This document provides a history of pharmacy through brief summaries of 24 key developments:
1) It begins with the earliest origins of pharmacy from prehistoric times when early humans first used plants and natural remedies.
2) It then discusses the earliest known records of organized pharmacy practice in ancient Babylonia around 2600 BC where medical practitioners served as priests, pharmacists, and physicians.
3) Chinese pharmacy is traced back to the emperor Shen Nung around 2000 BC who was credited with identifying medicinal properties of hundreds of herbs.
4) Major pharmaceutical records included the Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt around 1500 BC which described 700 medicinal drugs.
The document traces the evolution of pharmacy as a
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
- Greeks were the first to establish the field of pharmacy and coined the term "pharmacy" from the Greek word for drug. Significant early Greek figures included Dioscorides who wrote an influential 5-volume herbal, and Theoprastus who studied plants and herbs.
- Chinese pharmacy has a long history dating back to 168 BC with texts on herbal medicines. The 1st century AD text "Shenong Benaco Jing" compiled information on over 1,500 herbal drugs.
- Romans advanced pharmacy, with Galen in the 2nd century AD considered the "Father of Pharmacy" for his extraction of plant constituents and formulations like cold cream. Pharmacy continued developing in places like Bag
The document discusses the definition and scope of pharmacy practice. It describes various areas of pharmacy including community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, pharmaceutical education, and more. It also discusses prescriptions, providing definitions and describing the typical components of a prescription, including the superscription, inscription, and subscription. The document is intended to provide an orientation to the field of pharmacy.
This document discusses the states of matter and intermolecular forces. It describes the three common states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and explains that they depend on the arrangement and energy of particles as well as the distance between particles. Gases have weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to spread out. Liquids have stronger forces, keeping particles together in an open container while allowing flow. Solids have strong attractive forces preventing flow in a crystal lattice structure. Polymorphism, where substances can exist in multiple crystalline forms, and amorphous solids which lack long-range order are also covered.
This document provides a summary of 24 paintings from a book titled "Great Moments in Pharmacy" that depict important events and figures in the history of pharmacy. The summaries describe early practices of pharmacy in ancient Babylonia, China, Egypt and Greece. They discuss influential pharmacists and physicians from ancient times through the 18th century who advanced the fields of pharmacy and medicine, including developments in compounding, herbal medicine, pharmacopeias and the separation of pharmacy and medicine as distinct professions. The paintings depict pharmacy practices in various historical eras and geographical regions that helped establish pharmacy as a science.
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists to the field of veterinary pharmacology over history. It describes important early contributors from ancient civilizations like Ayurveda, Shennong Pen Ts'ao Ching, and texts like the Kahun and Ebers papyruses. It then discusses the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic Golden Age. It continues with contributors from the 17th-18th centuries who discovered or isolated important drugs. These include Withering and digitalis, Jenner and vaccination, Harvey and blood circulation. The document concludes discussing 19th century physi
Pharmacy is the science and art of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacists play an important role in public health by providing drug information to patients and acting as experts on medications. The document outlines the diverse career opportunities available to pharmacists in fields like hospitals, clinics, community pharmacies, the pharmaceutical industry, government services, and more. Key roles of pharmacists include preparing medications, ensuring quality control, dispensing drugs, and counseling patients.
- Pharmacy has a long history dating back 50,000 years when early humans used plants for medicinal purposes. The first authenticated prescription dates to 3700 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.
- Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India made important contributions to early pharmacy through documenting medicinal plants and preparations in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, De Materia Medica, and early Ayurvedic writings.
- The modern practice of pharmacy developed over centuries with the establishment of the first pharmacies/apothecaries in the 17th-18th centuries and the founding of national pharmaceutical societies in the 19th century that helped regulate qualifications and standards.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
- Greeks were the first to establish the field of pharmacy and coined the term "pharmacy" from the Greek word for drug. Significant early Greek figures included Dioscorides who wrote an influential 5-volume herbal, and Theoprastus who studied plants and herbs.
- Chinese pharmacy has a long history dating back to 168 BC with texts on herbal medicines. The 1st century AD text "Shenong Benaco Jing" compiled information on over 1,500 herbal drugs.
- Romans advanced pharmacy, with Galen in the 2nd century AD considered the "Father of Pharmacy" for his extraction of plant constituents and formulations like cold cream. Pharmacy continued developing in places like Bag
The document discusses the definition and scope of pharmacy practice. It describes various areas of pharmacy including community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, pharmaceutical education, and more. It also discusses prescriptions, providing definitions and describing the typical components of a prescription, including the superscription, inscription, and subscription. The document is intended to provide an orientation to the field of pharmacy.
This document discusses the states of matter and intermolecular forces. It describes the three common states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and explains that they depend on the arrangement and energy of particles as well as the distance between particles. Gases have weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to spread out. Liquids have stronger forces, keeping particles together in an open container while allowing flow. Solids have strong attractive forces preventing flow in a crystal lattice structure. Polymorphism, where substances can exist in multiple crystalline forms, and amorphous solids which lack long-range order are also covered.
This document provides a summary of 24 paintings from a book titled "Great Moments in Pharmacy" that depict important events and figures in the history of pharmacy. The summaries describe early practices of pharmacy in ancient Babylonia, China, Egypt and Greece. They discuss influential pharmacists and physicians from ancient times through the 18th century who advanced the fields of pharmacy and medicine, including developments in compounding, herbal medicine, pharmacopeias and the separation of pharmacy and medicine as distinct professions. The paintings depict pharmacy practices in various historical eras and geographical regions that helped establish pharmacy as a science.
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists to the field of veterinary pharmacology over history. It describes important early contributors from ancient civilizations like Ayurveda, Shennong Pen Ts'ao Ching, and texts like the Kahun and Ebers papyruses. It then discusses the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic Golden Age. It continues with contributors from the 17th-18th centuries who discovered or isolated important drugs. These include Withering and digitalis, Jenner and vaccination, Harvey and blood circulation. The document concludes discussing 19th century physi
Pharmacy is the science and art of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacists play an important role in public health by providing drug information to patients and acting as experts on medications. The document outlines the diverse career opportunities available to pharmacists in fields like hospitals, clinics, community pharmacies, the pharmaceutical industry, government services, and more. Key roles of pharmacists include preparing medications, ensuring quality control, dispensing drugs, and counseling patients.
- Pharmacy has a long history dating back 50,000 years when early humans used plants for medicinal purposes. The first authenticated prescription dates to 3700 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.
- Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India made important contributions to early pharmacy through documenting medicinal plants and preparations in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, De Materia Medica, and early Ayurvedic writings.
- The modern practice of pharmacy developed over centuries with the establishment of the first pharmacies/apothecaries in the 17th-18th centuries and the founding of national pharmaceutical societies in the 19th century that helped regulate qualifications and standards.
Interpretation Of Prescription or Medication order.Abubakar Fago
This document defines common abbreviations used in medication orders and prescriptions. It provides the meaning of abbreviations for things like dosage frequency (b.i.d., t.i.d.), routes of administration (p.o., I.M., I.V.), parts of a prescription, and practice exercises interpreting medication orders using these abbreviations. It aims to help with properly interpreting prescriptions and medication orders.
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
This document provides a historical overview of the development of the pharmacy profession. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek and Roman mythology associated with gods of medicine like Asclepius and Hygieia. Key figures that advanced pharmacy include Claudius Galen in the 2nd century who performed animal dissections and compiled early pharmaceutical works. In the 12th century, Frederick II recognized pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. The first US Pharmacopoeia was published in 1820 and the first pharmacy school was established in Philadelphia that same year. Important organizations to the development of modern pharmacy include the American Pharmacy Association, established in 1852 by William Proctor, considered the Father of Modern Pharmacy.
The history of pharmacy began with early civilizations gathering and consuming medicinal plants. During antiquity, pharmacy evolved with the establishment of organized communities along major rivers where the basic concepts of disease treatment emerged. In the Middle Ages, the practice of pharmacy shifted with the rise of Christianity and decline of ancient Greek and Roman influences. The Renaissance and early modern period saw major developments in pharmacy with the isolation of active compounds, establishment of early pharmacopoeias. The 17th-18th centuries involved further integration of chemistry and standardization of medicines. Professionalization of pharmacy grew through the 19th century with the establishment of pharmaceutical education and regulation of the field.
This document provides a summary of the history of pharmacy from ancient times to the present. It describes four major eras: the Ancient Era from early times to 1600 AD, the Empiric Era from 1600 to 1940, the Industrialization Era from 1940 to 1970, and the Patient Care Era from 1970 to the present. Key developments include the documentation of early remedies, the influences of Greek and Roman cultures, the rise of university education for pharmacists during the Renaissance, and increasingly specialized roles in recent eras due to advances in science, technology, and patient needs.
This document discusses micromeritics, which is the science of small particles. It describes particle size and distributions, and methods to determine particle size such as microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. It also addresses density and flow properties of powders, which are important for manufacturing tablets and capsules. Control of particle size is essential for drug release, absorption, stability of formulations, and dose uniformity.
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources. It involves the identification, characterization, cultivation, extraction, preparation, quality control, and assessment of bioactive compounds from natural sources. Some key areas of pharmacognosy include the isolation of phytochemicals, studying structure-activity relationships of compounds, obtaining drugs through partial synthesis of natural products, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating biosynthetic pathways. Developments in fields like microbiology, analytical chemistry, and related sciences have contributed to the growth of pharmacognosy as an applied science.
Pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are semisolid preparations for application to the skin. Pastes contain a high proportion of solids, making them stiff so they remain in place and absorb secretions. Plasters are adhesive masses spread on backing that provide prolonged contact or protection at the application site. Glycerogelatins are plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, and medication that are applied while melted and harden on the skin. Examples provided are Lassar's zinc paste and salicylic acid plasters for corns. Preparation methods include mixing or melting components.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical creams, including their definition, preparation methods, ingredients, and packaging. Creams are viscous emulsions for external use that can dissolve or suspend medicaments. They are classified as water-in-oil or oil-in-water depending on the emulsifying agent. Proper bases must be selected based on the intended use and stability of active ingredients. Creams are prepared through emulsification and incorporation processes and packaged in containers like jars or tubes with a typical discard date of 4 weeks.
The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient.
When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Pharmacy is the study and practice of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines. It involves the discovery, production, and safe use of medications. A pharmacist requires knowledge of drugs, their mechanisms, side effects, and interactions to properly prepare and dispense them. Pharmacy also involves regulatory affairs to ensure drug quality, safety, and efficacy. There are many career opportunities for pharmacists in industries like pharmaceuticals, hospitals, research, academia, and government services.
The document discusses compounding, which involves preparing customized medications on demand according to a physician's prescription. It covers regulations, ingredients, equipment, dosage forms, labeling, and record keeping for compounding. Compounding allows for preparations tailored to individual patient needs like pediatric doses, alternative formulations for sensitivities, and specialized doses.
Full detailed about pharmacy and Scope of pharmacy like Formulation and development, Manufacturing, Packaging, Pharmaceutical marketing, Drug inspector, research and development, Academic area and work of drug analyst.
Ethics is concerned with right and wrong conduct and applies to pharmacy practice. The principles of ethics that guide pharmacists are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. Pharmacists must maintain patient health, employ professional competence, respect patient rights and confidentiality, enhance service, and not breach codes of conduct. Pharmacy involves preparing, dispensing, and counseling on medicines to promote their safe use while linking patients and healthcare professionals. Ethics in pharmacy helps maintain patient-pharmacist relationships based on care, autonomy, honesty, competence, and seeks justice and benefits for individuals and society.
Pharmacy education in India began in the late 19th century and was formally regulated starting in 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. The Act established the minimum educational qualification of a diploma in pharmacy to practice. Currently pharmacy education is regulated by the Pharmacy Council of India and the All India Council for Technical Education. While thousands of pharmacists graduate each year, there is no mandatory accreditation for most pharmacy programs and no regulatory body for clinical pharmacy practice.
Ancient man learned to cure illnesses from nature, using crude methods like leaves, water, or mud that sometimes evolved into modern treatments. Early Indian medicine relied on plant, animal, and mineral drugs without standardization, often kept secret in families. Buddha and others in ancient India like Sushruta and Jivaka practiced early forms of medicine and surgery, contributing to fields like anatomy, anesthesia, and massage therapy. Monks helped preserve early medical knowledge and gathered herbs to treat the sick. The development of early pharmacies and standardized pharmacopoeias in places like Baghdad, Italy, and England helped professionalize the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
The document discusses emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more liquids that do not normally mix. It defines the key types of emulsions as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and multiple emulsions. It also explains the differences between O/W and W/O emulsions and describes detection tests that can identify the emulsion type. Finally, it provides examples of common emulsifying agents like lecithin, soap, and gum and discusses their properties and uses in emulsions.
The document discusses the various roles of pharmacists in healthcare, including working in community pharmacies, hospitals, academia, research and development, herbal medicine, industrial pharmacy, and regulatory and government roles. Pharmacists are involved in all aspects of medication from cultivation and extraction of plants to clinical drug development, dispensing and counseling patients, and ensuring safe and effective use of drugs. The field of pharmacy covers a wide range of specializations and responsibilities in improving public health.
This document provides a summary of 24 paintings from a book titled "Great Moments in Pharmacy" that depict important events and figures in the history of pharmacy. The summaries highlight early developments such as pharmacy practices in ancient Babylonia, China, and Egypt. They also discuss influential pharmacists and chemists from different eras who made important discoveries and advances, including Avicenna, Scheele, Sertürner, and Pelletier and Caventou. The paintings illustrate how pharmacy has evolved from its earliest roots to becoming an established profession throughout history.
This document provides a summary of 25 key moments in the history of pharmacy from ancient times to the 19th century AD. It describes how pharmacy began with early humans using plants for medicine, was established as a profession in ancient Babylonia and China, and was further developed in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. It then discusses the contributions of early Islamic scholars and the establishment of pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. Finally, it outlines some important developments in pharmacy in North America including the first pharmacy in colonial America and the founding of professional pharmacy organizations in the 18th-19th centuries.
Interpretation Of Prescription or Medication order.Abubakar Fago
This document defines common abbreviations used in medication orders and prescriptions. It provides the meaning of abbreviations for things like dosage frequency (b.i.d., t.i.d.), routes of administration (p.o., I.M., I.V.), parts of a prescription, and practice exercises interpreting medication orders using these abbreviations. It aims to help with properly interpreting prescriptions and medication orders.
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
This document provides a historical overview of the development of the pharmacy profession. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek and Roman mythology associated with gods of medicine like Asclepius and Hygieia. Key figures that advanced pharmacy include Claudius Galen in the 2nd century who performed animal dissections and compiled early pharmaceutical works. In the 12th century, Frederick II recognized pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. The first US Pharmacopoeia was published in 1820 and the first pharmacy school was established in Philadelphia that same year. Important organizations to the development of modern pharmacy include the American Pharmacy Association, established in 1852 by William Proctor, considered the Father of Modern Pharmacy.
The history of pharmacy began with early civilizations gathering and consuming medicinal plants. During antiquity, pharmacy evolved with the establishment of organized communities along major rivers where the basic concepts of disease treatment emerged. In the Middle Ages, the practice of pharmacy shifted with the rise of Christianity and decline of ancient Greek and Roman influences. The Renaissance and early modern period saw major developments in pharmacy with the isolation of active compounds, establishment of early pharmacopoeias. The 17th-18th centuries involved further integration of chemistry and standardization of medicines. Professionalization of pharmacy grew through the 19th century with the establishment of pharmaceutical education and regulation of the field.
This document provides a summary of the history of pharmacy from ancient times to the present. It describes four major eras: the Ancient Era from early times to 1600 AD, the Empiric Era from 1600 to 1940, the Industrialization Era from 1940 to 1970, and the Patient Care Era from 1970 to the present. Key developments include the documentation of early remedies, the influences of Greek and Roman cultures, the rise of university education for pharmacists during the Renaissance, and increasingly specialized roles in recent eras due to advances in science, technology, and patient needs.
This document discusses micromeritics, which is the science of small particles. It describes particle size and distributions, and methods to determine particle size such as microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. It also addresses density and flow properties of powders, which are important for manufacturing tablets and capsules. Control of particle size is essential for drug release, absorption, stability of formulations, and dose uniformity.
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources. It involves the identification, characterization, cultivation, extraction, preparation, quality control, and assessment of bioactive compounds from natural sources. Some key areas of pharmacognosy include the isolation of phytochemicals, studying structure-activity relationships of compounds, obtaining drugs through partial synthesis of natural products, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating biosynthetic pathways. Developments in fields like microbiology, analytical chemistry, and related sciences have contributed to the growth of pharmacognosy as an applied science.
Pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are semisolid preparations for application to the skin. Pastes contain a high proportion of solids, making them stiff so they remain in place and absorb secretions. Plasters are adhesive masses spread on backing that provide prolonged contact or protection at the application site. Glycerogelatins are plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, and medication that are applied while melted and harden on the skin. Examples provided are Lassar's zinc paste and salicylic acid plasters for corns. Preparation methods include mixing or melting components.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical creams, including their definition, preparation methods, ingredients, and packaging. Creams are viscous emulsions for external use that can dissolve or suspend medicaments. They are classified as water-in-oil or oil-in-water depending on the emulsifying agent. Proper bases must be selected based on the intended use and stability of active ingredients. Creams are prepared through emulsification and incorporation processes and packaged in containers like jars or tubes with a typical discard date of 4 weeks.
The beginnings of pharmacy are ancient.
When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced.
In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies
Pharmacy is the study and practice of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines. It involves the discovery, production, and safe use of medications. A pharmacist requires knowledge of drugs, their mechanisms, side effects, and interactions to properly prepare and dispense them. Pharmacy also involves regulatory affairs to ensure drug quality, safety, and efficacy. There are many career opportunities for pharmacists in industries like pharmaceuticals, hospitals, research, academia, and government services.
The document discusses compounding, which involves preparing customized medications on demand according to a physician's prescription. It covers regulations, ingredients, equipment, dosage forms, labeling, and record keeping for compounding. Compounding allows for preparations tailored to individual patient needs like pediatric doses, alternative formulations for sensitivities, and specialized doses.
Full detailed about pharmacy and Scope of pharmacy like Formulation and development, Manufacturing, Packaging, Pharmaceutical marketing, Drug inspector, research and development, Academic area and work of drug analyst.
Ethics is concerned with right and wrong conduct and applies to pharmacy practice. The principles of ethics that guide pharmacists are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. Pharmacists must maintain patient health, employ professional competence, respect patient rights and confidentiality, enhance service, and not breach codes of conduct. Pharmacy involves preparing, dispensing, and counseling on medicines to promote their safe use while linking patients and healthcare professionals. Ethics in pharmacy helps maintain patient-pharmacist relationships based on care, autonomy, honesty, competence, and seeks justice and benefits for individuals and society.
Pharmacy education in India began in the late 19th century and was formally regulated starting in 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. The Act established the minimum educational qualification of a diploma in pharmacy to practice. Currently pharmacy education is regulated by the Pharmacy Council of India and the All India Council for Technical Education. While thousands of pharmacists graduate each year, there is no mandatory accreditation for most pharmacy programs and no regulatory body for clinical pharmacy practice.
Ancient man learned to cure illnesses from nature, using crude methods like leaves, water, or mud that sometimes evolved into modern treatments. Early Indian medicine relied on plant, animal, and mineral drugs without standardization, often kept secret in families. Buddha and others in ancient India like Sushruta and Jivaka practiced early forms of medicine and surgery, contributing to fields like anatomy, anesthesia, and massage therapy. Monks helped preserve early medical knowledge and gathered herbs to treat the sick. The development of early pharmacies and standardized pharmacopoeias in places like Baghdad, Italy, and England helped professionalize the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
The document discusses emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more liquids that do not normally mix. It defines the key types of emulsions as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and multiple emulsions. It also explains the differences between O/W and W/O emulsions and describes detection tests that can identify the emulsion type. Finally, it provides examples of common emulsifying agents like lecithin, soap, and gum and discusses their properties and uses in emulsions.
The document discusses the various roles of pharmacists in healthcare, including working in community pharmacies, hospitals, academia, research and development, herbal medicine, industrial pharmacy, and regulatory and government roles. Pharmacists are involved in all aspects of medication from cultivation and extraction of plants to clinical drug development, dispensing and counseling patients, and ensuring safe and effective use of drugs. The field of pharmacy covers a wide range of specializations and responsibilities in improving public health.
This document provides a summary of 24 paintings from a book titled "Great Moments in Pharmacy" that depict important events and figures in the history of pharmacy. The summaries highlight early developments such as pharmacy practices in ancient Babylonia, China, and Egypt. They also discuss influential pharmacists and chemists from different eras who made important discoveries and advances, including Avicenna, Scheele, Sertürner, and Pelletier and Caventou. The paintings illustrate how pharmacy has evolved from its earliest roots to becoming an established profession throughout history.
This document provides a summary of 25 key moments in the history of pharmacy from ancient times to the 19th century AD. It describes how pharmacy began with early humans using plants for medicine, was established as a profession in ancient Babylonia and China, and was further developed in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. It then discusses the contributions of early Islamic scholars and the establishment of pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. Finally, it outlines some important developments in pharmacy in North America including the first pharmacy in colonial America and the founding of professional pharmacy organizations in the 18th-19th centuries.
The history of pharmacy began with early humans using plants and natural substances to treat illnesses. During Greek civilization in the 7th century BC, Asklepios emerged as the god of healing. Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, emphasized the use of scientific knowledge over spiritual acts in pharmacy. Dioscorides was the first to study botany for its medicinal applications. The Muslim era saw further advances, including the establishment of the first pharmacy in Baghdad in 754 AD and the clear separation of physicians and pharmacists. In 1240 AD, pharmacy was formally separated from medicine in Europe by Frederick II. Key figures like Edward Jenner, who performed the first vaccination, and Friedrich Sertür
This document provides a summary of the history of pharmacy in 13 sentences. It describes pharmacy's origins in early human use of natural remedies, the earliest known records of pharmacy practice in ancient Babylonia where priest, pharmacist and physician roles were combined, and contributions from ancient China, Egypt, Greece and Rome. It discusses the development and separation of pharmacy and medicine in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Key figures that advanced pharmacy knowledge like Avicenna, Scheele and early North American pharmacists are also highlighted.
The document discusses the origin and history of pharmacy in India. It describes how ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, India and the Islamic golden age contributed to the development of pharmacy through individuals like Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides, Sushruta, Charaka, and Ibn Sina. It also summarizes the key Indian and international pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia and European Pharmacopoeia which provide drug standards.
The document provides a history of the profession of pharmacy from ancient times to modern day. It traces the origins of pharmacy to 9th century Baghdad, where the profession began to take shape. The roles of pharmacists and physicians later differentiated in the 19th century, with pharmacists focusing on compounding medicines and physicians on therapy. The document then outlines key developments in pharmacy through ancient Babylonia, China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Arabian period, and modern times. It discusses the evolution of pharmacy into a separate profession from medicine and some important terms used in pharmacy.
History of Pharmacy , Role of Muslim Scientists in Pharmacy . Hydrolysis expl...RabiyaTariq5
History of Pharmacy is explained in detail . How and when the vast era of pharmacy started and how Muslim scientists contributed in flourishing this vast field of medicine. After that i have discussed a small topic just for the sake of your knowledge i.e Hydrolysis
So let's get some knowledge to remember
The document provides a history of pharmacy from ancient times to modern day. It describes how pharmacy originated in ancient Mesopotamia in 2600 BC and evolved through various eras and civilizations. Key developments included the Papyrus Ebers documenting herbal medicines in 1500 BC, Dioscorides publishing the first pharmacopeia in 60 AD, the Arab world advancing pharmacy in the 8th century AD, and the establishment of the first pharmacy school in the US in the 19th century. The document traces how pharmacy professionalized and became regulated over time to ensure public health and safety.
The document provides a history of pharmacy from prehistoric times to the modern age. It discusses how prehistoric peoples used local plants and resources to treat wounds and disease. During the Middle Ages, the first pharmacies were established in Baghdad in 754 CE and advances were made in botany and chemistry. Major figures like Ibn Sina described hundreds of drug preparations. In the modern age, the religious order was fractured as faith in human reason and destiny emerged. Revolutions in the US and France altered the monarchical order paving the way for republics. The role of pharmacists evolved from dispensing medications to providing advice, information, and monitoring drug therapy.
Biography of medicinal plants A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri E...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Biography of medicinal plants A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of humanities and other time as part of the social sciences. It can also be seen as bridge between these two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both. Coming back to our world Pharmacology, which has rich history and enduring heritage. It is formed by lot of passionate personalities with grit to serve the mankind.
“It takes an endless amount of history to make even a little tradition”.
-Henry James
There are many stories of both success and failures which shaped our today’s world. Starting from the 18th century Aspirin to the current generation monoclonal antibodies each drug has their own version of stories. In this review I will introduce you to few prominent personalities like the indefatigable Domagk, a person who fought maladies with magic bullets, the Fleming’s story of serendipity, the interesting story of a struggling young orthopaedician’s quest towards invisible treasure and few other stories. we are lucky to have these great discoveries in our past which help the current generation of researchers to make conceptual advances.
Dr. Ranjan, Junior resident, JIPMER
The use of plants as medicine predates written human history. Ancient civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, Indians, and Chinese wrote extensively about medicinal plants in their cultures. During the Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries helped preserve ancient Greco-Roman and Arabic medical knowledge and focused on herbal remedies. The 15th-17th centuries saw the publication of many herbals or books describing medicinal plants in vernacular languages, making this knowledge more widely accessible. However, the emergence of chemical drugs and modern medicine in the second millennium began to diminish the role of plants in therapeutics.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSYHIRA AROOJ
Hira Arooj presented on the historical development of pharmacognosy. Some key points include:
- Pharmacognosy has its origins in ancient Greece and refers to the study of medicinal drugs from natural sources.
- Many early civilizations utilized medicinal plants and documented their uses, including Sumerians, Shen Nung in China, Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and texts like the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt.
- The field advanced through the contributions of figures like Galen, Avicenna, and documentation of herbal medicines in traditions like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine.
- Modern pharmacognosy applies techniques in fields like phytoc
This document provides a summary of the history of pharmacy from ancient times to the present. It describes four major eras: the Ancient Era from early times to 1600 AD, the Empiric Era from 1600 to 1940, the Industrialization Era from 1940 to 1970, and the Patient Care Era from 1970 to the present. Key developments include the documentation of early remedies, the influence of Greek and Roman cultures, the rise of university education for pharmacists during the Renaissance, and increasingly specialized roles in recent eras due to advances in science, technology, and patient needs.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of pharmacy. Some key points:
- Pharmacy has its origins in ancient civilizations where herbalists and healers developed early medicines and remedies. It evolved through Greek, Roman, Islamic and European traditions.
- Modern pharmacy emerged in the 19th century with the development of pharmaceutical sciences, standardized drug production, and pharmacy education in universities.
- The document then summarizes the history of pharmacy in the Philippines, from traditional herbal medicine practices, to its establishment as a university program at the University of Santo Tomas, and its further development under Spanish and American rule.
History, definition and scope of pharmacognosy.pptxIshanShah88
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs from natural sources. It originated from the Greek words for "drug" and "knowledge." Ancient civilizations like China, Egypt, and India had extensive knowledge of herbal medicines documented in texts. Modern pharmacognosy developed in the 19th-20th centuries with the isolation of active compounds from plants like penicillin. It now focuses on characterizing compounds from diverse natural sources and their potential as drug models or therapies.
history of pharmacy in nigeria for nigerians-200430142820.pdfoyepata
This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy practice was introduced to Nigeria in the late 19th century through European missionaries. The first pharmacy shop was opened in 1887 in Lagos.
- Early pharmacy training involved apprenticeships under physicians to learn dispensing. The first school of pharmacy was established in 1925 in Lagos to formalize training.
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- The profession has grown to include various practice settings like hospitals, retail pharmacies, manufacturing, research, teaching and more. Several important pione
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1. College of Pharmacy History
A History of Pharmacy
in Pictures
by Dr. (Pharm.) Oyepata Simeon Joseph
Taken and developed From the book:
"Great Moments in Pharmacy"
By George A. Bender
Paintings By Robert A. Thom
2. 1. Before the Dawn of History
From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud profession of Pharmacy. Its
development parallels that of man. Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and
beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application. By trial, he
learned which served him best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of others.
Though the cavemen's methods were crude, many of today's medicines spring from sources as
simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early man.
3. 2. Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia
Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the
earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era
(about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay
tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an
invocation to the gods. Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern
pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick.
4. 3. Pharmacy in Ancient China
Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.), emperor
who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He reputed to
have tested many of them on himself, and to have written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal,
recording 365 drugs. Still worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen
Nung conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought in from the fields, swamps,
and woods that are still recognized in Pharmacy today. In the background is the "Pa Kua," a
mathematical design symbolizing creation and life. Medicinal plants include podophyllum,
rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and, in the boy's hand, ma huang, or Ephedra.
5. 4. Days of the Papyrus Ebers
Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 B.C., best known and most important
pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs. Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two or more echelons:
gatherers and preparers of drugs, and "chiefs of fabrication," or head pharmacists. They are
thought to have worked in the "House of Life." In a setting such as this, the "Papyrus Ebers"
might have been dictated to a scribe by a head pharmacist as he directed compounding
activities in the drug room.
6. 5. Theophrastus - Father of Botany
Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural
scientists, is called the "father of botany." His observations and writings dealing with the
medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate, even in the light of present
knowledge. He lectured to groups of students who walked about with him, learning of nature by
observing her treasurers at firsthand. In his hands he holds a branch of belladonna. Behind
him are pomegranate blooms, senna, and manuscript scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with
colored beeswax, served the students as "slates." Writing was cut into the surface with a
stylus.
7. 6. The Royal Toxicologist - Mithridates VI
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.), though he battled Rome for a lifetime, found time
to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting
poisoning, subjects of intensive study. Unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his prisoners as
"guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. Behind him are rhizotomists, offering fresh,
flowering aconite, ginger, and gentian. At lower right is a crater - a two-piece forerunner of the
champagne bucket. His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum," was popular
for over a thousand years.
8. 7. Terra Sigillata - An Early “Trademarked” Drug
Man learned early of the prestigious advantage of trademarks as a means of identification of
source and of gaining customers' confidence. One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a
mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island
of Lemnos before 500 B.C. One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in
the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries. Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of
proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by
priestesses, then sun-dried. The tablets were then widely distributed commercially.
9. 8. Dioscorides - A Scientist Looks at Drugs
In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time when the
observations of many men, or the intensive studies of one, transcend from the level of
trade or vocation to that of a science. Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed mightily
to such a transition in Pharmacy. In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides
accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world. He recorded what he observed,
promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use. His texts were
considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century.
10. 9. Galen - Experimenter in Drug Compounding
Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and revered among both the professions
of Pharmacy and Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost. Galen (130-200 A.D.)
practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and
compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is
associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals.
He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to that known today.
Many procedures Galen originated have their counterparts in today's modern compounding
laboratories.
11. 10. Damian and Cosmas - Pharmacy’s Patron Saints
Twinship of the health professions, Pharmacy and Medicine, is nowhere more strikingly
portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the physician. Twin brothers of
Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the
benefit of their knowledge to the sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cut short in the
year 303 by martyrdom. For centuries their tomb in the Syrian city of Cyprus was a shrine.
Churches were built in their honor in Rome and other cities. After canonization, they became
the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them.
12. 11. Monastic Pharmacy
During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were
preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries). These scientists are known to have
been taught in the cloisters as early as the seventh century. Manuscripts from many islands
were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in
the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens. These they prepared according to the art of the
apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Gardens such as these still may be found in
monasteries in many countries.
13. 12. The First Apothecary Shops
The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad late in the
eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. They preserved much of the Greco-Roman
wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections,
conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids. The apothecary is examining logs of
sandalwood offered by a traveling merchant, while children indulge their taste for sweets with
stalks of sugar cane. When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France,
they carried with them a new pattern of Pharmacy which western Europe soon assimilated.
14. 13. Avicenna - The “Persian Galen”
Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian
era was one genius who seems to stand for his time - the Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037
A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western world. Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and
diplomat, Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a favorite of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in
Arabic, often while secluded in the home of an apothecary friend. His pharmaceutical
teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century; and still are dominant
influences in the Orient.
15. 14. Separation of Pharmacy and Medicine
In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, public pharmacies began to appear in the 17th
century. However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and southern Italy,
Pharmacy was separated from Medicine. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of
Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds. At his
palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict
completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for
their professional practice.
16. 15. The First Official Pharacopeia
The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in
Florence. The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal
standard for the city-state in 1498. It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of
Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive
interprofessional relations. The professional groups received official advice and guidance from the
powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated, foreground) who, at the time, was the
political leader in Florence.
17. 16. The Society of Apothecaries of London
Trade in drugs and spices was lucrative in the Middle Ages. In the British Isles, it was
monopolized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries. After years of
effort, the apothecaries found allies among court physicians. King James I, flanked by two
"Beefeaters" wore heavily padded attire because of fear of stabbing. Upon persuasion by the
philosopher-politician, Francis Bacon, the King granted a charter in 1617 which formed a
separate company known as the "Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the
Apothecaries of the City of London" over vigorous protests of the grocers. This was the first
organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world.
18. 17. Louis Hébert, Apothecary to New France (Canada)
Young Parisian Apothecary Louis Hébert answered the call of the New World in 1605, when he
helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the Habitation, at Port
Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada). Hébert looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native
drug plants, and supervised the gardens. At the waterfront, he examined specimens of drug
plants offered by Micmac Indians. These included Arum, (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), Eupatorium
(Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal). When the Habitation was
destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian apothecary shop. The lure of
Canada was strong, however, and in 1617, he and the family returned with Champlain to
Quebec, where Hébert's "green thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer
in what is now Canada.
19. 18. The Governor who Healed the Sick
Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly those who were non-conformists in
religion" were attracted to the possibilities of the American Colonies. From Britain came John
Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston. Governor
Winthrop, unable to induce professionals to the Colony, sought advice from English
apothecaries and physicians, and added to his small store of imported drugs those derived from
plants native to New England. In his home (about 1640), he made available as best he could the
"art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens.
20. 19. The Marshall Apothecary
Christopher Marshall, an Irish immigrant, established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in
1729. During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store,
nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an
important supply depot during the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by granddaughter
Elizabeth, America's first woman pharmacist. Christopher earned the title of "The fighting
Quaker" during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, Jr., (shown as youths with
their father, about 1754) earned individual fame and carried on his fine traditions.
21. 20. First Hospital in Colonial America
Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751; the
first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752, temporarily set up in the Kinsey
house, which served until the first hospital building was completed. The ingenuity of Benjamin
Franklin was helpful in both. First Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his
successor, John Morgan, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), and whose
impact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become of importance
to the development of professional pharmacy in North America. First as pharmacist, later as
physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two
professions.
22. 21. Scheele - Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists
During his few short years, Carl Wilhelm Scheele gave to the world discoveries that have
brought its people incalculable advantages. Yet he never forgot that he was, first of all, a
pharmacist. Encouraged by enlightened preceptors, all of his discoveries were made in the
Swedish pharmacists in which he worked, as apprentice, as clerk, and finally as owner, in
Köping. He began in a corner of the stock room of Unicorn Apothecary in Gothenburg. With rare
genius, he made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric
acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin, and countless other organic compounds
that enter into today's daily life, industry, health, and comfort.
23. 22. Craigie - America’s First Apothecary General
First man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army was the
Bostonian apothecary, Andrew Craigie. First appointed commissary of medical stores by
Massachusetts' Committee of Safety, April 30, 1775, he was present at the Battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775, and probably assisted in taking care of the sick and wounded there in a
makeshift station back of the lines. When Congress reorganized the Medical Department of the
Army in 1777, Craigie became the first Apothecary General. He duties included procurement,
storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drug requirements. He also developed an early
wholesaling and manufacturing business.
24. 23. Sertürner - First of the Alkaloid Chemists
Swedish pharmacist Scheele paved the way for isolating organic plant acids; but it remained for a
young German apothecary, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner, to give the world opium's chief
narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic
substances: alkaloids. His first announcements challenged, Sertürner in 1816
conducted a new series of bold, startling experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck,
including a series of physiologic tests on himself and three young friends. Recognition and
fame followed. Relocating in an apothecary shop in Hameln, Sertürner continued organic
chemical experimentation and discovery throughout his life.
25. 24. Caventou, Pelletier and Quinne
Taking their cue from Sertürner's alkaloidal experiments, two French pharmacists, Messrs.
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaimé Caventou, isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in
1817; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica in 1818; then, in their laboratory in the back of a
Parisian apothecary shop, they tackled the problem that had baffled scientists for decades -
wresting the secrets of the Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria. In 1820
Caventou and Pelletier announced the methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine from
the cinchona barks; prepared pure salts, had them tested clinically, and set up manufacturing
facilities. Many other discoveries came from their pharmacy-laboratory; high honors were
accorded them.
26. 25. American Pharmacy Builds its Foundations
Faced with two major threats; deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and a discriminatory
classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty, the pharmacists of
Philadelphia held a tempestuous protest meeting in Carpenters' Hall, February 23, 1821. At a
second meeting, March 13, the pharmacists voted formation of: an association, which became
The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; a school of pharmacy; and a self-policing board. Sixty-
eight pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United
States; American Pharmacy's first educational institution, bearing the same name, opened
November 9.
27. 26. The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs
First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs was carried on by the United Society of Believers in
Christ's Second Appearing, commonly known as the Shakers. Begun about 1820, and
commercially important by 1830, the medicinal herb industry grew, hit its peak in the 1860's,
then waned at the close of the century. The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties;
dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to
pharmacists and physicians world-wide. Tons of solid and fluid extracts also were produced.
The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century.
28. 27. The American Pharmaceutical Association
Need for better intercommunication among pharmacists; standards for education and
apprenticeship; and quality control of imported drugs, led to calling of a convention of
representative pharmacists in the Hall of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, October 6 to 8,
1852. Under leadership of its first President, Daniel B. Smith, and first Secretary, William
Procter, Jr., the twenty delegates launched The American Pharmaceutical Association;
mapped its objectives; and opened membership to "All pharmaceutists and druggists" of good
character who subscribed to its Constitution and to its Code of Ethics. The Association
continues to serve Pharmacy today.
29. 28. European and American Pharmacy Meet
Over the years, no real discord has existed between representatives of European and
American Pharmacy so far as ethical and scientific aims are concerned. But when the groups met
for the first time, at the Second International Congress of Pharmacy in Paris, France,
August 21 to 24, 1867, there was a great divergence of opinion on the subject of compulsory
limitation of pharmacies. William Procter, Jr., leading the delegates of The American
Pharmaceutical Association, told the international body that "Public opinion is in America a
forceful agent of reform," and that, in his country, "there is not the slightest obstacle toward a
multiplication of drug stores save that a lack of success." His declaration vividly documented the
American Way of Pharmacy.
30. 29. The Father of American Pharmacy
Rarely has a titular distinction been so deserved. William Procter, Jr., graduated from The
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837; operated a retail pharmacy; served the College as
Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical
Association; served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its president; served 30
years on the U.S.P. Revision Committee; was for 22 years Editor of the American Journal of
Pharmacy. In 1869, though retired, Procter continued to edit the Journal in a small publication
office located beside the College's Tenth Street building. From retirement he returned to
P.C.P.'s chair of Pharmacy in1872; literally died "in the harness," in 1874.
31. 30. A Revolution in Pharmaceutical Education
When Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in
1868, critical attention was aroused because he abandoned the traditional requirement of
pregraduation apprenticeship. At the 1871 convention of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, he was denied credentials and ostracized. However, the Michigan course
pioneered other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic
sciences, and a program that demanded students' full-time attention. During the next thirty
years, Dr. Prescott had the satisfaction of seeing his once revolutionary innovations generally
adopted by pharmaceutical faculties.
32. 31. The Pharmacopeia Comes of Age
The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the work of the medical profession. It was the
first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's
acceptance. In 1877, the "U.S.P." was in danger of dissolution due to the lack of interest of the
medical profession. Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician, took the
problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention. Pharmacists
formed a "Committee on Revision" chairmanned by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by
pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. Squibb, their indefatigable
collaborator. The "U.S. Pharmacopoeia" surged to new importance.
33. 32. The Standardization of Pharmaceuticals
Despite the professional skill and integrity of 19th-century pharmacists, seldom did two
preparations of vegetable drugs have the same strength, even though prepared by identical
processes. Plant drugs varied widely in active alkaloidal and glucosidal content. The first
answer to this problem came when Parke, Davis & Company introduced standardized "Liquor
Ergotae Purificatus" in 1879. Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist, further
developed methods of alkaloidal assay. Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of his
work, and in 1883, announced a list of twenty standardized "normal liquids." Parke-Davis also
pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals.
34. 33. Wresting the Jungle’s Secrets
Expeditions in search of new medicinal plants probably are as old as Pharmacy. Scientific
adventurers, such as Henry Hurd Rusby (1855-1940), opened vast new horizons for the
advancement of Pharmacy and Medicine, late in the nineteenth century. Sent by Parke, Davis &
Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies of coca leaves, Dr. Rusby crossed the Andes and journeyed
down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hardships. He returned with 45,000 botanical
specimens. Among them were many new drug plants, including cocillana bark,
pharmaceutical preparations of which are still important to Medicine. Dr. Rusby later became Dean
of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University.
35. 34. Stanislas Limousin - Pharmacal Inventor
One of those men singularly gifted in combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and
with inventive genius was the french retail pharmacist, Stanislas Limousin (1831-1887). Among the
many devices which he introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine were the medicine dropper; the
system of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate); and wafer cachets (which found favor
prior to mass production of the gelatin capsule). His greatest contributions, however,
were the development and perfection of apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic
administration of oxygen; and invention of glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for
preservation of solutions for hypodermic use.
36. 35. The Era of Biologicals
When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin,
pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe and in the United States rushed to put the new
discovery into production. Parke, Davis & Company was among the pioneers. The serum
became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved. Inoculation of horses with
diphtheria toxin was the first step of many in producing antitoxin. In 1903, Parke-Davis received U.S.
Biological License No. 1. New, improved biological products have continued to become available,
climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.
37. 36. The Development of Chemotherapy
One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical compounds specifically
created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body was the French pharmacist, Ernest
Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872-1949), who for 30 years headed chemical laboratories in
the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris. His early work with bismuth and arsenic
compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis. He broke the German secret of a specific for
sleeping sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his
laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His
work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.
38. 37. Pharmaceutical Research
Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the development of Pharmacy through the
ages. However, it was the chemical synthesis of antipyrine in 1883 that gave impetus and
inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically useful compounds. Begun by the Germans,
who dominate the field until World War I, the lead in pharmaceutical research passed
thereafter to the United States. Research in Pharmacy came into its own in the late 1930's and
early 1940's; has grown steadily since, supported by pharmaceutical manufactures,
universities, and government. Today it used techniques and trained personnel from every
branch of science in the unending search for new life-saving and life-giving drug products.
39. 38. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Comes of Age
Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had its beginnings about
1600; really got under way in the middle 1700's. It developed first in Germany, then in England and
in France. In America, it was the child of wars - born in the Revolution; grew
rapidly during and following the Civil War; became independent of Europe during World War I;
came of age during and following World War II. Utilizing latest technical advances from every
branch of science, manufacturing Pharmacy economically develops and produces the latest and
greatest in drugs in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may prescribe them and
pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.
40. 39. The Era of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in 1877.
However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic era - a
new and dramatic departure in the production of disease-fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of
penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of
World War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to
penicillin; have reduced costs to 1/1000th the original. Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in
the '40's. Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of men's
microbial enemies.
41. 40. Pharmacy Today and Tomorrow
Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has come to be recognized as of
the great professions. Like Medicine, it has come through many revolutions, has learned many
things, has had to discard many of its older ways. Pharmacists are among the
community's finest educated people. When today's retail pharmacist fills a prescription written by a
physician, he provides a professional service incorporating the benefits of the work of
pharmacists in all branches of the profession - education, research, development, standards,
production, and distribution. Pharmacy's professional stature will continue to grow in the future as
this great heritage and tradition of service is passed on from preceptor to apprentice, from
teacher to student, from father to son.