Evolution
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The document discusses early theories of catastrophism which believed species were unchanged and extinctions were caused by natural disasters. It also discusses uniformitarianism which proposed geological changes occurred gradually over long periods of time. Finally, it lists evidence that supported evolution including homologous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, DNA, and biogeography patterns that indicate common descent.
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The speed of evolutionary changes has greatly increased in the last 10,000 years. The huge increase in population plus the adaptation to new ecology conditions have resulted in strong pressure to produce genetic mutations: for example, to allow digestion of different food sources, to create resistance to unknown pathogens or to adapt skin to new environments. With this recent background, what type of variations can we expect that evolution will bring to humankind in the next 200,000 years? We can find different answers in the action of nature and the action of humans.
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The Theory of Evolution
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Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
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The document discusses the topic of creationism versus evolution and provides arguments against evolution and in favor of creationism. It references biblical passages and quotes from scientists to support the position that the earth is only thousands of years old according to the biblical account of creation, rather than billions of years old as proposed by evolution. It also questions evidence used to support evolution such as fossils, carbon dating, and theories of common descent.
Speciation 2
Speciation occurs through the process of evolution and natural selection, creating new species. It happens when a common group of organisms becomes reproductively isolated into two or more separate groups. There are three main mechanisms for reproductive isolation: geographical isolation caused by physical barriers; behavioral isolation through different mating rituals or signals; and temporal isolation where populations mate at different times. Speciation can happen gradually over long periods of time or rapidly within 10,000 years or less, which would be reflected differently in the fossil record.
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This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
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Slides describes the journey of great naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin and his research at Galapagos islands.Darwin visited Galapagos islands during 18th century on his famous voyage. The main aim of the voyage was to study zoology and different animal species in each continent.
While his stay at Galapagos Darwin observed species of Giant tortoises and the Finches( also called as Darwin Finches in honor of his work). He found that there was difference in the appearance in animals of the same species relative to their habitat. This research helped Darwin to deliver the famous Theory Of Evolution. Ecuador Government established Charles Darwin Research Center at Galapagos Islands in honor of his work.
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More info at
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Evolution
Evolution is defined as any change in the properties of populations that are inheritable from one generation to the next, ranging from slight changes in allele frequencies to major innovations like the development of complex organisms. Life began around 3-4 billion years ago as single-celled microbes. The first land plants appeared around 475 million years ago, followed by simple animals 600 million years ago and complex animals 550 million years ago. Natural selection is the process by which organisms better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, while artificial selection is selective breeding by humans to emphasize desired traits. The future of life on Earth depends on the availability of water, as water is essential for all known forms of life.
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Charles Darwin published evidence in 1859 that evolution occurs through natural selection. He observed that the plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands resembled those on the nearby coast of South America but were distinct species. Darwin proposed that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits and gradually changing populations over time through evolution. The fossil record and comparisons of anatomy and DNA provide evidence that all living things share common ancestry and have evolved from earlier life forms over billions of years. Examples of natural selection include the evolution of antibiotic resistant tuberculosis strains and Darwin's finches developing different beak sizes and shapes based on available food sources.
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Evolution is the process of change in heritable traits in a population over generations. All life on Earth shares a common ancestor from approximately 3.5-3.8 billion years ago. While evolution is a theory about how change happens, it is also an established scientific fact supported by evidence. The discovery of evolution involved early curiosity about human origins and years of research studying animals, which led to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Later work in genetics by Gregor Mendel in the 1800s and the modern synthesis in the early 1900s helped explain how evolution occurs through inherited traits and environmental pressures. Possible future human evolution may involve traits like darker skin and taller thinner bodies adapting to climate change, as well as artificial selection through genetic
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Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
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This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the origin of new species through evolution. The two main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated geographically, like squirrels separated by the Grand Canyon. Sympatric speciation can happen without geographic barriers through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out different speciation scenarios in short skits.
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Speciation 2
Speciation occurs through the process of evolution and natural selection, creating new species. It happens when a common group of organisms becomes reproductively isolated into two or more separate groups. There are three main mechanisms for reproductive isolation: geographical isolation caused by physical barriers; behavioral isolation through different mating rituals or signals; and temporal isolation where populations mate at different times. Speciation can happen gradually over long periods of time or rapidly within 10,000 years or less, which would be reflected differently in the fossil record.
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This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Lab and field assignment
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Creation evolution
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Conservation 4.1
The document discusses key concepts related to biodiversity including genetic diversity, species diversity, and habitat diversity. It defines biodiversity as the living diversity within an area. Genetic diversity refers to the genetic variation within a species. Species diversity is the variety of species in an area. Habitat diversity means the range of habitats or ecological niches. The document then discusses the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin, explaining how organisms adapt to their environments and reproductive isolation leads to speciation. Plate tectonics is mentioned as a factor influencing evolution and biodiversity by separating land masses and creating new habitats. Ecological succession and the impact of humans on biodiversity are also summarized.
Introducing Invasives
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Annual planning
This document outlines the annual plan for a 3rd year Biology class taught by Lic. Cintia Furmento in 2014. The plan includes expectations for student achievement, conceptual contents that will be covered in 3 units, procedural contents that involve researching, analyzing, comprehending, and expressing information in various formats. Assessment of students will examine their ability to relate topics, use specific vocabulary, apply theories to explain natural events, and demonstrate comprehension and consistency in oral and written work.
Annual planning
This document outlines the annual plan for an Ecology class taught by Lic. Cintia Furmento. The plan includes expectations for student achievement such as acquiring vocabulary, understanding texts, producing oral and written work, and analyzing how human actions impact the Earth. It is divided into three units that will cover natural resources and energy, biodiversity, and sustainable development. Students will learn about renewable and nonrenewable resources, types of energy, threats to biodiversity like habitat destruction and invasive species, and examples of sustainable practices like organic family gardening. Assessment will focus on students' ability to relate topics, use technical vocabulary, and demonstrate comprehension through oral and written work.
Annual planning
This document outlines the annual planning for a 2nd year Biology class taught by Lic. Cintia Furmento in 2014. It includes expectations for student achievement in acquiring vocabulary, understanding texts, producing oral and written work, and relating course contents. The conceptual contents will focus on evolution, the origin of life, the cell, and reproduction. Procedural contents involve researching information, reading comprehension, and oral and written expression. Examinations will assess relating topics, vocabulary, applying theories, expression abilities, and reading comprehension.
Annual planning
This annual planning document outlines expectations and contents for an Ecology class taught by Lic. Cintia Furmento in 2014. Students will be expected to acquire vocabulary, understand texts, produce oral and written work, and obtain and process different types of information. The conceptual contents will focus on three units - the water cycle and pollution, the composition and importance of air and pollution including the greenhouse effect, and the composition and recycling of soil. Procedural work will include researching different formats of information, reading comprehension, and oral and written expression. Exams will evaluate students' ability to relate topics, use of vocabulary, oral and written skills, participation, and reading comprehension.
The endocrine system
The endocrine system is a series of glands that secrete hormones, which are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream to target organs throughout the body. Hormones only affect their target organs, which have receptors that recognize specific hormones and carry out responses like hair growth or sexual maturity that last a long time.
Trimestral ecology 3 trimestre
Organic family gardening has environmental, health, and economic benefits. It involves growing plants without chemicals by using compost as fertilizer and protecting crops from extreme conditions. The project requires selecting a location and choosing vegetables to direct seed or transplant based on their needs, then watering and maintaining the soil to prevent depletion and make efficient use of space.
Sexual reproduction
The document discusses different types of sex cells and fertilization methods in species. It describes eggs as large, immobile and few in number, providing nutrients, while sperm are small, mobile and produced continuously in large numbers. External fertilization involves releasing sex cells into water, while internal increases chances of fertilization. The document also covers parenting strategies like monogamy, polygyny, polyandry and differences in offspring development methods between viviparous placental, marsupial, oviparous, ovoviviparous and ovuliparous species.
Cells
All organisms are made up of cells, which are the smallest functional and structural units. Eukaryotic cells contain DNA within a nucleus, as well as other organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from engulfed prokaryotes that developed into specialized organelles. Evidence for this includes cellular membranes and DNA being similar to prokaryotes. Multicellular organisms evolved as cells began to specialize and cooperate to allow organisms to grow larger while maintaining efficient nutrient exchange.
Exotic species
Exotic species are species living outside their native range that can be introduced either intentionally for economic reasons or accidentally through shipping or releases of pets. Not all introduced species will survive as they must compete with native species for food and habitat and be compatible with local ecological conditions. Those that do survive and reproduce can threaten native diversity by preying upon native species or altering habitats since they are freed from natural controls in their native range.
Biotechnology
This document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in forensics, agriculture, and genetic engineering. Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms, such as placing human genes in bacteria. The document also discusses applications of genetic engineering like creating pest-resistant and herbicide-resistant crops through biotechnology techniques.
Effects of human activities on ecosystems I
Intensification of agriculture through increased use of pesticides, fertilizers, and GM crops can have negative environmental and health consequences. Pesticides can kill beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, and other animals. They can also pollute land and waterways and have been linked to both short and long-term health problems in humans. Fertilizers can cause eutrophication that depletes oxygen in water and kills aquatic life. More sustainable agricultural practices such as organic farming and non-toxic pest control are needed to protect ecosystems, water, human health, and especially children.
Gattaca
The document contains questions about the 1997 film Gattaca. It asks about the difference between Vincent and Anton's conceptions, explains phrases used in the film, asks how Vincent became Jerome and the precautions he had to take while at Gattaca. It also defines "Valid" and "In-Valid" terms used in the society of the film and asks about the implications of genetic testing and classification shown in the movie. Finally, it asks the reader to research the Human Genome Project and consider how closely the society depicted aligns with current reality.
Gattaca
The document contains questions about the 1997 film Gattaca. It asks about the difference between the conceptions of the main characters Vincent and Anton, and asks the reader to explain several quotes from the film relating to genetic discrimination and eugenics. It also asks how Vincent became Jerome, the precautions Vincent had to take while living as Jerome, and the meanings of "Valid" and "Invalid" in the context of the film. Finally, it asks the reader's thoughts on classifying people based on their genes and to research the Human Genome Project.
Light stimulus 2
As people get older, the lens in their eyes becomes less elastic and loses its ability to quickly change shape to focus on objects at different distances, leading to difficulty refocusing. If too much light falls on the photoreceptors in the eye, they would not recover quickly enough to allow for clear vision. The iris helps control the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or expanding.
Light stimulus
Receptors receive stimuli from the environment and convert them into electrical impulses for the nervous system. They are classified by stimulus type and often work with other tissues in sense organs. More complex organisms have more advanced sensory receptors, from simple eyespots detecting light intensity in worms and planarians to compound eyes in insects and advanced 3D imaging systems in vertebrates.
Pre test
1) Black butterflies have an advantage in polluted environments where lichens are disappearing from tree branches due to air pollution, while white butterflies are better camouflaged against lichen-covered trees. Over time, natural selection will likely cause the population to consist mainly of black butterflies.
2) The document discusses butterfly coloration advantages, provides a phylogenetic tree to analyze evolutionary relationships, asks to identify statements representing theories of evolution/creationism, and asks to explain two evidences of evolution.
Natural selection tp
This document discusses key concepts of natural selection including how the environment influences which traits are selected for, how environmental change can impact species survival, why inherited not acquired traits are involved in natural selection, and the relationship between mutation and natural selection. It also provides an example of leaf insects that resemble plant branches and asks how Lamarck and Darwin would explain this adaptation.
Report
[DOCUMENT]
This paper examines how plants respond to light sources. The introduction provides background on phototropism and how plants sense and react to light. The hypothesis is that plants will grow towards a light source. The materials and methods section describes how the experiment was set up, including the use of a box with a light source and the routine monitoring of plant growth. The results section presents observations of how the plants oriented themselves over time. The conclusion discusses whether the results supported the hypothesis and potential other explanations for the findings.
Activity
This document contains questions about water and its importance. It asks why water is important for living beings, gives two examples of how water is important for human activities, asks which circle graph correctly shows fresh and salt water proportions on Earth, asks to complete a sentence about the continuous movement of water, asks about sources of fresh water, and asks to provide examples of where you might find water in different states under given photos.
Lesson review
1) Fossil evidence and similarities in DNA sequences provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
2) Archaeopteryx lithographica is considered a transitional form that shares characteristics with both birds and their reptilian predecessors.
3) DNA evidence from related species would likely show similarities, suggesting a shared common ancestor.
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Evolution
- 3. Species alive today were identical to those of the past. Evolution doesn´t happen. Creationism: each individual is created by God.
- 4. How can we explain these findings?
- 6. He proposed the idea of catastrophism. They belived that the Earth had 6000 years old: species could not have changed that much. Extintions were produced by natural disasters and were followed by repopulations because of divine creation.
- 7. He proposed the Uniformitarian idea. Earth´s features have been by same geological process that could be observed in the present acting gradually over an inmense period of time.
- 11. Homologus structures: traits that are similar in different species because the species share a common ancestror.
- 14. Embryology
- 15. DNA
- 16. Biogeography