History of Pharmacy is explained in detail . How and when the vast era of pharmacy started and how Muslim scientists contributed in flourishing this vast field of medicine. After that i have discussed a small topic just for the sake of your knowledge i.e Hydrolysis So let's get some knowledge to remember

2. HISTORY OF PHARMACY
ROLE OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS IN PHARMACY
HYDROLYSIS
PRESENTED BY :
RABIYA TARIQ
RABIA JABEEN
ROHINA AZAM
MYRAH RIAZ
DUR E SHAHWAR
AIMA QAMAR
PHARM-D (1ST SEMESTER )

3. ROLL OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS
Al-Kindi
Al-Razi
Al-Mamon
Al-
Maqdasi
Al-Biruni
Ibn-al-
baitar
Khalid-Bin-
yazid
Al-Zahrawi
Al-Tabari
Ibn Sina
Al-Kindi
Al-Razi
Al-Biruni

4. Al-Rāzī, in full Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī .Belong to IRAN. Arab Galen
AL-RAZI He is one of the most brilliant
middle-aged geniuses. He was a
Persian alchemist, chemist,
physician, physicist, philosopher,
scholar. In medicine, its
contribution is so significant that
it can only be compared to that of
Ibn Sina. He was also the first in
the Arab world to write a book
that was devoted to the general
public to find advice on treatment
if a doctor was unavailable. He
called it “Man la yahduruhu al-
tibb”
First introduced the term
PURGATIVES
Used alcohol as antiseptic for
the first time
Invented the use of Pestle and
Mortar

5. Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī
AL-TABARI
In 8th century Al-Tabari
wrote a book “FIRDOUS-
AL-HIKMA” in 850 .Thiis
book contain diseases ,
medicines and treatment
for diseases . It has 25
chapters on drug
properties. The book was
remarkably enriched
with Indian medical
texts by well-known
doctors Sushru and
Chanaky, directly
translated for this
purpose from Sanskrit to
Arabic.

6. Abu Al-Qasim-Zahrawi,Spain
AL-ZAHRAWI
He was a practitioner,
physician, pharmacist and
surgeon of Islamic Spain. He is
the author of a medical
encyclopaedia whose
translation of chapter 28,
“Liber servitoris”, was used as a
highly regarded medical
chemistry manual in Europe.
Used the method of
Sublimation and Distillation
for the first time

7. Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdllāh Ibn Aḥmad al-Mālaqī , Spain
Ibn al-BayTAr
Lived in Spain , The first
person which classified the
PLANTS . He was a famous
botanist, herbalist and
author of the most
prominent and most
popular books of medicine.
It contributes to pharmacy
by its book “Choice of
Ordinary Medicines”.

8. Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī, Khwarezm
AL-BIRUNI Biruni's most important work was a
major pharmacopoeia, the "Kitab al-
saydala fi al-tibb" (Book on the
Pharmacopoeia of Medicine) it is
called “THE BOOK OF MEDICINE”
describing essentially all the medicines
known in his time. It lists synonyms
for drug names in Syriac, Persian,
Greek, Baluchi, Afghan, Kurdi, and
some Indian language . He wrote a text
on pharmacy and materia medica “as-
Saydanah fil-tibb”. As mentioned
earlier, he gave the most definitive
definition of pharmacy, and a
statement on the duties of
pharmacology, arguing that knowledge
of how the drug work within the
organism is more important than mere
preparation.
He was Muslim astronomer,
mathematician, ethnographist,
anthropologist, historian, and
geographer.

9. Hunayn bin Ishaq
Hunayn bin Ishaq
In the West known as Johanitus,
is the most significant translator
of the first translating school in
Baghdad. He personally corrected
the translation of Dioskorides
Pharmacopeia, which is of crucial
importance to pharmacy. He also
wrote about 100 original books,
including the book on complex
drugs for ocular illnesses.

10. KHALID IBN YAZID
Developed 1st Islamic
library about medicines in
8th century

11. Al-Kindi. Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (ca. 800–870 CE) . Belong to IRAQ
AL-KINDI
In 873, developed
mathematical terms ,
scales for the
measurement of dosage
of drugs

12. Abu Muhammad Essam al-Maqdisi . Jordanian
AL-MAQDISI
Used
excipients for
the first time
for the
preparation of
dosage form

13. Abu al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Harun al-Rashid , Baghdad
Al-Ma'mun
In 8th Century a Licensing
system was established
Called “ Mamon-al-
Rashid”

14. History
Of
Pharmacy
Ancient Era
(From
Beginning to
1600AD)
Empiric Era
( 1600-1940)
Industrialization
Era
(1940-1970)
Patient Care Era
(1970-Present)

15. Ancient Era ( Beginning
of time to 1600 AD )
From beginnings as remote and
simple as these came the proud
profession of Pharmacy. Its
development parallels that of man.
Ancient man learned from instinct,
from observation of birds and
beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or
mud was his first soothing
application. By trial, he learned
which served him best. Eventually,
he applied his knowledge for the
benefit of others. Though the
cavemen's methods were crude,
many of today's medicines spring
from sources as simple and
elementary as those which were
within reach of early man. In 2600
BC clay tablets were used .

16. Days of the Papyrus
Ebers
Though Egyptian medicine dates
from about 2900 B.C., best
known and most important
pharmaceutical record is the
"Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a
collection of 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs . It is 1st
written record of pharmacy .

17. Georg Moritz Ebers, Author of #Papyrus Ebers
Georg Ebers

18. “The father of Medicine” was a philosopher, Physician and Pharmacist
HIPPOCRATES

19. AVICENNA - THE "PERSIAN GALEN”
IBN SINA
Among the brilliant contributors to the
sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine
during the Arabian era was one genius
who seems to stand for his time - the
Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037
A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western
world. Pharmacist, poet, physician,
philosopher and diplomat, Avicenna
was an intellectual giant, a favorite of
Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in
Arabic, often while secluded in the
home of an apothecary friend. His
pharmaceutical teachings were
accepted as authority in the West until
the 17th century; and still are dominant
influences in the Orient. He wrote a
book “ Adwaya-al-Qalbiya

20. Theophrastus – Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.),
among the greatest early Greek
philosophers and natural
scientists, is called the "father of
botany." His observations and
writings dealing with the
medical qualities and
peculiarities of herbs are
unusually accurate, even in the
light of present knowledge. He
lectured to groups of students
who walked about with him,
learning of nature by observing
her treasurers at firsthand

21. The Royal Toxicologist – Mithridates VI
Mithridates
Mithridates VI, King of
Pontus (about 100 B.C.),
though he battled Rome
for a lifetime, found time
to make not only the art
of poisoning, but also the
art of preventing and
counteracting poisoning,
subjects of intensive
study. Unhesitatingly, he
used himself as well as his
prisoners as "guinea pigs"
on which to test poisons
and antidotes.

22. The First Official
Pharmacopoeia
The idea of a pharmacopoeia with
official status, to be followed by all
apothecaries, originated in Florence.
The Nuovo Receptario, originally
written in Italian, was published and
became the legal standard for the
city-state in 1498. It was the result of
collaboration of the Guild of
Apothecaries and the Medical Society
- one of the earliest manifestations of
constructive interprofessional
relations. The professional groups
received official advice and guidance
from the powerful Dominican monk,
Savonarola, (seated, foreground)
who, at the time, was the political
leader in Florence.

23. The Empiric Era (1600-
1940 )
Pharmacopeias were used to
protect public health.
Roots, Bark, Herbs Flowers etc.
were used and controlled by the
government.
They questioned the toxicological
affects on the human body.
Created interest in testing of drugs
and how they affected the body

24. Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
In 1751 Benjamin Franklin
started the first hospital
The first hospital
pharmacist to work in
that hospital was
Jonathan Roberts.

25. WILLIAM PROCTOR:(The father of American Pharmacy)
William Procter Jr.
Spent most of his life to the
advancement of pharmacy.
He owned an apothecary
shop, teacher, editor and a
scientist.

26. Industrialization Era
(1940-1970)
More people needed drugs for
injuries and illnesses from the wars,
so mass production of medications
were made through industrial
machine.
Scientific research was also growing
in the industrial era. Investigations
into medicines and their effects were
studied.
Due to all the research many new
drugs and uses of old drugs were
being used which caused more
reactions and interactions with
medications. that is why the patient
care era is called that.

27. Patient Care Era (1970-
Present )
New problems – Complications
like allergic reactions, multiple
drug interactions with other
drugs and food.
Increased the therapeutic duties
of patient care in the pharmacies
and hospitals

28. HYDROLYSIS
“The Process of degradation in presence of water is termed as
hydrolysis”. Many drugs degrade in the presence of water . The
drugs that degrade in the presence of moisture are Amide ,
Ester , Lectin
TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS :
Ester hydrolysis
Amide hydrolysis
Ring hydrolysis

29. Ester hydrolysis
The drugs having ester group in them degrade inn the presence of
moisture
They yield carboxylic acid and alcohol upon hydrolysis
FOR EXAMPLE :
Aspirin,Tetracaine,Procain,Atropine

30. Amide hydrolysis
When amides are hydrolyzed in the presence of
dilute acids such as dilute hydrochloric acid .
The acids acts as the catalyst for the reaction
between the amine and water
FOR EXAMPLE :
Chloramphenicol , Barbiturates , Niacinamide ,
Ergometrine

31. RING hydrolysis:
Hydrolytic reactions in certain drugs proceed by ring cleavage
with subsequent attack by hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
FOR EXAMPLE:
Cephalosporin , Penicillin , Nitrazepam .

32. PROTECTION AGAINST HYDROLYSIS
The drugs that are hydrolyzed in the presence of
water must be manufactured in solid form and
packed in moisture free container
Sometimes desiccants' are placed in containers
Drugs must be stored at 2-8 Celsius temperature
In order to avoid the hydrolyses of procaine a
complex forming agent is added in the dosage form
Pro-drug can also be used to prevent hydrolysis