The document provides a history of pharmacy from prehistoric times to the modern age. It discusses how prehistoric peoples used local plants and resources to treat wounds and disease. During the Middle Ages, the first pharmacies were established in Baghdad in 754 CE and advances were made in botany and chemistry. Major figures like Ibn Sina described hundreds of drug preparations. In the modern age, the religious order was fractured as faith in human reason and destiny emerged. Revolutions in the US and France altered the monarchical order paving the way for republics. The role of pharmacists evolved from dispensing medications to providing advice, information, and monitoring drug therapy.
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Di...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEAnujkumaranit
The evolution of medicine is a vast and complex journey that spans thousands of years. It began with ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, and Greece, where medicine was often intertwined with spiritual and religious practices. Hippocrates, often called the "Father of Medicine," laid the foundation for a more systematic and observational approach in ancient Greece.
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Di...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEAnujkumaranit
The evolution of medicine is a vast and complex journey that spans thousands of years. It began with ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, and Greece, where medicine was often intertwined with spiritual and religious practices. Hippocrates, often called the "Father of Medicine," laid the foundation for a more systematic and observational approach in ancient Greece.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
history of pharmacy.docx
1. STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH
Assignment Topics : History of Pharmacy
Course Title: Introduction to pharmacy
Course Code: BPH-110
Submitted to:
Name: Ambia Khatun
Designation: Lecturer
Department of Pharmacy
Submitted by Group 5:
Name ID
Date of Submission: 17 April 2022
3. 1
Pre-history Of Pharmacy
“Prehistory” generally means the time period before information began to be written down. The medical
practices of prehistory are only known to people today because of anthropological and archaeological
studies, and there are many unanswered questions. Bones from excavations in different parts of the world
show signs of broken bones that were set, dental work, and even some surgical procedures. The shamans,
or “medicine men,” of most prehistoric societies were responsible for maintaining the health of the tribe,
and they would practice not only natural remedies from disease and pain but supernatural ones as well.
Prehistoric peoples were likely limited to only using their local resources to heal wounds and treat disease.
Based on the bones of some prehistoric peoples, researchers can determine that certain herbs were used to
treat wounds and improve immunity against disease. Some bones show evidence of being set in hardened,
molded clay casts after they were broken. Some prehistoric people show evidence of being knowledgeable
about dentistry, with drillings into teeth being dated to as long as 6,000 years ago.
Women were often the individual caretakers responsible for the health of their family members, and they
would have learned about the helpfulness of some plants and animal matter to treat disease, ease childbirth,
and nurture wounds. The average life expectancy of a prehistoric person was about 30 years, and the rate
of women and children who died in childbirth was much higher than today. Men often lived longer because
as hunters, they had greater access to nourishing food. However, men often sustained more injuries during
hunting, and their bones show that these wounds were more likely to be fatal than the wounds sustained
by women, who did not hunt.
Paleopharmacological studies attest to the use of medicinal plants in pre-history.For example, herbs were
discovered in the Shanidar Cave, and remains of the areca nut (Areca catechu) in the Spirit
4. 2
Cave.Prehistoric man learned pharmaceutical techniques through instinct, by watching birds and beasts,
and using cool water, leaves, dirt, or mud as a soothing agent.
The Middle Ages
In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, under the Abbasid Caliphate
during the Islamic Golden Age. By the ninth century, these pharmacies were state-regulated.
Roman herbal medicine guidebook De Materia Medica of Dioscorides. Cumin & dill. c. 1334.
The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam
substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865-915), for instance,
acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936-
1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of
particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from
which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d. 869), was, however,
the first physician to initiate a pharmacopoeia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for
ailments. Al-Biruni (973-1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled
Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and
outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Ibn Sina (Avicenna), too,
described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. He devoted
in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works
by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008–1074), both of which were printed in Latin
more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by `Mesue' the younger,
and the Medicamentis Simplicibus by `Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250–1316) translated and added a
5. 3
supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq's contributions in the field
are also pioneering. Living in the tenth century, he wrote The Foundations of the True Properties of
Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made
clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous
nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the
distillation of sea-water for drinking.
Illustration of a pharmacy in the Italian Tacuinum sanitatis, 14th century.
The Modern Ages
6. 4
The Modern Age is a period in human history which spans from the 20th century begining with the period
after the end of First World War and ending with the advent of the Digital revolution.
It is known as E ty M oderna to the third of the historical periods it is usually divided the history of
mankind, and comprising the centuries between XV and XVIII, that is, between the Middle Ages or
Medieval and Contemporary Age.
The Modern Age is usually understood as the end of the religious obscurantism that characterized the
previous period , and the search to recover the classic legacy of the Ancient Age , especially the Greco-
Roman. It is usually taken as the beginning of this new era at the fall of , capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire, under siege of the Ottoman Empire in the year of 1453; or the arrival of the first Spanish settlers
to America (the “discovery”) in 1492, an event that would radically enlarge the limits of the world known
for the time.In the Modern Age there was a revolution of thought , especially in Western Europe and its
surrounding regions, which broke with the paradigms that five centuries of Christian theocracy had
imposed, thus betting on the human being as the center of creation, and its capacities of reasoning,
invention and full understanding of the universe, such as the new forces that would shape the reality of
the species.Said in simpler terms, the religious order that left everything in the hands of God is fractured
and faith in human reason takes its place : the human being now owned his own destiny.
The end of the Modern Era is usually located in the great Revolutions that forever altered the monarchical
order, making way for the Republic: the independence of the United States of America in 1776, a prelude
to what would take place in the Spanish-American colonies at the beginning of the 19th century, or even
more the French Revolution of 1789 , in which the plain people rose up in arms against the absolutist
monarchy and its clergy allies, forever changing the destiny of that nation and exeting a fundamental
political influence in the entire world.
Conclusion
✓ The history of pharmacy as an independent science dates back to the first third of the 19th century.
Before then, pharmacy evolved from antiquity as part of medicine.
✓ The study of the history of pharmacy is deserving of consideration as a review of the past, so that we
may understand the present, and thus be enabled to plan intelligently for the future.
7. 5
✓ The face of pharmacy may have changed over the past 1000 years , but its traditional role remains the
same .
✓ Although the preparation and preservation of drug products have moved from pharmacy to the
pharmaceutical industry,the pharmacist continues to fulfill the prescriber's intentions, by not only
dispensing a medication but also by providing a quality product,providing advice and information , and
monitoring drug therapy.
8. 6
Reference
√ "Becoming a Pharmacist & History of Pharmacy | Pharmacy is Right for Me". Pharmacy
for me. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
√ "Pharmacy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-27
√ "History of Pharmacy Web Pages - Sweden´s oldest pharmacies". Archived from the
original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
√ "Pharmacy - Research". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
√ https://www.gohighbrow.com
√ https://riseofnations.fandom.com/wiki/Modern_Age/History
√ https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages
√ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pharmacy