufacturing units, inspection and distribution of
medicines.
 New Monographs: 220
Revisions: 366
Omissions: 07
170 New Chemical Monographs

British Pharmacopoeia
 London Pharmacopoeia first published in
1618
 British Pharmacopoeia published in 1864
through the merger of the London, Edinburgh
and Dublin Pharmacopoeias
 Legally enforced in UK through Medicines
Act 1968
 National pharmacopoeias in EU enforced by
Annex 1 of
 Directive 2001/83/EC, the Community Code
relating to medicinal products for human use
 Published in UK by the British
Pharmacopoeia Commission on behalf of UK
Health Ministers
 Legal Status in Australia and Canada

 Monographs for Chemical and
pharmaceutical substances
 General monographs for dosage forms
 Monographs for finished dosage forms
 One of only two English texts for
monographs for finished dosage forms

 Published annually
 Incorporate all the monographs of the current
European Pharmacopoeia including its supplements
 Provides the user with one comprehensively indexed
compendium of all current UK pharmacopoeial standards
 Links standards for pharmaceutical substances and
formulated preparations
 Includes reference infra-red spectra
 Ph Eur monographs identified by a European chaplet of
stores

United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
 The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is the official public
standards-setting authority for all prescription and over-the-counter
medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthcare products
manufactured and sold in the United States.
 USP sets standards for the quality of these products and works with
healthcare providers to help them reach the standards.
 USP's standards are also recognized and used in more than 130
countries.
 These standards have been helping to ensure good pharmaceutical
care for people throughout the world for more than 185 years.

 1820
U.S. Pharmacopeia founded; all state societies of medicine invited to send delegates;
11 attended. USP created a system of standards, a system of quality control (formulae),
and a national formulary. Only 217 drugs that met the criteria of "most fully
established and best understood" were admitted.
 1830
Committee of Revision created (seven members); first revision of the USP published;
revisions continue at 10-year intervals. Surgeons General of U.S. Army and Navy
became first federal agencies to participate in USP revision.
 1848
Drug Import Act–Federal legislation recognizes the USP as an official compendium.
 1850
Colleges of pharmacy invited to participate in revision of the USP.
 1880s–1890s
State Boards of Pharmacy formed; USP becomes a state board requirement.
 1900
USP incorporated in D.C. as not-for-profit corporation. U.S. Pharmacopeial
Convention and Board of Trustees created.
 1906
Federal Food & Drugs Act: USP and NF strength, quality, and purity recognized as
official standards.

 1938
Federal Food & Cosmetic Act: USP, NF, and Homeopathic Pharmacopeia standards of
strength, quality, purity, packaging, and labeling recognized as official and enforced by
FDA. "New Drug" concept established. FDA approves drugs for safety before
marketing.
 1942
USP revision cycle changed; USP published every 5 years.
 1950
USP establishes its first permanent office in New York City. Lloyd C. Miller, Ph.D.,
becomes first employed director of revision.
 1963
United States Adopted Names Council formed. Representatives from American Medical
Association (AMA), American Pharmacists Association (APhA), USP, and FDA
establish drug nomenclature.
 1968
USP moves its headquarters from New York City, eventually locating in Rockville,
Maryland, USA.
 1970
USP adopts resolution calling for information to be provided to dispensers of drugs in
United States. Position of executive director created, filled by William M. Heller, Ph.D.

 1975
USP acquires National Formulary and Drug Standards Laboratory from APhA.
 1977
USP and NF scope redefined: USP standards for drug substances and dosage forms; NF
standards for excipients.
 1980
USP XX and the NF XV published under same cover; USP Dispensing Information, 1st
Edition.
 1990
Jerome A. Halperin becomes USP executive director (title later changed to executive
vice president and CEO) at the 1990 USP Convention. USP members adopt a resolution
to explore establishing standards for vitamins and minerals.
 1990, 1993
Federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts (OBRA '90 and '93) name the USP Drug
Information as a source of information that state Medicaid agencies could use for drug
utilization review, patient counseling, and medically accepted off-label uses of
medicines.
 1994
USP signs an agreement with the American Medical Association to combine the
information in AMA's Drug Evaluations database with the USP DI database to develop
a single product that contains drug and therapeutic information.

 1995
USP members adopt a resolution to explore establishing standards for botanical
dietary supplements.
 1997
The management consulting firm, McKinsey & Company, recommended new USP
focus, including divestiture of print and electronic drug information products.
 1998
USP sells USP DI and associated products to The Thomson Company and USP DI is
published by their MICROMEDEX subsidiary. The new Reference Standard Center
opens. MEDMARX®, an Internet-accessible medication errors reporting program
for hospitals, is launched.
 1999
USP publishes final USP DI in three-volume format; publishes USP 24–NF 19;
initiated modernization project for developing e-commerce capabilities and
establishing electronic communications with constituents.
 2000
At the USP Convention in April 2000, Roger L. Williams, M.D., becomes USP
executive vice president and CEO; members vote to change name of Committee of
Revision to Council of Experts and elect chairpersons for 62 Expert Committees.
 2002
USP–NF published annually.

European Pharmacopoeia
 The European Pharmacopoeia of the Council of Europe is a listing of a wide range
of active substances and excipients used to prepare pharmaceutical products in
Europe.
 The European Pharmacopoeia is developed by the European Directorate for the
Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and is a part of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg,
France.
 It bases on the Convention on the elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia from
1964.
 The 2005 edition includes 1800 specific and general monographs, including various
chemical substances, antibiotics, biological substances; Vaccines for human or
veterinary use; Immunosera; Radiopharmaceutical preparations; Herbal drugs;
Homoeopathic preparations and homoeopathic stocks.
 It also contains Dosage forms, General monographs, Materials and Containers,
Sutures; 268 General methods with figures or chromatograms and 2210 reagents are
described.
 The monographs give quality standards for all the main medicines used in Europe.

European Pharmacopoeia
 1st edition - published 1967
 2nd edition - published 1980
 3rd edition - published 1997
 4th edition - published 2001, valid from 1.1.2002
 5th edition - published 15.6.2004, valid from
1.1.2005
 6th edition - published 16 July 2007, valid from
1.1.2008
 It is published by EDQM in English and French,
official national translations are available in German
and Spanish (Spanish version only online)

EXTRA PHARMACOPOEIA
 Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
is the alternate reference book for drugs and
medicines.
 The Extra Pharmacopoeia, originally
produced by William Martindale in 1883
and now published by the Pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain, contains
information on the drugs presently used in
Great Britain.
 1. To update information for pharmacist,
physician in all subjects.
 2. To provide information of official, un
official, proprietary preparations currently in
use. The general section contains about
1,400 pages of drug descriptions listed in
alphabetical order under English titles.

EXTRA PHARMACOPOEIA
 Monographs include Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS), Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
Classification System (ATC) numbers and FDA
Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) codes to help
readers refer to other information systems.
 Martindale contains information on drugs in
clinical use, as well as selected investigational and
veterinary drugs, herbal and complementary
medicines, pharmaceutical Excipients, vitamins
and nutritional agents, vaccines,
radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media and
diagnostic agents, medicinal gases, drugs of abuse
and recreational drugs, toxic substances,
disinfectants, and pesticides.
 38th edition of Martindale: The Complete Drug
Reference.

EXTRA PHARMACOPOEIA
 Monographs on drugs and ancillary substances, listing over 6,000 monographs
arranged in 49 chapters based on clinical use with the corresponding disease treatment
reviews.
 Monographs summarize the nomenclature, properties, and actions of each substance.
 A chapter on supplementary drugs and other substances covers some 1190 monographs
on new drugs, those not easily classified, herbals, and drugs no longer clinically used
but still of interest.
 Monographs of some toxic substances are also included.
 USE:
 Martindale aims to cover drugs and related substances reported to be of clinical interest anywhere
in the world.
 It provides a useful source of information for patients arriving from abroad to identify their
existing medication. This may reveal that a currently taken proprietary preparation is available
under another brand name.
 Alternatively if the drug is not available, the class of agent can be determined allowing a
pharmacist or doctor to determine which alternative equivalent drugs can be substituted.

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