This document discusses invasive species in Hawaii. It notes that endemic species in Hawaii evolved in isolation and exist nowhere else. Invasive species were introduced and threaten native species through predation, competition for resources, rapid reproduction, and transformation of landscapes. Hawaii has become known as the "Extinction Capital" of the United States due to loss of native species. Efforts aim to prevent, detect early, eradicate, and contain invasive species to protect Hawaii's biodiversity.
Geographical isolation leads to the evolution of reproductive isolation mechanisms like seasonal, habitat, and behavioral isolation that prevent interbreeding between populations. These prezygotic isolations accumulate over time and can lead to the evolution of postzygotic isolations like gamete mortality, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and hybrid inviability that further solidify reproductive barriers and allow populations to evolve into distinct species through the process of speciation. The document provides examples of various isolation mechanisms across plants and animals and discusses their role in evolution.
1. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and observed changes over time.
2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
1. Evolution occurs as populations of organisms adapt to their environments over generations through natural selection.
2. Variation within populations is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, providing variation for natural selection to act upon.
3. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that species change over time as individuals better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.
Edward Drinker Cope was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist who founded the school of Neo-Lamarckism. Neo-Lamarckism stresses the role of internal vital forces and the inheritance of acquired characteristics in evolution, believing that environmental changes cause conscious reactions in animals and that these modifications are passed to offspring through their germ cells. The theory focuses on the direct effects of environmental changes on organisms.
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
Evolution and the environment (summary of the AQA module)dhmcmillan
1. Animals and plants have developed various adaptations to survive in their environments, such as thick fur for cold climates or waxy leaves for dry areas.
2. Plants and animals compete for resources like food, water, and space and have adapted strategies like wide-spreading roots or fast growth to be successful competitors.
3. Offspring inherit genetic traits from their parents through sexual reproduction, which combines genes and introduces variety not found in asexual reproduction.
This topic is related with environmental science. It consists of definition, types, characteristic features with accurate examples and pictures. Differentiating definition between the two.
Geographical isolation leads to the evolution of reproductive isolation mechanisms like seasonal, habitat, and behavioral isolation that prevent interbreeding between populations. These prezygotic isolations accumulate over time and can lead to the evolution of postzygotic isolations like gamete mortality, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and hybrid inviability that further solidify reproductive barriers and allow populations to evolve into distinct species through the process of speciation. The document provides examples of various isolation mechanisms across plants and animals and discusses their role in evolution.
1. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and observed changes over time.
2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
1. Evolution occurs as populations of organisms adapt to their environments over generations through natural selection.
2. Variation within populations is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, providing variation for natural selection to act upon.
3. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that species change over time as individuals better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.
Edward Drinker Cope was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist who founded the school of Neo-Lamarckism. Neo-Lamarckism stresses the role of internal vital forces and the inheritance of acquired characteristics in evolution, believing that environmental changes cause conscious reactions in animals and that these modifications are passed to offspring through their germ cells. The theory focuses on the direct effects of environmental changes on organisms.
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
Evolution and the environment (summary of the AQA module)dhmcmillan
1. Animals and plants have developed various adaptations to survive in their environments, such as thick fur for cold climates or waxy leaves for dry areas.
2. Plants and animals compete for resources like food, water, and space and have adapted strategies like wide-spreading roots or fast growth to be successful competitors.
3. Offspring inherit genetic traits from their parents through sexual reproduction, which combines genes and introduces variety not found in asexual reproduction.
This topic is related with environmental science. It consists of definition, types, characteristic features with accurate examples and pictures. Differentiating definition between the two.
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay relatively the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation occurs when a physical barrier prevents contact between populations, allowing them to evolve independently and potentially speciate. Adaptive radiation is a type of divergent evolution where a species evolves to occupy different niches in an environment.
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Intraspecific variation refers to differences that occur within a species. Variation can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include differences in alleles that cause phenotypic variations like eye color. Environmental factors influence phenotypes as well, such as how temperature affects the fur color of Himalayan rabbits. Often variation is a combination of both genetic and environmental influences, such as how genetics and nutrition interact to determine a person's height. Genetic variation within and between populations can be measured to understand intraspecific variation.
The document discusses the process of speciation, which is the formation of new species. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other through various mechanisms, including behavioral isolation when mating songs or rituals differ, geographic isolation by physical barriers, and temporal isolation by reproducing at different times. Speciation of Galapagos finches in particular involved the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, genetic changes in the new population, and reproductive isolation through ecological competition.
This document discusses several key concepts related to biological diversity and biogeography:
1. It defines biological evolution as changes in inherited traits over generations and outlines some processes that lead to evolution like mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and geographic isolation of populations.
2. It discusses factors that influence biodiversity like habitat diversity, species diversity, and environmental conditions. Greater biodiversity is seen in areas with more physically diverse habitats, moderate disturbance, and small environmental variation.
3. It outlines biogeography patterns seen on different continents and islands, explaining how continental drift, isolation, and adaptation to new environments has led to divergent evolution and speciation over time.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
This document provides an overview of biological diversity and related topics. It defines biological diversity as the variety of life forms in an area, often expressed as the number of species or genetic types. Biogeography is described as the geographic distribution of species. The document discusses why people value biodiversity and lists some of the main reasons. It also outlines some key aspects of biological diversity including genetic diversity and habitat diversity. Additionally, it provides estimates for the total number of species on Earth and notes that the exact number is unknown. The document includes examples of species richness in Bangladesh and describes the main processes involved in biological evolution, focusing on mutation.
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809 who studied at Cambridge University. In 1831, he joined the HMS Beagle voyage around the world where he observed and collected plants and animals. Upon returning, he published On the Origin of Species in 1859 which introduced his theory of evolution by natural selection, whereby organisms gradually change over generations through the natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environment.
The document discusses the evolution of life on Earth from its origins to present day. It describes early theories on evolution from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who proposed that acquired traits could be inherited, and Charles Darwin, who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin's theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase chances of survival and reproduction.
15 darwin’s theory of evolution (version 2)guest1941ca
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he observed patterns of diversity among species in places like the Galapagos Islands. This led him to propose that life evolves over time through natural selection, where traits beneficial for survival are passed on while others die out. The document also outlines evidence that shaped Darwin's thinking, such as fossils, biogeography, and homologous and vestigial structures between organisms.
The document discusses Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It describes Darwin's life and voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he observed finches with different beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands. This led Darwin to hypothesize that all life shares a common ancestor but has adapted over generations through natural selection to different environments. The document then outlines several evolutionary theories of social change, including unilinear evolution, multilineal evolution, and universal evolution. It discusses key thinkers like Morgan, Tyler, Spencer, White, and Childe and their views on how societies evolve through various stages over time.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACEMariel Marjes
Population ecology is the study of how population sizes change over time and space due to interactions with the environment. A population is a group of the same species living in the same area that can interbreed. Population ranges and the spacing patterns of individuals within those ranges can change due to environmental factors. A metapopulation consists of distinct populations that interact by exchanging individuals, allowing species to persist even when suitable habitat is fragmented.
The document discusses theories of organic evolution, including Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin's theory proposes that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Lamarck's theory suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired in their lifetime to offspring, such as giraffes inheriting long necks from ancestors that stretched their necks to reach leaves. Modern understanding incorporates genetics and shows how random mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
Community ecology examines the interactions between populations of different species living in the same area. Species compete for limited resources but can coexist through mechanisms like resource partitioning, where species differentiate their use of resources to reduce competition. Disturbances can alter communities, initiating primary or secondary succession as the community reestablishes itself over time. Keystone species play an outsized role in community structure and ecosystem function.
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay relatively the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation occurs when a physical barrier prevents contact between populations, allowing them to evolve independently and potentially speciate. Adaptive radiation is a type of divergent evolution where a species evolves to occupy different niches in an environment.
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Intraspecific variation refers to differences that occur within a species. Variation can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include differences in alleles that cause phenotypic variations like eye color. Environmental factors influence phenotypes as well, such as how temperature affects the fur color of Himalayan rabbits. Often variation is a combination of both genetic and environmental influences, such as how genetics and nutrition interact to determine a person's height. Genetic variation within and between populations can be measured to understand intraspecific variation.
The document discusses the process of speciation, which is the formation of new species. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other through various mechanisms, including behavioral isolation when mating songs or rituals differ, geographic isolation by physical barriers, and temporal isolation by reproducing at different times. Speciation of Galapagos finches in particular involved the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, genetic changes in the new population, and reproductive isolation through ecological competition.
This document discusses several key concepts related to biological diversity and biogeography:
1. It defines biological evolution as changes in inherited traits over generations and outlines some processes that lead to evolution like mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and geographic isolation of populations.
2. It discusses factors that influence biodiversity like habitat diversity, species diversity, and environmental conditions. Greater biodiversity is seen in areas with more physically diverse habitats, moderate disturbance, and small environmental variation.
3. It outlines biogeography patterns seen on different continents and islands, explaining how continental drift, isolation, and adaptation to new environments has led to divergent evolution and speciation over time.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
This document provides an overview of biological diversity and related topics. It defines biological diversity as the variety of life forms in an area, often expressed as the number of species or genetic types. Biogeography is described as the geographic distribution of species. The document discusses why people value biodiversity and lists some of the main reasons. It also outlines some key aspects of biological diversity including genetic diversity and habitat diversity. Additionally, it provides estimates for the total number of species on Earth and notes that the exact number is unknown. The document includes examples of species richness in Bangladesh and describes the main processes involved in biological evolution, focusing on mutation.
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809 who studied at Cambridge University. In 1831, he joined the HMS Beagle voyage around the world where he observed and collected plants and animals. Upon returning, he published On the Origin of Species in 1859 which introduced his theory of evolution by natural selection, whereby organisms gradually change over generations through the natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environment.
The document discusses the evolution of life on Earth from its origins to present day. It describes early theories on evolution from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who proposed that acquired traits could be inherited, and Charles Darwin, who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin's theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase chances of survival and reproduction.
15 darwin’s theory of evolution (version 2)guest1941ca
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he observed patterns of diversity among species in places like the Galapagos Islands. This led him to propose that life evolves over time through natural selection, where traits beneficial for survival are passed on while others die out. The document also outlines evidence that shaped Darwin's thinking, such as fossils, biogeography, and homologous and vestigial structures between organisms.
The document discusses Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It describes Darwin's life and voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he observed finches with different beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands. This led Darwin to hypothesize that all life shares a common ancestor but has adapted over generations through natural selection to different environments. The document then outlines several evolutionary theories of social change, including unilinear evolution, multilineal evolution, and universal evolution. It discusses key thinkers like Morgan, Tyler, Spencer, White, and Childe and their views on how societies evolve through various stages over time.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACEMariel Marjes
Population ecology is the study of how population sizes change over time and space due to interactions with the environment. A population is a group of the same species living in the same area that can interbreed. Population ranges and the spacing patterns of individuals within those ranges can change due to environmental factors. A metapopulation consists of distinct populations that interact by exchanging individuals, allowing species to persist even when suitable habitat is fragmented.
The document discusses theories of organic evolution, including Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin's theory proposes that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Lamarck's theory suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired in their lifetime to offspring, such as giraffes inheriting long necks from ancestors that stretched their necks to reach leaves. Modern understanding incorporates genetics and shows how random mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
Community ecology examines the interactions between populations of different species living in the same area. Species compete for limited resources but can coexist through mechanisms like resource partitioning, where species differentiate their use of resources to reduce competition. Disturbances can alter communities, initiating primary or secondary succession as the community reestablishes itself over time. Keystone species play an outsized role in community structure and ecosystem function.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
{"49":"Unfortunately, miconia was detected around thirty years too late for eradication on Maui. Birds had already spread its seeds far beyond original plantings, into the rain forest. Unless discovered early, pests become too widespread and resource managers must settle for containment—keeping an established pest from spreading to new areas. Field crews now go out regularly to kill miconia plants. \n","38":"Hawaiian plants that had long ago lost their ancestors’ built-in defenses against mainland predators were extremely vulnerable. Many native species became rare, surviving only in steep gulches and cliff faces where hungry goats and cows could not reach them. Even there they faced competition from aggressive new weeds.\n","27":"Hawaii was uniquely suited to support evolution and adaptive radiation. Because of the Islands’ extreme isolation, species could evolve without repeated introductions of new genetic material. They also had many, diverse ecosystems to occupy. Because of this, scientists consider Hawai‘i an unparalleled showcase for the study of evolution.\n","16":"The Hawaiian Islands offered an assortment of terrains and climates with potential to nurture a particular colonizer, ranging from sunny beaches...\n","55":"Now, thanks to globalization, the modern development of a worldwide economy, complete isolation is impossible. Scores of new species currently arrive every year. Some will become pests; others won’t. Without human enterprise, most of these pests never would have found a way to these remote islands.\n","44":"...and establishing and enforcing rules against the import of new pests. \n","33":"Invasive species are non-native, or alien, species that directly prey upon or outcompete native species for resources. They tend to mature quickly and aggressively take over new areas. The Polynesian rat met these criteria dramatically. It preyed upon seeds, birds, and bird eggs, literally transforming landscapes and contributing to the extinction of numerous endemic Hawaiian species.\n","22":"In the Hawaiian forest, (I’iwi) birds with a genetic mutation for long, curved beaks were better able to reach the nectar of tubular flowers than those with short, straight beaks. \n","11":"Soft-skinned amphibians didn’t stand a chance of surviving this arduous journey. \n","50":"Helicopters spray herbicide on larger plants from the air before they produce seeds. Containment is expensive. Unless natural resource managers can employ another strategy, the grueling work of containing miconia and other invasive pests will be a perpetual, major expense for communities to bear. \n","39":"These rapid and dramatic changes to the natural environment of Hawai’i drove many of its native species to extinction. Many others are considered endangered: in immediate danger of becoming extinct. \n","28":"Against this backdrop, the first humans landed in the Islands about 1,000 years ago. The Polynesian voyagers traveled here in seagoing canoes, and brought plants and animals with them. \n","56":"Meanwhile, many native species continue a sad march towards extinction. Photo caption: On the island of Kaho’olawe, years of feral goat and cattle grazing destroyed the forest. The devastation was compounded by the military’s use of the island as a bombing target.\n","45":"Today, between twenty and thirty new species successfully colonize the Islands every year, originating from all points of the globe. While many of these newcomers are benign, causing no problems, some have become serious pests: invasive species capable of disrupting the natural, dynamic balance of native Hawaiian ecosystems. \n","34":"In 1778, when foreign ships starting calling on Hawai‘i, alien species began arriving en masse. Some species were brought intentionally; others came as stowaways. Some, like the canoe plants, did not cause much harm. Others jumped ship and immediately started wreaking havoc on the existing natural communities. \n","23":"On the summit of Haleakala, shrubs with silver, hairy leaves could best resist the intense sunlight. Photo caption: a young silversword. Its succulent, silver leaves protect it from the intense solar radiation and extreme temperatures at the summit.\n","12":"Reptiles and land mammals couldn’t make it either. As a result, Hawaii has many thousands of native insects but only two native mammals. Do you know what they are? One swims, the other flies. \n","1":"The Hawaiian archipelago is the most remote high island group on the planet. \n","51":"Other strategies do exist. From the time that miconia was discovered invading the Pacific Islands, scientists have been researching the feasibility of biological control: using natural predators from a pest’s native habitat to stop the spread and lesson the damaging effects of an aggressive invader. Researchers have identified both a fungus, butterfly larvae and a stem-boring weevil that attack miconia. Ideally, these and other biological controls will slow the plant’s unchecked growth, preventing it from dominating native Hawaiian forests.\n","40":"To prevent further losses, government agencies such as the State of Hawai‘i, National Park Service, and private organizations such as The Nature Conservancy, work hard to protect the precious environmental resources of Hawai‘i. \n","29":"The thirty-odd plant species are known as Polynesian introductions, or canoe plants. While not native, they have special cultural status; they were critical to the survival of the first Hawaiian people and continue to be culturally important. \n","18":"Mist-drenched rain forests\n","57":"Stewardship can help. While we can’t take Hawai’i back to the pristine landscape it was prior to human contact, we can decide how we want to affect its future. \n","46":"Miconia, a fast-growing tree native to Central and South America, is considered one of the worst invasive species currently invading Hawaiian rain forests. A serious pest in Tahiti, miconia aggressively spread through the native forest there, driving fifty endemic Tahitian plant species to the verge of extinction.\n","35":"Diseases carried by mosquitoes further devastated the native forest bird population.\n","24":"To thrive in the Hawaiian environment, species slowly adopted new characteristics and jettisoned others. Since ancient Hawai'i lacked most predatory mammals, defenses against them were no longer needed. As a result, raspberries lost their sharp thorns, mints lost their mint oil, and large ducks and geese lost the ability to fly. \nPhoto caption: Akala, the native raspberry, has vestigial thorns: stubs that easily break off.\n","13":"The Hawaiian monk seal\n","2":"Approximately 2,400 miles away from the nearest continent, the Hawaiian Islands arose as volcanoes from a hotspot on the ocean’s floor. \n","52":"Biological controls do not eliminate a pest, nor are they a quick fix. Scientists spend years carefully researching and testing a potential biological control agent before it is approved for release. They select species that will only attack the desired target. Photo Caption: Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture entomologist Darcy Oishi releases the biological control for the wiliwili gall wasp.\n","41":"Natural resource management projects include fencing areas to keep feral (wild) ungulates out...\n","30":"In general, these plants did not have a major impact on the native Hawaiian environment, as most of them did not readily disperse into the wild on their own.\n","19":"Even snow-capped mountains. Each of these ecosystems supports a unique community of living organisms. \nPhoto caption: Haleakala covered in snow.\n","8":"Birds flew and fish swam here, perhaps swept off course by storms. Seeds, spores, tiny snails, spiders, and insects were carried in the digestive tracks and muddy feet and feathers of birds.\n","47":"When miconia was discovered in an East Maui botanical garden in 1991, conservationists recognized the danger. Volunteers from many different agencies banded together to prevent it from spreading here. This led to the creation of the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC). Eventually, each county in the state of Hawai’i formed a team of people devoted to combating alien pests. \n","36":"Ungulates (hoofed animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats) caused considerable damage when set free. They ate native herbs, shrubs and trees...\n","25":"When a group of descendents becomes substantially different from its ancestor, it is considered a new species. These new species are endemic to Hawaii. They evolved here and are found nowhere else on earth.\n","14":"The Hawaiian hoary bat\n","3":"The newest Hawaiian island, Loihi, has yet to break the sea’s surface. After these islands emerged and cooled, how were they populated with plants and animals? \n","53":"Ultimately, protecting the Hawaiian Islands’ natural environment will require a combination of strategies. There is still much worth protecting. Hawaii still boasts the highest percentage of endemic land and marine species in the world. Considering its small landmass, the Hawaiian archipelago contributes disproportionately to global biodiversity, a collective term for all the unique species on the planet. \nPhoto caption: endemic bog plants at Pu’u Kukui, the highest point of the West Maui Mountains\n","42":"...replanting rare native plants...\n","31":"Neither did the animals the early Hawaiians brought; relatively tame dogs, chickens and Polynesian pigs stayed within the villages—with one exception.\n","20":"The environmental pressures and opportunities of their new home caused many of the Hawaiian archipelago’s first species to adapt and change. Over tens of thousands of years, some of the original pioneers’ descendents evolved into separate species, distinct from their ancestors. Evolution results from genetic changes occurring in populations over time. \n","9":"Some drifted here atop ocean debris.\n","48":"In the best possible scenario, invasive species are stopped at the border, before they reach Hawaiian soil. Prevention is the least expensive, most effective method for dealing with pest species. Early detection is the next best option. In relatively rare cases, when a species is discovered soon after its arrival, before it has had the opportunity to naturalize, it can be eradicated, or removed completely from an environment. \n","37":"...and tore up the forest’s blanket of mosses and ferns with their hooves, creating muddy wallows—perfect conditions for breeding mosquitoes. \n","26":"Some pioneer species evolved into not just one but many new species. This phenomenon, called adaptive radiation, happens when a species' descendants take advantage of multiple environments. For example, a Eurasian Rosefinch arrived in Hawai'i about 5 million years ago. Over many generations, its descendants developed different beak shapes to occupy a slightly different niche, or ecological role. Some had long, curved beaks for sucking nectar, others had short beaks for foraging for small seeds, and still others had thick, parrot-like beaks for prying grubs from dead wood. An estimated 52 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved from that single ancestral finch. \n","15":"Scientists estimate that a new species successfully established itself in the Hawaiian Islands once every few thousand years on average. After a plant, bird, or insect found its way here, it had to settle in, survive, and reproduce in order to establish a population. Photo caption: Hawaiian wolf spider with young on back.\n","4":"The first native Hawaiian species arrived here without the help of humans, via the three Ws.\n","54":"For many millions of years, life on these islands evolved in isolation. \n","43":"...controlling the most damaging invasive plants and animals...\n","32":"The Polynesian rat. If you don’t count humans, the rat was the first invasive species to reach Hawai‘i. \n","21":"How does evolution work? With each generation, accidental, genetic mutations confer a benefit to a species. The mutation allows the species to live longer and produce more offspring, who in turn display the mutation. Soon the “mutation” becomes the new norm.\n","10":"Some blew over in strong gusts of wind. \nPhoto caption: The ancestor of the Hawaiian Happy Face spider was likely caught by jet streams and carried here high up in the atmosphere.\n"}