The Great Migration represented the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. Fleeing the oppression of Jim Crow laws, black southerners sought economic opportunities in growing Northern industries. While the North was imagined as free of racism, migrants still faced discrimination and segregation. Artists like Jacob Lawrence documented the harsh realities of this mass internal migration through works like his Migration Series paintings.
The Chicago Renaissance turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)a ga.docxmamanda2
The Chicago Renaissance: turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)
“a gathering of writers, a flowering of institutions that supported and guided them, and the outpouring of writing they produced”
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html
*
Chicago in the 1890s—Setting the Stage for the Renaissance
*
Historical significance of the World's Columbian Exposition
The second half of the 19th century was an age of fairs and expositions held in London, Paris, and other great cities throughout the world. The World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, was the first critically and economically successful U.S. world's fair. Conceived as a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing in the new world, the Exposition held a near-mythological appeal for people of the time.
The Columbian Exposition showcased a city just 60 years old, a city magnificently reborn just 22 years after the Chicago Fire. It also placed before the world the genius of Chicago architects Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Louis Sullivan. In effect, the Columbian Exposition was Chicago's debut on a world stage as a locus of great architecture and burgeoning economic power.
http://columbus.gl.iit.edu/index.html
*
"The exterior of the gigantic bubble of glass and iron that rises over the central pavilion of Horticultural Hall has already been shown in these plates, and here we are admitted into the luxurious tropical garden that flourishes in the interior. Here in a great space of light and air may be seen a miniature mountain covered with strange foliage and with a little stream dashing down its sides, great tubs of palms and tree ferns, bamboos, century plants, "elk horns," a miniature Japanese garden, bridges and all, and shady, inviting nooks, in which the tourisht may find picturesque rest - much as the painter has here shown." Art & Architecture (the White City Edition)
*
The Chicago Defender, 1905
The Chicago Defender, which was founded by Robert S. Abbott on May 5, 1905, once heralded itself as "The World's Greatest Weekly." The newspaper was the nation's most influential black weekly newspaper by the advent of World War I, with more than two thirds of its readership base located outside of Chicago.
As a northern paper, The Defender had more freedom to denounce issues outright, and its editorial position was very militant, attacking racial inequities head-on. The Defender did not use the words "Negro" or "black" in its pages. Instead, African Americans were referred to as "the Race" and black men and women as "Race men and Race women.“
During World War I The Chicago Defender waged its most aggressive (and successful) campaign in support of "The Great Migration" movement. This movement resulted in over one and a half million southern blacks migrating to the North between 1915-1925.
*
,
Richard Wright, born 1908
Native Son, 1940
Black Boy, 1945
*
Harriet Monroe and Poetry, 1912
The word "Imagiste" a.
The Chicago Renaissance turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)a ga.docxmamanda2
The Chicago Renaissance: turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)
“a gathering of writers, a flowering of institutions that supported and guided them, and the outpouring of writing they produced”
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html
*
Chicago in the 1890s—Setting the Stage for the Renaissance
*
Historical significance of the World's Columbian Exposition
The second half of the 19th century was an age of fairs and expositions held in London, Paris, and other great cities throughout the world. The World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, was the first critically and economically successful U.S. world's fair. Conceived as a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing in the new world, the Exposition held a near-mythological appeal for people of the time.
The Columbian Exposition showcased a city just 60 years old, a city magnificently reborn just 22 years after the Chicago Fire. It also placed before the world the genius of Chicago architects Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Louis Sullivan. In effect, the Columbian Exposition was Chicago's debut on a world stage as a locus of great architecture and burgeoning economic power.
http://columbus.gl.iit.edu/index.html
*
"The exterior of the gigantic bubble of glass and iron that rises over the central pavilion of Horticultural Hall has already been shown in these plates, and here we are admitted into the luxurious tropical garden that flourishes in the interior. Here in a great space of light and air may be seen a miniature mountain covered with strange foliage and with a little stream dashing down its sides, great tubs of palms and tree ferns, bamboos, century plants, "elk horns," a miniature Japanese garden, bridges and all, and shady, inviting nooks, in which the tourisht may find picturesque rest - much as the painter has here shown." Art & Architecture (the White City Edition)
*
The Chicago Defender, 1905
The Chicago Defender, which was founded by Robert S. Abbott on May 5, 1905, once heralded itself as "The World's Greatest Weekly." The newspaper was the nation's most influential black weekly newspaper by the advent of World War I, with more than two thirds of its readership base located outside of Chicago.
As a northern paper, The Defender had more freedom to denounce issues outright, and its editorial position was very militant, attacking racial inequities head-on. The Defender did not use the words "Negro" or "black" in its pages. Instead, African Americans were referred to as "the Race" and black men and women as "Race men and Race women.“
During World War I The Chicago Defender waged its most aggressive (and successful) campaign in support of "The Great Migration" movement. This movement resulted in over one and a half million southern blacks migrating to the North between 1915-1925.
*
,
Richard Wright, born 1908
Native Son, 1940
Black Boy, 1945
*
Harriet Monroe and Poetry, 1912
The word "Imagiste" a.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. The Great Migration represented a sustained effort on the part of Black Americans to escape the
stifling oppression of the Jim Crow South. Between 1916 and 1970, about six million Black
residents left the rural South, the largest internal mass migration in U.S. history.
4. The Northern Black press played a major role in recruiting Black southerners to move North during the
Great Migration, publishing job postings and rail schedules and documenting stories of the migrant
experience. Key publications included the Chicago Defender, the Pittsburgh Courier, the New
Amsterdam News, and the Philadelphia Tribune. The major papers boasted weekly circulation of more
than 500,000 copies, with a readership several times higher.
The Black Press
5. Union Terminal Railroad Depot Concourse, Jacksonville, Florida, 1921.
Source: Florida Memory
Particularly during World War I
and World War II, Black
migrants sought to leave the
horrors of Jim Crow and seize
economic opportunities in
growing industries in the North
and West.
6. “The Arthurs, an African American family moving to the urban North
from the rural South, arrive in Chicago, Illinois, in 1920. The family left
their hometown of Paris, Texas, after two family members were
murdered.” (Chicago History Museum via Getty Images)
In 1916, a factory worker in a
Northern city could earn three
times what might be possible
working the land in the South.
Though many imagined the
North as a “promised land” free
of Jim Crow’s overt racist
oppression, they quickly
realized that white supremacy
was a defining feature of
American life everywhere.
7. National Urban League
Created from the merger of three
similar organizations, the National
Urban League (NUL) was founded
in 1910, prior to the onset of the
Great Migration, to help
newcomers to Northern cities
acclimate and find employment,
housing, and other resources. It
established chapters in many major
cities and would play a large role
in efforts to address housing
discrimination during the civil
rights movement of the 1960s.
8. The Red Summer of 1919
Racial violence erupted in dozens of
U.S. cities, including Chicago and
Washington, sparked by resentment over
competition for jobs and housing, as well
as perceived violations of de facto
segregation. These tensions were made
worse by an economic recession and the
return of soldiers from World War I,
including many Black veterans who
found they were treated no better as a
result of their military service. Writer
and activist James Weldon Johnson
referred to this period of racial terror as
“Red Summer.”
New York Tribune (27 July 1919)
10. Residential Segregation
This map illustrates the racial demographics
of Chicago in 1934, revealing a clear pattern
of racial segregation in housing. Enforced by
practices and customs such as restrictive
housing covenants, rather than by law, so-
called de facto ( “in fact”) segregation
resulted in the concentration of most Black
residents in the so-called “Black belt” on
Chicago’s South side. Black residents
generally preferred the term “Bronzeville,”
coined by newspaper editor James Gentry.
11. Chicago tenement housing, 1941
As tens of thousands of Black
Southern migrants arrived in
Chicago in the early 1940s, housing
in Black neighborhoods became
increasingly scarce. Landlords were
therefore able to charge exorbitant
rents for poorly maintained,
overcrowded units. In many cases,
apartments were subdivided and
occupied by multiple families, who
would share a single bathroom in the
hall. Residents were often forced to
live without heat, adequate lighting,
or running water. Rats were common
and fires frequently broke out—
caused by flammable construction
materials and the use of kerosene
lamps—in some years occurring
nearly twice a day in Bronzeville.
12. “Negro family living in
crowded quarters, Chicago,
Illinois, April 1941.”
Photo by Russell Lee
13. Novelist Richard Wright, a migrant from
Natchez, Mississippi, documented the
socioeconomic conditions in Chicago’s
Black communities in his 1940 classic
Native Son. In the literary style of
naturalism, Wright’s story depicts the effects
of poverty and racial oppression on Bigger
Thomas, a Black man driven to commit
murder in an effort to survive the system of
white supremacy that structured every aspect
of his environment.
14. The Harlem Renaissance (1920s)
• During the 1920s, the Harlem section of New York was home to a flowering of
Black culture: literature, art, music, and theater. Similar artistic movements
occurred in Chicago, Washington, and other cities of the Great Migration.
• Writer Alain Locke coined the term “New Negro” to refer to a new Black
consciousness working to use art to capture the Black experience as a tool for
Black liberation.
• Key figures of the movement included Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright,
Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Jessie Redmon Fauset,
Louis Armstrong, and Jacob Lawrence.
• Jazz and blues music were central to the arts scene, and venues like the Cotton
Club and the Apollo Theater drew celebrities and crowds.
• Many Black artists were sponsored or commissioned to work for white patrons,
capturing glimpses of a Black experience often as rendered for white eyes.
15. By the 1930s, the nation’s largest Black community was in Harlem, New York, home to the NAACP,
the UNIA, and the National Urban League. Photo: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
16. At the age of 23, painter Jacob
Lawrence produced a collection
of sixty prints known as The
Migration Series (WPA, 1941).
It documented the social and
economic conditions of the Jim
Crow South that pushed
migrants to leave, and the harsh
realities of race relations in the
North, imagined by many
would-be migrants to be a
“promised land” free of racial
oppression. The child of
Southern migrants, Lawrence
lived in Harlem.
Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series (1941)
17. Discussion
In groups of three or four, select one to two paintings to examine.
Consider:
• How does Lawrence tell a story in his paintings?
• How does he portray the conditions of the South?
• How does he portray the promise of the North?
• What does he emphasize about the physical process of migration?
Editor's Notes
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library (1168439)