Light stimulus
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Receptors receive stimuli from the environment and convert them into electrical impulses for the nervous system. They are classified by stimulus type and often work with other tissues in sense organs. More complex organisms have more advanced sensory receptors, from simple eyespots detecting light intensity in worms and planarians to compound eyes in insects and advanced 3D imaging systems in vertebrates.
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Light stimulus 2
As people get older, the lens in their eyes becomes less elastic and loses its ability to quickly change shape to focus on objects at different distances, leading to difficulty refocusing. If too much light falls on the photoreceptors in the eye, they would not recover quickly enough to allow for clear vision. The iris helps control the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or expanding.
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The document describes the major sensory systems and organs in animals. It discusses:
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2. The structures and functions of sensory organs like the eye, which contains photoreceptors like rods and cones to detect light, and the ear, with outer, middle and inner sections that detect sound.
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The sensory experience which brings into awareness objects in the environment through the act of seeing is referred to as vision or visual sensation.
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This annual planning document outlines expectations and contents for an Ecology class taught by Lic. Cintia Furmento in 2014. Students will be expected to acquire vocabulary, understand texts, produce oral and written work, and obtain and process different types of information. The conceptual contents will focus on three units - the water cycle and pollution, the composition and importance of air and pollution including the greenhouse effect, and the composition and recycling of soil. Procedural work will include researching different formats of information, reading comprehension, and oral and written expression. Exams will evaluate students' ability to relate topics, use of vocabulary, oral and written skills, participation, and reading comprehension.
The endocrine system
The endocrine system is a series of glands that secrete hormones, which are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream to target organs throughout the body. Hormones only affect their target organs, which have receptors that recognize specific hormones and carry out responses like hair growth or sexual maturity that last a long time.
Trimestral ecology 3 trimestre
Organic family gardening has environmental, health, and economic benefits. It involves growing plants without chemicals by using compost as fertilizer and protecting crops from extreme conditions. The project requires selecting a location and choosing vegetables to direct seed or transplant based on their needs, then watering and maintaining the soil to prevent depletion and make efficient use of space.
Sexual reproduction
The document discusses different types of sex cells and fertilization methods in species. It describes eggs as large, immobile and few in number, providing nutrients, while sperm are small, mobile and produced continuously in large numbers. External fertilization involves releasing sex cells into water, while internal increases chances of fertilization. The document also covers parenting strategies like monogamy, polygyny, polyandry and differences in offspring development methods between viviparous placental, marsupial, oviparous, ovoviviparous and ovuliparous species.
Cells
All organisms are made up of cells, which are the smallest functional and structural units. Eukaryotic cells contain DNA within a nucleus, as well as other organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from engulfed prokaryotes that developed into specialized organelles. Evidence for this includes cellular membranes and DNA being similar to prokaryotes. Multicellular organisms evolved as cells began to specialize and cooperate to allow organisms to grow larger while maintaining efficient nutrient exchange.
Exotic species
Exotic species are species living outside their native range that can be introduced either intentionally for economic reasons or accidentally through shipping or releases of pets. Not all introduced species will survive as they must compete with native species for food and habitat and be compatible with local ecological conditions. Those that do survive and reproduce can threaten native diversity by preying upon native species or altering habitats since they are freed from natural controls in their native range.
Biotechnology
This document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in forensics, agriculture, and genetic engineering. Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms, such as placing human genes in bacteria. The document also discusses applications of genetic engineering like creating pest-resistant and herbicide-resistant crops through biotechnology techniques.
Effects of human activities on ecosystems I
Intensification of agriculture through increased use of pesticides, fertilizers, and GM crops can have negative environmental and health consequences. Pesticides can kill beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, and other animals. They can also pollute land and waterways and have been linked to both short and long-term health problems in humans. Fertilizers can cause eutrophication that depletes oxygen in water and kills aquatic life. More sustainable agricultural practices such as organic farming and non-toxic pest control are needed to protect ecosystems, water, human health, and especially children.
Gattaca
The document contains questions about the 1997 film Gattaca. It asks about the difference between Vincent and Anton's conceptions, explains phrases used in the film, asks how Vincent became Jerome and the precautions he had to take while at Gattaca. It also defines "Valid" and "In-Valid" terms used in the society of the film and asks about the implications of genetic testing and classification shown in the movie. Finally, it asks the reader to research the Human Genome Project and consider how closely the society depicted aligns with current reality.
Gattaca
The document contains questions about the 1997 film Gattaca. It asks about the difference between the conceptions of the main characters Vincent and Anton, and asks the reader to explain several quotes from the film relating to genetic discrimination and eugenics. It also asks how Vincent became Jerome, the precautions Vincent had to take while living as Jerome, and the meanings of "Valid" and "Invalid" in the context of the film. Finally, it asks the reader's thoughts on classifying people based on their genes and to research the Human Genome Project.
Pre test
1) Black butterflies have an advantage in polluted environments where lichens are disappearing from tree branches due to air pollution, while white butterflies are better camouflaged against lichen-covered trees. Over time, natural selection will likely cause the population to consist mainly of black butterflies.
2) The document discusses butterfly coloration advantages, provides a phylogenetic tree to analyze evolutionary relationships, asks to identify statements representing theories of evolution/creationism, and asks to explain two evidences of evolution.
Natural selection tp
This document discusses key concepts of natural selection including how the environment influences which traits are selected for, how environmental change can impact species survival, why inherited not acquired traits are involved in natural selection, and the relationship between mutation and natural selection. It also provides an example of leaf insects that resemble plant branches and asks how Lamarck and Darwin would explain this adaptation.
Report
[DOCUMENT]
This paper examines how plants respond to light sources. The introduction provides background on phototropism and how plants sense and react to light. The hypothesis is that plants will grow towards a light source. The materials and methods section describes how the experiment was set up, including the use of a box with a light source and the routine monitoring of plant growth. The results section presents observations of how the plants oriented themselves over time. The conclusion discusses whether the results supported the hypothesis and potential other explanations for the findings.
Activity
This document contains questions about water and its importance. It asks why water is important for living beings, gives two examples of how water is important for human activities, asks which circle graph correctly shows fresh and salt water proportions on Earth, asks to complete a sentence about the continuous movement of water, asks about sources of fresh water, and asks to provide examples of where you might find water in different states under given photos.
Lesson review
1) Fossil evidence and similarities in DNA sequences provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
2) Archaeopteryx lithographica is considered a transitional form that shares characteristics with both birds and their reptilian predecessors.
3) DNA evidence from related species would likely show similarities, suggesting a shared common ancestor.
Answer the questions
This document contains 8 questions about plant and organism responses to stimuli. The questions ask about: 1) positive and negative tropisms using gravity as an example, 2) the difference between tropisms and nastic movements, 3) whether magnetotropism in organisms is a taxism, kinesis, tropism, or nastic movement, 4) where positive thigmotropism would be found, 5) why organisms can sense stimuli, 6) the difference between taxis and kinesis with an example, 7) that Dondiego de la noche opening its petals at night is an example of nyctinasty and why this occurs, and 8) whether bacteria can respond to stimuli and how.
Taxism, Tropism and Nastic movements
This document discusses different types of taxis and tropisms in organisms, including:
- Phototaxis - Movement toward or away from light
- Chemotaxis - Movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus
- Geotaxis - Movement affected by gravity
- Thermotaxis - Movement toward or away from heat
- Hydrotaxis - Movement toward or away from water
It also discusses different types of plant responses like tropisms such as phototropism (growth toward light) and thigmotropism (growth influenced by touch). Several YouTube video examples are linked to demonstrate these concepts visually.
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Light stimulus
- 1. A receptor receives information from the environment. They can be classified according to the type pf stimulus they respond to. Receptors are traducers: they convert the Energy of the stimulus into the kind of energy the nervous system can deal with (electrical impulses). Receptor type Responds to stimulus Example in humans Photoreceptor Light Rod cells in retina of eye Chemoreceptor Chemicals Taste buds Thermoreceptor Changes in temperature Thermoreceptors in skin Mechanoreceptor Mechanical changes Hair cells in ear.
- 3. Unicellular organisms and plants. Photoreceptor pigment inside the cell.
- 4. Worms
- 5. Planarian Light sensitive eyespots (ocelli) Only sense variations in light´s intensity. They can detect where the light is coming from.
- 6. Mollusks Discriminates simple shapes.
- 8. Receptors may need help in receiving the stimulus. They are often grouped together with other tissues to form a sense organ. The other tissues allow the receptor cells to work efficiently.
- 9. Simple eye Processes some images and detects shapes.
- 10. Insects Compound eyes: consists of numerous separate light- sensitive units (ommatidia). All these images generate an overall picture. Very useful in detecting movement.
- 11. Vertebrates
- 13. Laterally located eyes: the animal perceives a wide picture of its surroundings.
- 14. Frontally located eyes. 3D imaging allows better asessment of target´s position and field´s depth.
- 15. Find the function for the underlined structures: