The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end segregation and discrimination against African Americans. It involved various nonviolent protest strategies, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins at segregated restaurants, Freedom Rides to integrate buses, and the March on Washington. The movement helped bring about legal and social changes, including the end of segregation and greater protections for voting rights.
African american refugee student lesson civil rights presentationvirgilbruce55
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem, New York. It discusses how increased opportunities for African Americans led to the development of a black middle class and cultural center in Harlem. During this period, there was a surge in African American literature, art, music like jazz and blues. The Harlem Renaissance gave greater recognition and expression to the African American experience but faced decline in the 1930s during the Great Depression.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s. During this time, mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously for the first time. African American writers and artists used their works to promote civil rights and racial equality. The movement declined during the Great Depression of the 1930s as organizations shifted focus and many influential figures left Harlem. However, the Harlem Renaissance had a lasting impact and inspired future generations of African American writers.
The document discusses the Harlem Renaissance, which was a cultural movement in the 1920s-1930s centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It led to influential African American art, music, literature, and dance. Key factors that contributed to its rise included the Great Migration, in which many African Americans moved north to escape racial violence in the south, as well as their service in World War I. Harlem became an cultural epicenter as its affordable housing attracted many new residents. However, the Great Depression and 1935 Harlem riots ultimately led to the decline of the Renaissance a decade after it began.
The Harlem Renaissance was a blossoming of African American culture from 1918-1937, especially in literature, that sought to define black identity and heritage apart from stereotypes like minstrel shows. It was precipitated by the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities like Harlem, where new social and economic opportunities fostered racial pride. The Harlem Renaissance laid the groundwork for modern African American literature and influenced the Civil Rights movement. Important contributors included poets Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen and author Zora Neale Hurston.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that originated in Harlem, New York in the 1910s-1930s. During this period, nearly 175,000 African Americans migrated to Harlem as part of the Great Migration, bringing southern Black culture and ambitions to the neighborhood. Events like the end of slavery and World War I enabled new opportunities for Black Americans to pursue political, social, and economic equality through their intellectual and artistic works. The Harlem Renaissance saw a flourishing of Black talent in music, literature, art, and more, establishing a path for future Black cultural expression and social reforms.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period from 1910-1930 where many African Americans migrated north to cities like New York, Chicago, and Detroit, seeking better lives and opportunities free from racism and lack of economic prospects in the South. This migration led to a flowering of African American art, literature, music, and culture, especially centered in Harlem in New York City. Key figures like Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and W.E.B. Du Bois helped redefine understandings of African American culture and identity, celebrating black culture and experiences and urging pride, with impacts still felt today in the civil rights movement.
The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York. Artists created bold portraits reflecting African American life and jazz-inspired works. Popular dances like swing emerged and venues like the Savoy Ballroom and Cotton Club hosted musicians like Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, and Sarah Vaughn. Literature was a primary focus, with writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston gaining recognition. Their works explored African American roots and realities of discrimination. The Great Depression weakened supporting organizations and led to the decline of the Harlem Renaissance.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York from the 1920s to the 1930s. During this period, Harlem became the center of African American cultural, social, and political life. The Harlem Renaissance saw an explosion of African American art, literature, music, theater, and politics that celebrated African American life and promoted racial pride and equality. Some of the notable figures of this movement included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen in literature as well as jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.
African american refugee student lesson civil rights presentationvirgilbruce55
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem, New York. It discusses how increased opportunities for African Americans led to the development of a black middle class and cultural center in Harlem. During this period, there was a surge in African American literature, art, music like jazz and blues. The Harlem Renaissance gave greater recognition and expression to the African American experience but faced decline in the 1930s during the Great Depression.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s. During this time, mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously for the first time. African American writers and artists used their works to promote civil rights and racial equality. The movement declined during the Great Depression of the 1930s as organizations shifted focus and many influential figures left Harlem. However, the Harlem Renaissance had a lasting impact and inspired future generations of African American writers.
The document discusses the Harlem Renaissance, which was a cultural movement in the 1920s-1930s centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It led to influential African American art, music, literature, and dance. Key factors that contributed to its rise included the Great Migration, in which many African Americans moved north to escape racial violence in the south, as well as their service in World War I. Harlem became an cultural epicenter as its affordable housing attracted many new residents. However, the Great Depression and 1935 Harlem riots ultimately led to the decline of the Renaissance a decade after it began.
The Harlem Renaissance was a blossoming of African American culture from 1918-1937, especially in literature, that sought to define black identity and heritage apart from stereotypes like minstrel shows. It was precipitated by the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities like Harlem, where new social and economic opportunities fostered racial pride. The Harlem Renaissance laid the groundwork for modern African American literature and influenced the Civil Rights movement. Important contributors included poets Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen and author Zora Neale Hurston.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that originated in Harlem, New York in the 1910s-1930s. During this period, nearly 175,000 African Americans migrated to Harlem as part of the Great Migration, bringing southern Black culture and ambitions to the neighborhood. Events like the end of slavery and World War I enabled new opportunities for Black Americans to pursue political, social, and economic equality through their intellectual and artistic works. The Harlem Renaissance saw a flourishing of Black talent in music, literature, art, and more, establishing a path for future Black cultural expression and social reforms.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period from 1910-1930 where many African Americans migrated north to cities like New York, Chicago, and Detroit, seeking better lives and opportunities free from racism and lack of economic prospects in the South. This migration led to a flowering of African American art, literature, music, and culture, especially centered in Harlem in New York City. Key figures like Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and W.E.B. Du Bois helped redefine understandings of African American culture and identity, celebrating black culture and experiences and urging pride, with impacts still felt today in the civil rights movement.
The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York. Artists created bold portraits reflecting African American life and jazz-inspired works. Popular dances like swing emerged and venues like the Savoy Ballroom and Cotton Club hosted musicians like Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, and Sarah Vaughn. Literature was a primary focus, with writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston gaining recognition. Their works explored African American roots and realities of discrimination. The Great Depression weakened supporting organizations and led to the decline of the Harlem Renaissance.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York from the 1920s to the 1930s. During this period, Harlem became the center of African American cultural, social, and political life. The Harlem Renaissance saw an explosion of African American art, literature, music, theater, and politics that celebrated African American life and promoted racial pride and equality. Some of the notable figures of this movement included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen in literature as well as jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period in the 1920s and early 1930s when African American writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers flourished in Harlem, New York. Many African Americans migrated north during the Great Migration to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence in the south, finding work and community in Harlem. During this time, jazz music emerged as a new American art form and influential African American authors wrote about the black experience. The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of black cultural and intellectual life that had a significant impact on American culture overall.
During the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, jazz music and dance flourished within the African American community in Harlem, New York. Jazz originated in the early 20th century in the United States and had its roots in African dance traditions. Major performers like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong influenced the Harlem Renaissance with their performances in nightclubs like the Cotton Club. The Cotton Club featured only black entertainers but was segregated, allowing only white patrons. Jazz became a popular music genre during this time, reaching audiences of diverse races. Music and dance were highly celebrated during the Harlem Renaissance.
The Harlem Renaissance occurred between 1920-1934 as 2 million African Americans migrated north from the rural South to cities like New York and Chicago. Cheap housing led to a boom of black homeowners in Harlem, which became a cultural epicenter. Artists explored black identity, nationalism, and social injustice through literature, poetry, music, theater and art. Key figures included James Weldon Johnson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Langston Hughes.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s. It featured a flourishing of African American art, music, theater, and literature. Some of the most prominent figures included Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald in jazz music, Langston Hughes in poetry, and Zora Neale Hurston and Claude McKay in literature. The movement celebrated African American identity and promoted racial pride and cultural nationalism in response to the social injustices of the time.
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance period between World War I and the Great Depression when black artists and writers flourished. It discusses how the migration of African Americans to northern cities like Harlem led to a cultural flowering. Black intellectuals promoted showcasing black artistic achievements to help whites accept African Americans. Magazines featured writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. White patronage supported black arts but funding declined in the 1930s Great Depression. The document also introduces Zora Neale Hurston as an anthropologist and author who documented black folklore and culture through novels like Their Eyes Were Watching God.
The document provides information about the Harlem Renaissance period between World War I and the Great Depression when black artists and writers flourished. It discusses how Harlem became the epicenter of black culture during this time due to the large population of African Americans who migrated north for work opportunities. White intellectuals embraced black artists and their works that educated people about black heritage and culture. However, financial backing declined in the early 1930s due to the economic depression, bringing an end to the Renaissance. The document also introduces the poet Langston Hughes and author Zora Neale Hurston, discussing some of their notable works.
The Harlem Renaissance started in the 1920s as a cultural movement where African Americans embraced their heritage through various art forms including music and dance. Jazz and blues became popular music genres during this time performed by famous musicians like Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong. Dances like the Charleston and jitterbug also rose to prominence and were performed by influential figures such as Josephine Baker and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. The flourishing of African American music and dance in Harlem helped empower the community and influence wider American society.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the early 1900s where African American art, music, literature and dance flourished. It encouraged African Americans to embrace their heritage and transformed their identity and history. The Great Migration brought many African Americans north for better opportunities, developing an independent spirit in cities like New York and Chicago. During this time, organizations like the NAACP, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, promoted civil rights and fought for equality. The Harlem Renaissance helped fuel the later Civil Rights Movement by detailing harsh conditions in the North and promoting a desire for change.
The Harlem Renaissance began in Harlem, New York in the 1920s as many African Americans migrated there after economic hardships. Civil rights activists like James Weldon Johnson proposed that African Americans showcase their talents and intellect in art, literature, and music to overcome racial stereotypes and establish a unique black cultural identity. This led to the development of new artistic forms of black expression that combined African cultural influences and separated from white influences. Major figures like Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, and Billie Holiday emerged and helped establish Harlem as a center of black cultural and artistic achievement.
The Federal Music Project featured ethnic music groups to both celebrate ethnic cultures and promote assimilation into broader American culture. While ethnic music was highlighted, the programs were organized by the American government through the WPA and often performed in schools and hospitals, establishing American institutions as the prominent host. Critics questioned how committed New Deal programs like the WPA were to promoting American values, leading it to emphasize assimilation and the American way of life through English classes and portrayals of immigrant success stories.
American music, especially jazz, has had a significant global influence. Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and fusion musicians such as Yosuke Yamashita and Jeff Lorber helped spread American styles worldwide. This document discusses the history and impact of American music genres like jazz and pop overseas, particularly their incorporation into Asian music.
This article examines the rhythmic contribution of Caribbean music, particularly Cuban music, to the development of jazz. It discusses the cultural mixing in 19th century New Orleans from Spanish, French, English, Native American, Caribbean, and African influences. It provides evidence that rhythmic cells commonly associated with Cuban music, such as the son clave and tresillo, were integrated into early jazz. The article explores the historical context of Caribbean immigration to New Orleans, especially after the Haitian revolution, arguing this cultural exchange was influential on the formative period of jazz rhythm.
The document discusses the development of music networks in early 20th century America. It notes that high immigration rates from different cultures in the 19th century led to greater cultural interaction and blending, especially in cities where most immigrants settled. It describes how immigration from Ireland and Germany increased in the late 19th century. African musical traditions began integrating more with other cultures after the Civil War. Genres like spirituals, gospel, blues, ragtime, and jazz all developed from the blending of various musical influences, especially African music with European folk music traditions.
During the early 20th century, many African Americans migrated north in what was known as the Great Migration. This was partly due to seeking escape from oppression in the south as well as job opportunities from northern industrialization. This migration led to the rise of blues music and the Harlem Renaissance, where genres like jazz flourished. Major performers who influenced music during this time included Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, and artists who performed at the famous Cotton Club in Harlem. Rent parties also provided opportunities for musicians to perform and help tenants pay rent. The new forms of African American music helped change perceptions and gave greater respect and opportunities to the community during this period.
Through Native American music, one can understand their history and culture pre-colonization. Music served important spiritual and practical roles, and gender roles were reflected. During assimilation in the 1800s-1900s, some Natives blended styles while others resisted. Today, music expresses identity and past pain while raising awareness of issues. Artists like A Tribe Called Red preserve culture through modern genres. Overall, Native music sheds light on their distinct worldviews and ongoing contributions to American culture.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, where African American literature, art, and music flourished. This was sparked by the Great Migration, where many African Americans moved north for more opportunities. Jazz and blues music grew popular during this time through artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston also rose to prominence, exploring themes of urban African American life and identity through works like Hughes' poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers."
After World War II, pop-rock music emerged as a fusion of black rhythm and blues with white country music styles. Rock and roll developed in the 1950s, popularized by artists like Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, blending blues, country, and gospel influences. The 1960s saw the rise of new genres like soul, folk, psychedelic rock, and British invasion bands like The Beatles that influenced global popular music trends. While American styles slowly influenced Spain in this period, Spanish pop also developed with artists covering international hits and developing their own styles within the constraints of Franco's dictatorship.
Learning and communicating online: Assessment 2A Producing an online informational resource
Created by: Michael White, Katherine Hard, Howard Wu,
Linh Phan and Mohammed Khalil (Group 2).
The colonists achieved their goal of independence from Great Britain through several key events: the First Continental Congress organized militias in response to the crisis, the battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and the Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and declared that war with Britain was necessary. Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet "Common Sense" encouraged declaring independence, and the Declaration of Independence was finally signed on July 4, 1776.
Progressive era reformers in the early 20th century sought to address social problems through four main goals: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency. Reform efforts included regulating working conditions, limiting child labor, securing worker's compensation, and directly electing U.S. senators to make government more responsive to citizens. Journalists known as "muckrakers" also exposed corruption in big business to promote reform.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period in the 1920s and early 1930s when African American writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers flourished in Harlem, New York. Many African Americans migrated north during the Great Migration to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence in the south, finding work and community in Harlem. During this time, jazz music emerged as a new American art form and influential African American authors wrote about the black experience. The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of black cultural and intellectual life that had a significant impact on American culture overall.
During the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, jazz music and dance flourished within the African American community in Harlem, New York. Jazz originated in the early 20th century in the United States and had its roots in African dance traditions. Major performers like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong influenced the Harlem Renaissance with their performances in nightclubs like the Cotton Club. The Cotton Club featured only black entertainers but was segregated, allowing only white patrons. Jazz became a popular music genre during this time, reaching audiences of diverse races. Music and dance were highly celebrated during the Harlem Renaissance.
The Harlem Renaissance occurred between 1920-1934 as 2 million African Americans migrated north from the rural South to cities like New York and Chicago. Cheap housing led to a boom of black homeowners in Harlem, which became a cultural epicenter. Artists explored black identity, nationalism, and social injustice through literature, poetry, music, theater and art. Key figures included James Weldon Johnson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Langston Hughes.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s. It featured a flourishing of African American art, music, theater, and literature. Some of the most prominent figures included Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald in jazz music, Langston Hughes in poetry, and Zora Neale Hurston and Claude McKay in literature. The movement celebrated African American identity and promoted racial pride and cultural nationalism in response to the social injustices of the time.
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance period between World War I and the Great Depression when black artists and writers flourished. It discusses how the migration of African Americans to northern cities like Harlem led to a cultural flowering. Black intellectuals promoted showcasing black artistic achievements to help whites accept African Americans. Magazines featured writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. White patronage supported black arts but funding declined in the 1930s Great Depression. The document also introduces Zora Neale Hurston as an anthropologist and author who documented black folklore and culture through novels like Their Eyes Were Watching God.
The document provides information about the Harlem Renaissance period between World War I and the Great Depression when black artists and writers flourished. It discusses how Harlem became the epicenter of black culture during this time due to the large population of African Americans who migrated north for work opportunities. White intellectuals embraced black artists and their works that educated people about black heritage and culture. However, financial backing declined in the early 1930s due to the economic depression, bringing an end to the Renaissance. The document also introduces the poet Langston Hughes and author Zora Neale Hurston, discussing some of their notable works.
The Harlem Renaissance started in the 1920s as a cultural movement where African Americans embraced their heritage through various art forms including music and dance. Jazz and blues became popular music genres during this time performed by famous musicians like Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong. Dances like the Charleston and jitterbug also rose to prominence and were performed by influential figures such as Josephine Baker and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. The flourishing of African American music and dance in Harlem helped empower the community and influence wider American society.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the early 1900s where African American art, music, literature and dance flourished. It encouraged African Americans to embrace their heritage and transformed their identity and history. The Great Migration brought many African Americans north for better opportunities, developing an independent spirit in cities like New York and Chicago. During this time, organizations like the NAACP, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, promoted civil rights and fought for equality. The Harlem Renaissance helped fuel the later Civil Rights Movement by detailing harsh conditions in the North and promoting a desire for change.
The Harlem Renaissance began in Harlem, New York in the 1920s as many African Americans migrated there after economic hardships. Civil rights activists like James Weldon Johnson proposed that African Americans showcase their talents and intellect in art, literature, and music to overcome racial stereotypes and establish a unique black cultural identity. This led to the development of new artistic forms of black expression that combined African cultural influences and separated from white influences. Major figures like Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, and Billie Holiday emerged and helped establish Harlem as a center of black cultural and artistic achievement.
The Federal Music Project featured ethnic music groups to both celebrate ethnic cultures and promote assimilation into broader American culture. While ethnic music was highlighted, the programs were organized by the American government through the WPA and often performed in schools and hospitals, establishing American institutions as the prominent host. Critics questioned how committed New Deal programs like the WPA were to promoting American values, leading it to emphasize assimilation and the American way of life through English classes and portrayals of immigrant success stories.
American music, especially jazz, has had a significant global influence. Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and fusion musicians such as Yosuke Yamashita and Jeff Lorber helped spread American styles worldwide. This document discusses the history and impact of American music genres like jazz and pop overseas, particularly their incorporation into Asian music.
This article examines the rhythmic contribution of Caribbean music, particularly Cuban music, to the development of jazz. It discusses the cultural mixing in 19th century New Orleans from Spanish, French, English, Native American, Caribbean, and African influences. It provides evidence that rhythmic cells commonly associated with Cuban music, such as the son clave and tresillo, were integrated into early jazz. The article explores the historical context of Caribbean immigration to New Orleans, especially after the Haitian revolution, arguing this cultural exchange was influential on the formative period of jazz rhythm.
The document discusses the development of music networks in early 20th century America. It notes that high immigration rates from different cultures in the 19th century led to greater cultural interaction and blending, especially in cities where most immigrants settled. It describes how immigration from Ireland and Germany increased in the late 19th century. African musical traditions began integrating more with other cultures after the Civil War. Genres like spirituals, gospel, blues, ragtime, and jazz all developed from the blending of various musical influences, especially African music with European folk music traditions.
During the early 20th century, many African Americans migrated north in what was known as the Great Migration. This was partly due to seeking escape from oppression in the south as well as job opportunities from northern industrialization. This migration led to the rise of blues music and the Harlem Renaissance, where genres like jazz flourished. Major performers who influenced music during this time included Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, and artists who performed at the famous Cotton Club in Harlem. Rent parties also provided opportunities for musicians to perform and help tenants pay rent. The new forms of African American music helped change perceptions and gave greater respect and opportunities to the community during this period.
Through Native American music, one can understand their history and culture pre-colonization. Music served important spiritual and practical roles, and gender roles were reflected. During assimilation in the 1800s-1900s, some Natives blended styles while others resisted. Today, music expresses identity and past pain while raising awareness of issues. Artists like A Tribe Called Red preserve culture through modern genres. Overall, Native music sheds light on their distinct worldviews and ongoing contributions to American culture.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, where African American literature, art, and music flourished. This was sparked by the Great Migration, where many African Americans moved north for more opportunities. Jazz and blues music grew popular during this time through artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston also rose to prominence, exploring themes of urban African American life and identity through works like Hughes' poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers."
After World War II, pop-rock music emerged as a fusion of black rhythm and blues with white country music styles. Rock and roll developed in the 1950s, popularized by artists like Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, blending blues, country, and gospel influences. The 1960s saw the rise of new genres like soul, folk, psychedelic rock, and British invasion bands like The Beatles that influenced global popular music trends. While American styles slowly influenced Spain in this period, Spanish pop also developed with artists covering international hits and developing their own styles within the constraints of Franco's dictatorship.
Learning and communicating online: Assessment 2A Producing an online informational resource
Created by: Michael White, Katherine Hard, Howard Wu,
Linh Phan and Mohammed Khalil (Group 2).
The colonists achieved their goal of independence from Great Britain through several key events: the First Continental Congress organized militias in response to the crisis, the battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and the Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and declared that war with Britain was necessary. Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet "Common Sense" encouraged declaring independence, and the Declaration of Independence was finally signed on July 4, 1776.
Progressive era reformers in the early 20th century sought to address social problems through four main goals: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency. Reform efforts included regulating working conditions, limiting child labor, securing worker's compensation, and directly electing U.S. senators to make government more responsive to citizens. Journalists known as "muckrakers" also exposed corruption in big business to promote reform.
The document summarizes the economic development of the post-Civil War New South from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It describes the growth of industries like textiles, coal, steel production in Birmingham, and tobacco in Durham, North Carolina. It also discusses the rise of sharecropping and tenant farming, as well as the emergence of Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the Southern states in this period.
This document provides information about packaged grants available through The Rotary Foundation's Future Vision Plan. It discusses strategic partnerships that have been established with organizations like Aga Khan University, Mercy Ships, Oikocredit, and UNESCO-IHE to fund pre-designed global grant projects in areas like health, education, economic development, and water/sanitation. It provides details on applying for two packaged grant opportunities - one through Oikocredit to develop local entrepreneurs, and one for scholarships through the UNESCO-IHE partnership. Clubs must submit proposals for packaged grants that are reviewed on a first-come, first-served basis.
The Rotary Foundation's mission is to advance world understanding, goodwill, and peace through humanitarian projects. It is funded by voluntary contributions from Rotarians and friends. Through Foundation grants and programs, Rotarians can help fund clean water wells, environmental projects, and scholarships. The grants allow Rotarians to realize Rotary's goal of eradicating polio worldwide. The Future Vision plan focuses efforts in six areas to achieve greater impact. It introduces district and global grants to fund strategically focused, high-impact activities.
The colonists achieved their goal of independence from Great Britain through several key events: the First Continental Congress organized militias in response to the crisis, the battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and the Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and declared that war with Britain was necessary. Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet "Common Sense" encouraged declaring independence, and the Declaration of Independence was finally signed on July 4, 1776.
The document discusses two topics: the Cause and Effect of the X,Y,Z Affair and the Alien & Sedition Act. The Alien & Sedition Act limited the freedom of the Democratic-Republican party as many immigrants who supported the party, like French Americans, were impacted. It was argued that the Act gave the federal government too much power.
The document appears to be instructions for an interactive game where the player helps aliens recover stolen spaceships. It guides the player through multiple levels requiring them to click on spaceships before time runs out. It also includes quiz questions to test the player's knowledge with feedback on correct and incorrect answers. The overarching goal is to complete all levels and recover the stolen spaceships to save the alien planet.
This document discusses several books and concepts related to organizational leadership and structure in education. It summarizes Jim Collins' book "Good to Great" which identifies leadership styles of humility and discipline. It also discusses the importance of professional learning communities that allow teachers to collaborate. Additionally, it outlines John Maxwell's "21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership" and the key rules around building relationships and developing future leaders. Finally, Edie Holcomb's book "Asking the Right Questions" is mentioned, focusing on implementing change through strategic planning.
Ronald Reagan was a Republican politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He gained popularity with his conservative views and gave speeches supporting Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. Reagan defeated incumbent Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election campaigning on a platform of tax cuts, reduced spending, and a stronger national defense. As president, Reagan implemented supply-side economic policies known as "Reaganomics" and advocated for a reduced role of government intervention in the economy. His presidency marked a conservative realignment in American politics and culture.
The tensions between the colonies and Great Britain led to armed conflict in 1775. The First Continental Congress demanded rights from Britain. Armed conflict broke out at Lexington and Concord with the "shot heard 'round the world." The Second Continental Congress created the Continental Army to fight the British and named George Washington as Commander. Many colonists supported independence after Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" was published.
Matching Grants - A tool to strengthen fellowship & International GoodwillPrakash Saraswat
If you think that doing a Matching Grant simply as something to get the money, use it and forget to stay in touch with the partner thereafter...
...You’re missing the ‘’purpose’’ –
to strengthen fellowship and build International Goodwill through service
The Second Great Awakening led to the rise of African American churches in the early 19th century. This revivalism spread to the black community and converted many to Baptism and Methodism, leading to the formation of all-black churches primarily in the North. The African Methodist Episcopal Church had over 17,000 members by 1846. Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1827 after announcing he had discovered golden plates containing the Book of Mormon. He gathered followers and tried to establish the City of Zion in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, facing persecution that culminated in Smith's murder in 1844. Brigham Young then led Mormons westward to Utah in 1846
The period after the War of 1812 saw the emergence of both nationalism and sectionalism in the United States. While President James Monroe's administration attempted to promote national unity during the "Era of Good Feelings," economic and demographic changes strengthened regional identities and tensions over the expansion of slavery grew with the Missouri Compromise of 1820. By the 1824 and 1828 presidential elections, partisanship had replaced the brief period of unified national spirit.
The document discusses 19th century reform movements and utopian communities in America. It outlines the growth of the middle class, the Second Great Awakening religious revival, and middle-class reform movements like temperance and efforts to stop prostitution. It also describes several utopian communities established in the 1800s including New Harmony, Brook Farm, and the Oneida Community, each with different ideals but seeking social improvement through new societies.
The document discusses the Second Great Awakening period from 1820-1840s in America and the social reforms that arose from it. The Second Great Awakening was a period of intense religious revivalism that spread evangelical Protestantism. It helped foster reforms around temperance, education, women's rights, abolitionism and more. Figures like Charles Finney promoted the new revivalist style of emotionally charged preaching that helped spread evangelical Christianity and shape society in this period of rapid social and economic change in America.
The Rotary Foundation was established in 1917 as an endowment fund by Rotary International President Arch C. Klumph. It was reorganized in 1929 into the structure it has today. The mission of the Foundation is to enable Rotarians to advance world understanding, goodwill, and peace through humanitarian, educational, and cultural exchange projects. It supports Rotarian activities worldwide through program grants and scholarships. Major programs include PolioPlus for global polio eradication, peace centers, and Foundation grants.
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement centered in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s that celebrated African American arts and literature. It discusses how increased opportunities for black Americans led to the development of the movement, and highlights some of the prominent writers and artists that helped express the black experience through their work, such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. It also describes some of the factors that contributed to the decline of the movement in the mid-1930s.
The document provides an overview of the Harlem Renaissance and segregation in the early-to-mid 20th century United States. It describes how the Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement centered in Harlem, New York among African American artists and writers in the 1920s-1930s. It also outlines how segregation laws and customs separated public spaces and denied rights to African Americans in the South through the Jim Crow system up until the civil rights movement challenged it in the 1950s-1960s.
The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, including key events and figures. It discusses the Harlem Renaissance, which was an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem, New York. It then covers segregation laws in the South known as Jim Crow that separated public facilities for blacks and whites. Important events discussed include the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, sit-ins to desegregate facilities, and the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
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Essay on The Harlem Renaissance
Life During The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance Essay
Essay On Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance Essay
Essay about The Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance Essay
Harlem Renaissance Essay
The Harlem Renaissance was an important cultural movement in the 1920s-1930s that allowed African American art, music, and literature to flourish. It gave black artists and intellectuals an opportunity to express themselves and be heard by both black and white audiences. Key figures like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey helped establish organizations that advocated for civil rights and black empowerment. The Harlem Renaissance inspired pride in African American culture and helped legitimize black artistic expression through mediums such as jazz, poetry, novels, and visual art.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York that celebrated African American art, music, and literature. It began in 1924 with a party for black writers and ended around 1929 with the Great Depression. During this period, there was a flowering of jazz, blues, poetry, novels, and visual art by African American artists that highlighted the black experience and identity in America. Some notable figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Jacob Lawrence. The Harlem Renaissance had a significant legacy in fueling black pride and influencing later civil rights and artistic movements.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York that celebrated African American culture and identity. Key figures like Langston Hughes, Alain Locke, and W.E.B. Du Bois promoted the idea of the "New Negro" who took pride in their African heritage and demanded equal treatment. During this period, Harlem became a center of African American artistic, social, and intellectual life that produced many influential black writers, musicians, poets, and thinkers. The Harlem Renaissance helped establish modern African American literature and cultural traditions.
The Harlem Renaissance had a huge cultural impact a century after the era. During the Renaissance, African American artists expressed themselves through literature, music, art and demanded civil rights, influencing mainstream culture for years. The migration of African Americans to northern cities like Harlem led to an explosion of black cultural expression through art, music, literature and activism. Nightclubs and organizations provided platforms for black musicians and writers to develop their careers and voices. The music, literature and art that emerged fought oppression and shaped how black identity and culture were viewed.
The Harlem Renaissance began in the 1920s as African Americans migrated north to Harlem, New York after World War I, seeking jobs and escape from oppression in the south. This migration transformed Harlem into the center of African American culture and intellectual life. Writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers celebrated black identity and creativity through literature, visual art, dance, and music. The Harlem Renaissance had a significant impact on challenging racism and establishing African American arts and literature.
The Harlem Renaissance from 1919-1940 saw many black Americans migrating to northern cities like New York, settling in neighborhoods like Harlem. This influx created a need for black Americans to establish their own cultural identity separate from white society. Writers and artists emerged seeking to define this identity through literature and art. Figures like Alain Locke and W.E.B. Du Bois promoted using black talent and the arts to gain recognition and social acceptance, though there were differing views on how directly to address issues of race. The movement helped bring wider publishing and success for black creators.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period between 1918-1930s when there was a flourishing of African American artistic, social, and political activity centered in Harlem, New York. Many black artists, writers, musicians and intellectuals moved to Harlem during the Great Migration to escape racism in the South and take advantage of more opportunities in Northern cities. Notable figures included writers Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes, visual artists Aaron Douglas and Augusta Savage, and musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. The Harlem Renaissance gave black artists pride in representing the black experience and set the stage for the civil rights movement.
The Great Migration represented the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. Fleeing the oppression of Jim Crow laws, black southerners sought economic opportunities in growing Northern industries. While the North was imagined as free of racism, migrants still faced discrimination and segregation. Artists like Jacob Lawrence documented the harsh realities of this mass internal migration through works like his Migration Series paintings.
The Harlem Renaissance as PostcolonialPhenomenonWonder .docxrtodd33
The Harlem Renaissance was influenced by postcolonial perspectives brought by Black writers from the Caribbean. Many of the prominent writers of the era, such as Claude McKay and Eric Walrond, were from Jamaica and British Guiana respectively and incorporated postcolonial themes and analyses of life under imperial rule in their works. Their presence introduced postcolonial modes of thought that shaped the ideology of the Harlem Renaissance. Additionally, the US provided a platform for writing about conditions in colonies and extended postcolonial resistance to the American context, influencing subsequent postcolonial movements.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the early 20th century where African American art, music, dance, and literature flourished. It began after World War 1 as many African Americans migrated north to cities like New York, settling in neighborhoods like Harlem. Notable writers included Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, while jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington gained popularity. The movement declined in the 1930s during the Great Depression as supporting organizations faced economic pressures.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the early 20th century where African American art, music, dance, and literature flourished. It originated in Harlem, New York in the 1920s as many African Americans migrated north during the Great Migration after World War 1. Notable writers included Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, while jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington gained popularity. The movement declined during the Great Depression as supporting organizations faced economic pressures.
The document summarizes key aspects of life in the United States during the 1920s, known as the "Roaring 20s". It describes the period as one of great social change and conflict. The summary focuses on major cultural developments like the rise of jazz music and flapper culture, as well as the Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement centered in Harlem, New York. It also briefly outlines economic prosperity during this era and changes in women's roles.
The document summarizes key aspects of life in the United States during the 1920s, known as the "Roaring 20s". It describes the period as one of great social change and conflict. The rapid growth of cities led to a predominantly urban society. Women gained more freedoms and rights during this time. The Harlem Renaissance blossomed as a cultural movement centered in Harlem, New York that celebrated African American arts and intellectual thought. Many famous authors and musicians emerged from this era.
The Harlem Renaissance was a period in the 1920s when African Americans experienced a cultural and artistic flowering in Harlem, New York. Many black writers, artists, musicians, and poets produced works that expressed black identity and helped change perceptions of African Americans. The migration of many African Americans from the South to northern cities like Harlem created a large black community and helped spark this cultural movement. Works produced during the Harlem Renaissance, such as jazz music, novels, and poems, celebrated black culture and helped African Americans gain recognition and opportunity.
This document discusses various topics related to thinking and cognition, including:
- Concepts of cognition, cognitive psychology, concept formation, problem solving, and decision making.
- Key thinking processes such as using concepts, prototypes, algorithms, heuristics, insight, and biases in thinking.
- Heuristics like representativeness, availability, and overconfidence.
- Factors that influence thinking like framing, belief bias, and belief perseverance.
- An overview of artificial intelligence and efforts to model human thinking.
Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on classical conditioning where he paired an unconditioned stimulus of food, which naturally produces salivation, with a conditioned stimulus of a bell. He found that after repeated pairings, the bell alone would produce salivation as a conditioned response. The document further defines key terms like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. It also describes the basic principles of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning.
Advances in technology and communication in the new millennium increased the pace of daily life for many Americans through tools like the internet, smartphones, and telecommuting. Scientific advances such as mapping the human genome and space exploration enriched lives while also sparking debates around cloning and genetic engineering. The US population also became more diverse and aged, as urban areas gentrified, suburbs grew, and debates continued around immigration policy and Native American rights.
The document provides details about Andrew Jackson's career and presidency. It lists his top 10 accomplishments, including being the first president from a state west of the Appalachians and paying off the national debt. It discusses how Jackson appealed to the common man and helped usher in the Age of Jackson and rise of democracy. The document also outlines the corrupt bargain in the 1824 election and key events and controversies of Jackson's presidency.
The document discusses the period after the War of 1812, labeled the "Era of Good Feelings," examining the rise of nationalism and sectionalism. While there was a spirit of nationalism under President Monroe, sectional divisions emerged over the expansion of slavery and internal improvements, bringing the era to an end with the controversial election of 1824. Economic issues like the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 further highlighted regional differences between the North, South, and West.
The document discusses the Cold War era in the United States, including the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, which sparked fears of Soviet dominance in technology and space. This led to increased funding for science and math education in US schools and the creation of NASA to participate in the space race. It also discusses McCarthyism and policies aimed at containing the spread of communism during this period.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western countries led by the United States and Eastern countries led by the Soviet Union. The two sides were defined by their opposing ideologies of capitalism and communism. Key events that defined this rivalry included conferences at Yalta and Potsdam that divided post-WW2 Europe into Soviet and Western spheres of influence, Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech referring to the division of Europe, and the construction of the Berlin Wall by the Soviets to prevent East Berliners from defecting to the West.
The document summarizes key events and circumstances surrounding the Great Depression in the United States from 1929 to 1939. It discusses the stock market crash, widespread unemployment, shanty towns known as "Hoovervilles", the Dust Bowl drought, and President Roosevelt's New Deal programs. It also provides context about the Jim Crow laws, the Scottsboro Boys trials, and how Harper Lee drew from her experiences growing up in the South for her novel To Kill a Mockingbird.
The document discusses several key causes that contributed to the Great Depression in the 1920s and 1930s according to historians. These include an unequal distribution of wealth in the 1920s, high tariffs and war debts after WWI, overproduction in industry and agriculture which led to surpluses that could not be sold, the 1928 presidential election and subsequent policies of Hoover, the farm crisis of the 1920s, and the actions of the Federal Reserve. It also discusses the stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing financial panic as a major catalyst that marked the start of the Great Depression.
The document outlines key points about Module 2 including:
1) The U.S. and Mexico went to war over Texas and as a result the U.S. gained large amounts of land including present-day California and Texas, allowing expansion.
2) Universal male suffrage was established, allowing all white men to vote.
3) Andrew Jackson implemented the spoils system and was more relatable to common men than previous wealthy presidents.
African American churches gave African Americans a political voice, provided a sense of hope and escape from their life of slavery, and created a sense of community.
This document summarizes key events in the histories of Hawaii and Japan's relationships with the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes how U.S. missionaries arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s. Hawaii became a U.S. protectorate in 1849 through economic treaties. In 1893, American businessmen backed an uprising that overthrew Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani. Hawaii was then annexed by the U.S. in 1898. The document also discusses Commodore Perry opening up Japan to the West in 1853, the Gentleman's Agreement of 1908 restricting Japanese immigration to the U.S., and agreements like the Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908
America became a colonial power in the late 19th century for several reasons: (1) Commercial and business interests in foreign investments and trade expanded dramatically in this period; (2) Military strategists felt overseas territories were important for naval power as described by Alfred Mahan; (3) Social Darwinist thinking, including beliefs of white racial superiority, influenced expansion; (4) Religious missionaries were active in places like China; (5) With the closing of the American frontier, expansionists looked outward.
During the Gilded Age of 1876-1900, politics in the United States involved high voter participation driven by people believing the issues were important and their votes counted. The Republican party appealed to Protestants, blacks, union veterans and those in New England and the Midwest, focusing on issues like civil war memory and pensions. The Democratic party attracted southern whites, Catholics, immigrants and Jews, campaigning on issues like preserving alcohol and race in the South while alleging Republican corruption.
Dred Scott was an enslaved black man born in Virginia around 1799 who sued for his freedom after living in free states. The case went to the Supreme Court, which in 1857 ruled that Scott was not a US citizen and that neither he nor any other black person could sue in court. The ruling denied citizenship to black people and helped spark increased tensions before the Civil War.
The document discusses the Second Great Awakening period from 1820-1840s in America and the social reforms that resulted. It was a time of religious revival led by figures like Charles Finney that spread evangelical Protestantism. His revivals used emotional preaching and calls to conversion that helped unify society amid rapid changes. This religious awakening encouraged social reforms addressing issues like temperance, education, women's rights, and abolitionism as evangelicals sought to apply Christian teachings to improving society.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Events civil rights_move
1. The Civil Rights Movement
Harlem Renaissance
Segregation
School Desegregation
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Sit-Ins
Freedom Riders
Desegregating Southern Universities
The March on Washington
Voter Registration
The End of the Movement
2. Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem
Renaissance was
an African
American cultural
movement of the
1920s and early
1930s centered
around the Harlem
neighborhood of
New York City.
[Grocery store, Harlem, 1940]
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.; LC-USZC4-4737
3. Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time
that mainstream publishers and critics took
African American literature seriously and African
American arts attracted significant attention from
the nation at large.
Instead of more direct political means, African
American artists and writers used culture to work
for the goals of civil rights and equality.
African American writers intended to express
themselves freely, no matter what the public
thought.
4. Harlem Renaissance
Several factors laid the groundwork for the
movement.
During a phenomenon known as the Great
Migration, hundreds of thousands of African
Americans moved from the economically
depressed rural South to the industrial cities
of the North, taking advantage of
employment opportunities created by World
War I.
5. Harlem Renaissance
Increased education and employment
opportunities following World War I led to
the development of an African American
middle class.
As more and more educated and socially
conscious African Americans settled in New
York’s neighborhood of Harlem, it
developed into the political and cultural
center of black America.
6. Harlem Renaissance
African American literature and arts surged
in the early 1900s.
Jazz and blues music moved with the
African American populations from the
South and Midwest into the bars and
cabarets of Harlem.
This generation of African Americans artists,
writers, and performers refused to let the
reality of racism and discrimination in the
United States keep them from pursuing their
goals.
7. Harlem Renaissance
In the autumn of 1926, a group of young
African American writers produced Fire!, a
literary magazine.
With Fire! a new generation of young
writers and artists, including Langston
Hughes, Wallace Thurman, and Zora Neale
Hurston, took ownership of the literary
Renaissance.
8. Harlem Renaissance
No common literary style or political
ideology defined the Harlem Renaissance.
What united the participants was the sense
of taking part in a common endeavor and
their commitment to giving artistic
expression to the African American
experience.
Some common themes did exist, however.
An interest in the roots of the twentieth-
century African American experience in
Africa and the American South was one
such theme.
9. Harlem Renaissance
There was a strong sense of racial pride
and a desire for social and political equality
among the participants.
The most characteristic aspect of the
Harlem Renaissance was the diversity of its
expression.
From the mid-1920s through the mid-1930s,
about 16 African American writers published
over 50 volumes of poetry and fiction, while
dozens of other African American artists
made their mark in painting, music, and
theater.
10. Harlem Renaissance
The diverse literary
expression of the
Harlem Renaissance
was demonstrated
through Langston
Hughes’s weaving of
the rhythms of African
American music into
his poems of ghetto
life, as in The Weary Langston Hughes
Blues (1926). Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI
Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USF34-9058-C]
11. Harlem Renaissance
Diversity was also
demonstrated through
Zora Neale Hurston’s
novels such as, Their
Eyes Were Watching
God (1937). Hurston
used life of the rural
South to create a
study of race and [Portrait of Zora Neale Hurston]
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs
gender in which a Division, Carl Van Vechten Collection,
[reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ62-54231]
woman finds her true
identity.
12. Harlem Renaissance
Diversity and
experimentation
also flourished in
the performing arts
and were reflected
in blues by such
people as Bessie
Smith and in jazz [Portrait of Bessie Smith holding feathers]
by such people as Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Carl Van
Vechten Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ62-
54231]
Duke Ellington.
13. Harlem Renaissance
Jazz styles ranged
from the combination
of blues and ragtime
by pianist Jelly Role
Morton to the
instrumentation of
bandleader Louis
Armstrong and the
orchestration of New York, New York. Duke Ellington's trumpet section
composer Duke Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI
Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USF34-9058-C]
Ellington.
14. Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance pushed open the
door for many African American authors to
mainstream white periodicals and publishing
houses.
Harlem’s cabarets attracted both Harlem
residents and white New Yorkers seeking
out Harlem nightlife.
Harlem’s famous Cotton Club carried this to
an extreme, providing African American
entertainment for exclusively white
audiences.
15. Harlem Renaissance
A number of factors contributed to the
decline of the Harlem Renaissance in the
mid-1930s.
During the Great Depression of the
1930s, organizations such as the NAACP
and the National Urban League, which had
actively promoted the Renaissance in the
1920s, shifted their focus to economic and
social issues.
16. Harlem Renaissance
Many influential African American writers and
literary promoters, including Langston Hughes,
James Weldon Johnson, and W.E.B. Du Bois,
left New York City in the early 1930s.
The final blow to the Renaissance occurred
when a riot broke out in Harlem in 1935. The
riot was set off, in part, by the growing
economic hardship brought on by the
Depression and by mounting tension between
the African American community and the white
shop owners in Harlem.
17. Harlem Renaissance
In spite of these problems, the Renaissance
did not end overnight.
Almost one-third of the books published
during the Renaissance appeared after
1929.
The Harlem Renaissance permanently
altered the dynamics of African American art
and literature in the United States.
18. Harlem Renaissance
The existence of
the large amount of
literature from the
Renaissance
inspired writers
such as Ralph
Ellison and Richard
Wright to pursue
literary careers in
New York, New York. Portrait of Richard Wright,
the late 1930s and poet
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,
1940s. FSA/OWI Collection, [reproduction number, e.g.,
LC-USF34-9058-C]
19. Harlem Renaissance
The writers that followed the Harlem
Renaissance found that American
publishers and the American public were
more open to African American literature
than they had been at the beginning of the
twentieth century.
The outpouring of African American
literature in the 1980s and 1990s by such
writers as Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, and
Spike Lee had its roots in the writing of the
Harlem Renaissance.
20. Segregation
The civil rights movement was a political, legal, and
social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for
African Americans.
The civil rights movement was first and foremost a
challenge to segregation, the system of laws and
customs separating African Americans and whites.
During the movement, individuals and civil rights
organizations challenged segregation and
discrimination with a variety of activities, including
protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by
segregation laws.
21. Segregation
Segregation was an attempt by many white
Southerners to separate the races in every
aspect of daily life.
Segregation was often called the Jim Crow
system, after a minstrel show character from
the 1830s who was an African American
slave who embodied negative stereotypes
of African Americans.
22. Segregation
Segregation
became common in
Southern states
following the end of
Reconstruction in
1877. These states
began to pass local
and state laws that
specified certain
places “For Whites
Only” and others Drinking fountain on county courthouse lawn, Halifax, North
Carolina;
for “Colored.”
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI
Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USF34-9058-C]
23. Segregation
African Americans had
separate schools,
transportation,
restaurants, and parks,
many of which were poorly
funded and inferior to
those of whites.
Over the next 75 years,
Jim Crow signs to Negro going in colored entrance of movie house on
Saturday afternoon, Belzoni, Mississippi Delta, Mississippi
separate the races went Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,
FSA/OWI Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-
USF34-9058-C]
up in every possible place.
24. Segregation
The system of segregation also included the
denial of voting rights, known as
disenfranchisement.
Between 1890 and 1910, all Southern states
passed laws imposing requirements for
voting. These were used to prevent African
Americans from voting, in spite of the
Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, which had been designed
to protect African American voting rights.
25. Segregation
The voting requirements included the ability
to read and write, which disqualified many
African Americans who had not had access
to education; property ownership, which
excluded most African Americans, and
paying a poll tax, which prevented most
Southern African Americans from voting
because they could not afford it.
26. Segregation
Conditions for African Americans in the
Northern states were somewhat better,
though up to 1910 only ten percent of
African Americans lived in the North.
Segregated facilities were not as common in
the North, but African Americans were
usually denied entrance to the best hotels
and restaurants.
African Americans were usually free to vote
in the North.
27. Segregation
Perhaps the most difficult part of Northern
life was the economic discrimination against
African Americans. They had to compete
with large numbers of recent European
immigrants for job opportunities, and they
almost always lost because of their race.
28. Segregation
In the late 1800s, African Americans sued to
stop separate seating in railroad cars,
states’ disfranchisement of voters, and
denial of access to schools and restaurants.
One of the cases against segregated rail
travel was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), in
which the Supreme Court of the United
States ruled that “separate but equal”
accommodations were constitutional.
29. Segregation
In order to protest segregation, African
Americans created national organizations.
The National Afro-American League was
formed in 1890; W.E.B. Du Bois helped
create the Niagara Movement in 1905 and
the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
in 1909.
30. Segregation
In 1910, the National Urban League was
created to help African Americans make the
transition to urban, industrial life.
In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) was founded to challenge
segregation in public accommodations in
the North.
31. Segregation
The NAACP
became one of the
most important
African American
organizations of the
twentieth century. It
relied mainly on
legal strategies that
challenged
segregation and 20th Annual session of the N.A.A.C.P., 6-26-29, Cleveland, Ohio
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-
discrimination in USZ62-111535
the courts.
32. Segregation
Historian and
sociologist W.E.B.
Du Bois was a
founder and leader of
the NAACP. Starting
in 1910, he made
powerful arguments
protesting
segregation as editor
of the NAACP [Portrait of Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois]
magazine The Crisis. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Carl Van
Vechten Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ62-
54231]
33. School Desegregation
After World War II, the
NAACP’s campaign
for civil rights
continued to proceed.
Led by Thurgood
Marshall, the NAACP
Legal Defense Fund
challenged and
overturned many
forms of
discrimination. Thurgood Marshall
34. School Desegregation
The main focus of the NAACP turned to
equal educational opportunities.
Marshall and the Defense Fund worked with
Southern plaintiffs to challenge the Plessy
decision, arguing that separate was
inherently unequal.
The Supreme Court of the United States
heard arguments on five cases that
challenged elementary and secondary
school segregation.
35. School Desegregation
In May 1954, the Court
issued its landmark ruling
in Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka,
stating racially segregated
education was
unconstitutional and
overturning the Plessy
decision. Desegregate the schools! Vote Socialist Workers :
Peter Camejo for president, Willie Mae Reid for vice-
president.
White Southerners were Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-101452
shocked by the Brown
decision.
36. School Desegregation
By 1955, white opposition in the South had
grown into massive resistance, using a
strategy to persuade all whites to resist
compliance with the desegregation orders.
Tactics included firing school employees
who showed willingness to seek integration,
closing public schools rather than
desegregating, and boycotting all public
education that was integrated.
37. School Desegregation
Virtually no schools in the South segregated
their schools in the first years following the
Brown decision.
In Virginia, one county actually closed its
public schools.
In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus defied a
federal court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas.
President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal
troops to enforce desegregation.
38. School Desegregation
The event was covered by the national media,
and the fate of the nine students attempting to
integrate the school gripped the nation.
Not all school desegregation was as dramatic
as Little Rock schools gradually desegregated.
Often, schools were desegregated only in
theory because racially segregated
neighborhoods led to segregated schools.
To overcome the problem, some school
districts began busing students to schools
outside their neighborhoods in the 1970s.
39. School Desegregation
As desegregation continued, the membership
of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) grew.
The KKK used violence or threats against
anyone who was suspected of favoring
desegregation or African American civil rights.
Ku Klux Klan terror, including intimidation and
murder, was widespread in the South during
the 1950s and 1960s, though Klan activities
were not always reported in the media.
40. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Despite threats and violence, the civil rights
movement quickly moved beyond school
desegregation to challenge segregation in
other areas.
In December 1955, Rosa Parks, a member
of the Montgomery, Alabama, branch of the
NAACP, was told to give up her seat on a
city bus to a white person.
41. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
When Parks refused
to move, she was
arrested.
The local NAACP,
led by Edgar D.
Nixon, recognized
that the arrest of
Woman fingerprinted. Mrs. Rosa Parks, Negro seamstress,
Parks might rally whose refusal to move to the back of a bus touched off the bus
boycott in Montgomery, Ala.
local African Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-109643
Americans to protest
segregated buses.
42. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery’s African American community
had long been angry about their
mistreatment on city buses where white
drivers were rude and abusive.
The community had previously considered a
boycott of the buses and overnight one was
organized.
The bus boycott was an immediate success,
with almost unanimous support from the
African Americans in Montgomery.
43. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
The boycott lasted for more than a year,
expressing to the nation the determination
of African Americans in the South to end
segregation.
In November 1956, a federal court ordered
Montgomery’s buses desegregated and the
boycott ended in victory.
44. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
A Baptist minister named Martin Luther
King, Jr., was president of the Montgomery
Improvement Association, the organization
that directed the boycott.
His involvement in the protest made him a
national figure. Through his eloquent
appeals to Christian brotherhood and
American idealism he attracted people both
inside and outside the South.
45. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
King became the president of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
when it was founded in 1957.
The SCLC complemented the NAACP’s
legal strategy by encouraging the use of
nonviolent, direct action to protest
segregation. These activities included
marches, demonstrations, and boycotts.
The harsh white response to African
Americans’ direct action eventually forced
the federal government to confront the issue
of racism in the South.
46. Sit-Ins
On February 1, 1960,
four African American
college students from
North Carolina A&T
University began
protesting racial
segregation in
restaurants by sitting
at “White Only” lunch Sit-ins in a Nashville store
counters and waiting Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-126236
to be served.
47. Sit-Ins
This was not a new form of protest, but the
response to the sit-ins spread throughout
North Carolina, and within weeks sit-ins
were taking place in cities across the South.
Many restaurants were desegregated in
response to the sit-ins.
This form of protest demonstrated clearly to
African Americans and whites alike that
young African Americans were determined
to reject segregation.
48. Sit-Ins
In April 1960, the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was
founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, to help
organize and direct the student sit-in
movement.
King encouraged SNCC’s creation, but the
most important early advisor to the students
was Ella Baker, who worked for both the
NAACP and SCLC.
49. Sit-Ins
Baker believed that SNCC
civil rights activities should
be based in individual
African American
communities.
SNCC adopted Baker’s
approach and focused on [Ella Baker, head-and-shoulders
portrait, facing slightly left]
making changes in local Library of Congress Prints and
Photographs Division Washington,
D.C.; LC-USZ62-110575
communities, rather than
striving for national change.
50. Freedom Riders
After the sit-in movement, some SNCC
members participated in the 1961 Freedom
Rides organized by CORE.
The Freedom Riders, both African American
and white, traveled around the South in
buses to test the effectiveness of a 1960
U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring
segregation illegal in bus stations open to
interstate travel.
51. Freedom Riders
The Freedom Rides began in Washington, D.C.
Except for some violence in Rock Hill, South
Carolina, the trip was peaceful until the buses
reached Alabama, where violence erupted.
In Anniston, Alabama, one bus was burned and
some riders were beaten.
In Birmingham, a mob attacked the riders when
they got off the bus.
The riders suffered even more severe beatings
in Montgomery.
52. Freedom Riders
The violence brought national attention to
the Freedom Riders and fierce
condemnation of Alabama officials for
allowing the brutality to occur.
The administration of President John F.
Kennedy stepped in to protect the Freedom
Riders when it was clear that Alabama
officials would not guarantee their safe
travel.
53. Freedom Riders
The riders continued on to Jackson,
Mississippi, where they were arrested and
imprisoned at the state penitentiary, ending
the protest.
The Freedom Rides did result in the
desegregation of some bus stations, but
more importantly they caught the attention
of the American public.
54. Desegregating Southern Universities
In 1962, James Meredith—an African
American—applied for admission to the
University of Mississippi.
The university attempted to block Meredith’s
admission, and he filed suit.
After working through the state courts, Meredith
was successful when a federal court ordered the
university to desegregate and accept Meredith
as a student.
55. Desegregating Southern Universities
The Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, defied
the court order and tried to prevent Meredith from
enrolling.
In response, the administration of President
Kennedy intervened to uphold the court order.
Kennedy sent federal troops to protect Meredith
when he went to enroll.
During his first night on campus, a riot broke out
when whites began to harass the federal marshals.
In the end, two people were killed and several
hundred were wounded.
56. Desegregating Southern Universities
In 1963, the governor of Alabama, George C.
Wallace, threatened a similar stand, trying to
block the desegregation of the University of
Alabama. The Kennedy administration
responded with the full power of the federal
government, including the U.S. Army.
The confrontations with Barnett and Wallace
pushed President Kennedy into a full
commitment to end segregation.
In June 1963, Kennedy proposed civil rights
legislation.
57. The March on Washington
National civil rights leaders decided to keep
pressure on both the Kennedy
administration and Congress to pass the
civil rights legislation. The leaders planned a
March on Washington to take place in
August 1963.
This idea was a revival of A. Phillip
Randolph’s planned 1941 march, which
had resulted in a commitment to fair
employment during World War II.
58. The March on Washington
Randolph was
present at the
march in 1963,
along with the
leaders of the
NAACP, CORE,
SCLC, the Urban
League, and
SNCC. Roy Wilkins with a few of the 250,000 participants on the Mall
heading for the Lincoln Memorial in the NAACP march on
Washington on August 28, 1963]
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-77160
59. The March on Washington
Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving address
to an audience of more than 200,000 people.
His “I Have a Dream” speech—delivered in front of
the giant statue of Abraham Lincoln—became
famous for the way in which it expressed the ideals
of the civil rights movement.
After President Kennedy was assassinated in
November 1963, the new president, Lyndon
Johnson, strongly urged the passage of the civil
rights legislation as a tribute to Kennedy’s memory.
60. The March on Washington
Over fierce opposition from Southern
legislators, Johnson pushed the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 through Congress.
It prohibited segregation in public
accommodations and discrimination in
education and employment. It also gave the
executive branch of government the power
to enforce the act’s provisions.
61. Voter Registration
Starting in 1961,
SNCC and CORE
organized voter
registration
campaigns in the
predominantly
African American [NAACP photograph showing people waiting in
counties of line for voter registration, at Antioch Baptist
Church]
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Mississippi, Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-122260
Alabama, and
Georgia.
62. Voter Registration
SNCC concentrated on voter registration
because leaders believed that voting was a
way to empower African Americans so that
they could change racist policies in the
South.
SNCC members worked to teach African
Americans necessary skills, such as
reading, writing, and the correct answers to
the voter registration application.
63. Voter Registration
These activities caused violent reactions
from Mississippi’s white supremacists.
In June 1963, Medgar Evers, the NAACP
Mississippi field secretary, was shot and
killed in front of his home.
In 1964, SNCC workers organized the
Mississippi Summer Project to register
African Americans to vote in the state,
wanting to focus national attention on the
state’s racism.
64. Voter Registration
SNCC recruited Northern college students,
teachers, artists, and clergy to work on the
project. They believed the participation of
these people would make the country
concerned about discrimination and
violence in Mississippi.
The project did receive national attention,
especially after three participants—two of
whom were white—disappeared in June and
were later found murdered and buried near
Philadelphia, Mississippi.
65. Voter Registration
By the end of the summer, the project had
helped thousands of African Americans attempt
to register, and about one thousand actually
became registered voters.
In early 1965, SCLC members employed a
direct-action technique in a voting-rights
protest initiated by SNCC in Selma, Alabama.
When protests at the local courthouse were
unsuccessful, protesters began to march to
Montgomery, the state capital.
66. Voter Registration
As marchers were leaving
Selma, mounted police
beat and tear-gassed
them.
Televised scenes of the
violence, called Bloody
Sunday, shocked many A small band of Negro teenagers march singing and
clapping their hands for a short distance, Selma,
Alabama.
Americans, and the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-127739
resulting outrage led to a
commitment to continue
the Selma March.
67. Voter Registration
King and SCLC members led hundreds of
people on a five-day, fifty-mile march to
Montgomery.
The Selma March drummed up broad
national support for a law to protect
Southern African Americans’ right to vote.
President Johnson persuaded Congress to
pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which
suspended the use of literacy and other
voter qualification tests in voter registration.
68. Voter Registration
Over the next three years, almost one
million more African Americans in the South
registered to vote.
By 1968, African American voters had
having a significant impact on Southern
politics.
During the 1970s, African Americans were
seeking and winning public offices in
majority African American electoral districts.
69. The End of the Movement
For many people the civil rights movement
ended with the death of Martin Luther King,
Jr. in 1968.
Others believe it was over after the Selma
March, because there have not been any
significant changes since then.
Still others argue the movement continues
today because the goal of full equality has
not yet been achieved.