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1) Black butterflies have an advantage in polluted environments where lichens are disappearing from tree branches due to air pollution, while white butterflies are better camouflaged against lichen-covered trees. Over time, natural selection will likely cause the population to consist mainly of black butterflies. 2) The document discusses butterfly coloration advantages, provides a phylogenetic tree to analyze evolutionary relationships, asks to identify statements representing theories of evolution/creationism, and asks to explain two evidences of evolution.
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BIOL 143Exam 3 (ch13, 18, 28)Chapter 131) Natural select.docx
BIOL 143
Exam 3 (ch13, 18, 28)
Chapter 13
1) Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A) the evolution of a population of organisms
B) a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution
C) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits
2) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?
A) bird fossils at the top of mountains in Argentina
B) dinosaur bones in the Amazon basin
C) marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains
D) impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain
3) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?
A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia
B) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats
C) molecular sequences
D) bones of extinct whales
4) The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.
A) 3.5 billion
B) 6,000
C) 4.0 million
D) 1.0 billion
5) Homology is evidence of ______.
A) biogeography
B) convergent evolution
C) natural selection
D) common ancestry
6) Which of the following is a population?
A) the termites infesting your house along with the microorganisms living in their guts
B) all of the termites that have ever lived
C) all organisms living in your house
D) the termites infesting your house
7) Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?
A) freckles
B) an extra finger
C) human height
D) ABO blood type
8) Genetic drift is the result of ______.
A) natural selection
B) chance
C) a large gene pool
D) environmental variation
9) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.
A) migration
B) sexual recombination
C) mutation
D) natural selection
10) What does evolutionary fitness measure?
A) physical health
B) longevity
C) relative reproductive success
D) population size
11) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
12) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
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13) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?
A) directional selection
B) mutation
C) stabilizing ...
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1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature that you want to conserve for
future generations. If there are only 25 surviving pandas in your care:
a) How much heterozygosity will be lost in the next generation? (Hint: use the formula given
in lecture).
b) What might the long-term consequences be of this loss of genetic diversity, and why?
c) What if anything can you do to prevent this decrease in heterozygosity?
formula given: Hg+1 = Hg (1 - (1/2N)) where N = population size
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black rhino born in your zoo carries a new mutant allele that gives it 20% higher fitness than
normal (wild-type) rhinos. Since these animals are highly endangered in the wild, you consider
releasing this lucky mutant into a natural population in Africa, hopefully to increase the average
fitness of the surviving rhinos there. Would it make more sense to release this mutant, and the
new allele it carries, into a population of 20 rhinos, or a population of 1,000 rhinos – in which
population would the mutant allele likely do the most good? Explain your reasoning.
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examples include miniature hippos and rhinos, or gigantic birds, lizards and tortoises. (A) Give
two reasons islands are likely to be strongly affected by genetic drift, and why this might lead to
extreme modifications. (B) Explain why natural selection might change the organisms on an
island from the ancestral mainland forms.
[note: this question is basically asking you to think critically about the differences between
selection and drift, and to recognize the ways each can affect a population that colonizes a new
environment like an empty island.]
Solution
a) Calculation of Heterozygosity lost in the next generation need heterozygosity or allele freq in
parent generation.
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under any selection pressure.
c).Random mating between the individuals can be done to prevent the decrease in
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Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Biodiversity and conservation.pptx
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Life Scientists generally agree that biological diversity is of cruc.pdf
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arguments about the value of biodiversity.
Let’s begin with some essential definitions:
Biodiversity: The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants belonging
to the same species through arrays of species to arrays of genera, families, and still higher
taxonomic levels; includes the variety of ecosystems which compose both the communities of
organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they live1.
Extinction: The termination of any lineage of organisms, from subspecies to species, and higher
taxonomic categories from genera to phyla. Extinction can be local, in which one or more
populations of a species or another unit vanish, but others survive elsewhere, or total (global), in
which all the populations vanish. When biologists speak of extinction without further
qualifications, they mean total extinction1.
Edwin O. Wilson is considered by many to be the father of biodiversity (Links to an external
site.). His book, The Diversity of Life (Links to an external site.) was first published in 1992.
The opening pages of The Diversity of Lifedescribe “three successive stages of denial” when
people are confronted with the evidence of extinction2.
A) The first is, “Why worry? Extinction is natural. Species have been dying out through more
than 3 billion years of history without permanent harm to the biosphere. Evolution has always
replaced extinct species with new ones.”
B) In the second stage of denial, people ask, “Why do we need so many species anyway? Why
care, especially since the vast majority are bugs, weeds and fungi?”
C) The third stage of denial usually emerges as, “Why rush to save all the species right now? We
have more important things to do. Why not keep live specimens in zoos and botanical gardens
and return them to the wild later?\"2
==============================================
Create a discussion with the result will be 1-2 paragraphs that strongly support the position,
including at least three for each letter( A, B, and C) citations. (Note: In this context, an argument
is an attempt to persuade someone by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.)
Solution
A) Extinction is natural and it is revealed through various fossil record. Apart form human
interventions various other natural disorders such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, flood,
cyclones etc have destroyed so many species.
B) So many species are required because it is ecologically important. Various functions are
required to be performed to maintain various cycles such as Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen etc. For
that variety of bugs, weeds and fungi are important at different tropical levels.
C) Specimens in zoos and botanical garden are returned to wild later to avoid extinction of
species to a certain level..
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BIOL 143Exam 3 (ch13, 18, 28)Chapter 131) Natural select.docx
BIOL 143
Exam 3 (ch13, 18, 28)
Chapter 13
1) Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A) the evolution of a population of organisms
B) a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution
C) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits
2) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?
A) bird fossils at the top of mountains in Argentina
B) dinosaur bones in the Amazon basin
C) marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains
D) impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain
3) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?
A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia
B) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats
C) molecular sequences
D) bones of extinct whales
4) The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.
A) 3.5 billion
B) 6,000
C) 4.0 million
D) 1.0 billion
5) Homology is evidence of ______.
A) biogeography
B) convergent evolution
C) natural selection
D) common ancestry
6) Which of the following is a population?
A) the termites infesting your house along with the microorganisms living in their guts
B) all of the termites that have ever lived
C) all organisms living in your house
D) the termites infesting your house
7) Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?
A) freckles
B) an extra finger
C) human height
D) ABO blood type
8) Genetic drift is the result of ______.
A) natural selection
B) chance
C) a large gene pool
D) environmental variation
9) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.
A) migration
B) sexual recombination
C) mutation
D) natural selection
10) What does evolutionary fitness measure?
A) physical health
B) longevity
C) relative reproductive success
D) population size
11) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
12) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
13) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?
A) directional selection
B) mutation
C) stabilizing ...
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This document contains 50 multiple choice questions related to ecology and environmental science. The questions cover a wide range of topics including biotic and abiotic factors, food webs and energy transfer between trophic levels, population dynamics, ecosystem structure and interactions, and species adaptations. Correct answers are provided for each question to test understanding of key concepts.
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Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits. In a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local levels
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1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature that you want to conserve for
future generations. If there are only 25 surviving pandas in your care:
a) How much heterozygosity will be lost in the next generation? (Hint: use the formula given
in lecture).
b) What might the long-term consequences be of this loss of genetic diversity, and why?
c) What if anything can you do to prevent this decrease in heterozygosity?
formula given: Hg+1 = Hg (1 - (1/2N)) where N = population size
2. You are a zookeeper (no, I checked; you are). One day, you discover that a baby endangered
black rhino born in your zoo carries a new mutant allele that gives it 20% higher fitness than
normal (wild-type) rhinos. Since these animals are highly endangered in the wild, you consider
releasing this lucky mutant into a natural population in Africa, hopefully to increase the average
fitness of the surviving rhinos there. Would it make more sense to release this mutant, and the
new allele it carries, into a population of 20 rhinos, or a population of 1,000 rhinos – in which
population would the mutant allele likely do the most good? Explain your reasoning.
3. Islands often show extremely modified organisms, compared to their mainland counterparts --
examples include miniature hippos and rhinos, or gigantic birds, lizards and tortoises. (A) Give
two reasons islands are likely to be strongly affected by genetic drift, and why this might lead to
extreme modifications. (B) Explain why natural selection might change the organisms on an
island from the ancestral mainland forms.
[note: this question is basically asking you to think critically about the differences between
selection and drift, and to recognize the ways each can affect a population that colonizes a new
environment like an empty island.]
Solution
a) Calculation of Heterozygosity lost in the next generation need heterozygosity or allele freq in
parent generation.
b). Loss of genetic diversity would lead to inbreeding depression and may lead to extinctions
under any selection pressure.
c).Random mating between the individuals can be done to prevent the decrease in
heterozygosity..
AFA REVIEWER D.pdf
This document contains a 50 question quiz about various topics in agriculture and ecology. The questions cover subjects like ecological succession, population dynamics, limiting factors, biomes, symbiotic relationships, ecosystem services, evolution, adaptations, agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and selective breeding. Students are asked to choose the best answer from several multiple choice options to demonstrate their understanding of fundamental concepts.
Biodiversityandconservation.pptx
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Biodiversity and conservation.pptx
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Life Scientists generally agree that biological diversity is of cruc.pdf
Life Scientists generally agree that biological diversity is of crucial importance. However, many
non-scientists do not consider biodiversity to be important. In this discussion, we will explore
arguments about the value of biodiversity.
Let’s begin with some essential definitions:
Biodiversity: The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants belonging
to the same species through arrays of species to arrays of genera, families, and still higher
taxonomic levels; includes the variety of ecosystems which compose both the communities of
organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they live1.
Extinction: The termination of any lineage of organisms, from subspecies to species, and higher
taxonomic categories from genera to phyla. Extinction can be local, in which one or more
populations of a species or another unit vanish, but others survive elsewhere, or total (global), in
which all the populations vanish. When biologists speak of extinction without further
qualifications, they mean total extinction1.
Edwin O. Wilson is considered by many to be the father of biodiversity (Links to an external
site.). His book, The Diversity of Life (Links to an external site.) was first published in 1992.
The opening pages of The Diversity of Lifedescribe “three successive stages of denial” when
people are confronted with the evidence of extinction2.
A) The first is, “Why worry? Extinction is natural. Species have been dying out through more
than 3 billion years of history without permanent harm to the biosphere. Evolution has always
replaced extinct species with new ones.”
B) In the second stage of denial, people ask, “Why do we need so many species anyway? Why
care, especially since the vast majority are bugs, weeds and fungi?”
C) The third stage of denial usually emerges as, “Why rush to save all the species right now? We
have more important things to do. Why not keep live specimens in zoos and botanical gardens
and return them to the wild later?\"2
==============================================
Create a discussion with the result will be 1-2 paragraphs that strongly support the position,
including at least three for each letter( A, B, and C) citations. (Note: In this context, an argument
is an attempt to persuade someone by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.)
Solution
A) Extinction is natural and it is revealed through various fossil record. Apart form human
interventions various other natural disorders such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, flood,
cyclones etc have destroyed so many species.
B) So many species are required because it is ecologically important. Various functions are
required to be performed to maintain various cycles such as Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen etc. For
that variety of bugs, weeds and fungi are important at different tropical levels.
C) Specimens in zoos and botanical garden are returned to wild later to avoid extinction of
species to a certain level..
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION.pptx
The theory of evolution, one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory, examines the way in which such changes unfold. Heredity describes the biological processes by which certain characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring.
Hand outs (population)quiz
This document contains a quiz on general ecology concepts. It includes identification questions about key ecologists and terms, multiple choice questions about topics like dispersal mechanisms and human impacts, an essay section requiring examples and explanations of metapopulation dynamics and geographic species distribution, and a bonus question about reporters' birthdays. The quiz covers population ecology, community interactions, spacing patterns, disturbance impacts, and dispersal across various scales from individual populations to global distributions.
B3 lesson part one
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on life on Earth. It will cover topics such as the variety of life, evolution, evidence of change, Charles Darwin's theories of evolution, the origins of species, inheritance, where life came from, human evolution, extinction, and human-caused extinction. The first lesson focuses on the variety of life and how all living things are different due to genetic variations.
Threats to Biodiversity
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
SCI 256 Final Exam 2015 version
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam 2015 version
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam 2015 version
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
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