This document discusses different types of evaporators used in industrial pharmacy. It describes evaporators as apparatus that vaporize liquid from a solution through evaporation. There are several factors that affect the evaporation rate like temperature, surface area, and agitation. Some common types of evaporators mentioned are evaporating pans, evaporating stills, calandria evaporators, climbing film evaporators, horizontal film evaporators, and rising-falling film evaporators. Vacuum evaporation is also discussed where pressure is reduced to allow evaporation at lower temperatures. Triple effect vacuum evaporators are more efficient as they can save up to 70% energy compared to single effect evaporators.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Classification of evaporation equipment
Horizontal tube evaporation
Vertical evaporator: short tubes (standard and basket)-long tubes (climbing film)
Forced circular evaporators
Evaporator accessories (problems encountered)
References
Evaporation is the process of removal of solvent from the solution by boiling the liquid in a suitable vessel and withdrawing the vapour, leaving a concentrated product.
Applications of Evaporation
Evaporation process is used in the manufacture of bulk drugs, particularly in pharmaceutical industries.
Evaporation is used in the manufacture of biological products. e.g. Insulin, enzymes and hormones.
In demineralization of water.
Temperature
Temperature and time of evaporation
Temperature and moisture content
Types of product required
Effect of concentration
Surface area
Vapour pressure of the liquid to be evaporated
Natural circulation evaporators
Evaporating pans
Evaporating still
Short tube evaporators
II. Forced circulation evaporators
III. Film evaporators
Climbing film evaporators
Horizontal film evaporators
Evaporating pan consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by steam jacket.
The hemispherical shape provides a large surface area for evaporation.
The evaporators are mounted in such a way that they can be tilted to remove the product.
The evaporating pans are heated by steam which passes through a steam jacket.
Objectives
Applications and factors influencing evaporation
Differences between evaporation and other heat process
Principles, construction ,working, uses, merits and demerits of :
-Steam jacketed kettle
-Horizontal tube evaporator
-Climbing film evaporator
-Forced circulation evaporator
-Multiple effect evaporator
-Economy of multiple effect evaporator
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Similar to Evaporators and evaporation under reduce pressure. (20)
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11. Small quantities of liquids may be evaporated in a porcelain or glass dish. Generally there are 2 different methods used in small scale evaporation. Direct Heating Methods: These methods are applied by Bunsen burner or electric hot plates, but it should not be employed commonly, as direct heating leads to decomposition of the substances’ towards the end of evaporation.
12. 2) Indirect Heating Methods Water bath, Sand Bath and Oil bath Mainly used. A fixed maximum temperature can easily be attained by employing these apparatus. A water bath is most suitable when the liquids are to be heated up to 100°C. Sand bath or oil bath containing liquid paraffin or soft paraffin may be used when higher temperatures up to 300 °C are required.
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15. 1) Evaporating pan On a manufacturing scale, solutions containing water in large quantity are evaporated through open pans Called evaporating pans. They consist of hemispherical or shallow pans made of copper, stainless steel, aluminum or other metal surrounded by a steam jacket.
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18. 2) Evaporating Stills: Evaporating stills are quite similar to evaporating pans. It consists of a vessel made up of copper or stainless steel, with a cover which is fitted with a water condenser so that the solvent is condensed and collected in a receiver. At the lowest point of the pan, a tube fitted with a tap is connected for the removal of product from the pan. The pan is surrounded by a steam jacket. For cleaning the pan or easy removal of the product the cover of the vessel may be fitted with quick-release system of clamps.
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22. 3) Calandria type Evaporator: Commonly it is known as short tube or single effect evaporator. Features:- Vertical type of evaporator. Tubes sheets extending across the body and central down take. Material which has to be evaporated is introduced in tubes. The tube may be about 1.2m long and 5 cm in diameter, but the size varies with the nature of the substances. There is space below containing a steam coil to give extra heating capacity and large enough to afford circulation of liquid.
35. 6)Rising-falling film Evaporator:- Rising and falling film evaporators are some time combined in to a same unit. When a high ratio of evaporation to feed is required and concentrated liquid is viscous, a tube bundle can be divided in to two sections with the first section functions as a rising film evaporator and the second section serves as falling film evaporator.
39. *It is also known as Vacuum Evaporation. Description: Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. When the process is applied to food and other products and the water is evaporated and removed, the food can be stored for long periods of time without spoiling. It is also used when boiling or heating a substance at normal temperatures would chemically change the consistency of the product. Vacuum evaporation is used whenever possible because there is a saving of time, heat and labour.
41. Single-effect Vacuum Evaporator A single effect evaporator is utilized using water as feed and condensed water and liquid water as product. This evaporator may be run with and without a vacuum at different steam pressures. Running the evaporator under a vacuum proved to be more efficient with respect to steam usage for evaporation. Single-effect evaporator is discussing briefly in above heading of Calandria-type evaporator. In this type of evaporator the vapor from boiling liquid is condensed and discarded.
46. Features: This equipment adopts the principle of multitubular circulation out-heating working principle to keep the short heating time of materials, rapid evaporation speed, large concentration ratio, so that to keep the raw-effect of materials effectively. Energy will be well saved 70% than single-effect evaporator. Materials are evaporated & concentrated under sealed state which is clean and comfortable. Besides, it is equipped with special foam-removing device to prevent the material running phenomenon. All the parts touched with materials are made of stainless steel and be polished. The equipment has the properties of good corrosion-proof, easy of cleaning in accordance with requirements of Pharmacy, Food Hygiene. It can be matched with PC control system and be easy of operation and stable effects.