Abstract— Cotton (Gossypium spp.) popularly known as ‘white gold’ is one of the most ancient important cash crop of India. Apart from its value as fibre, it has great potential to be used as edible oil, food for animals and other by products like particle board and boxes. The development of Bt cotton containing a genetically introgresses endotoxin gene from the gram negative soil bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Hubner) represents a significant technological land mark in the global cotton research. Thrips is a major sucking pest on cotton crop, causing quantitative and qualitative losses to cotton. An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Sri Ganganagar in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments including control and replicated three times, to evaluate various insecticides against thrips in Bt cotton. The study revealed that maximum reduction (56.00%) in thrips population was recorded with the treatment of Acephate 75% SP, followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (49.66%). Both the treatments were at par and significantly superior over the other treatments. The phytotoxic effect on crop could not be observed during the experimental period.
Dynamics of Phalaris minor in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different es...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013-2014 at crop research centre Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to examine the behaviour and magnitude of Phalaris minor and its dynamics in different combinations of establishment methods and weed control measures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Density of Phalaris minor was highest under RTW as compared to CTW and ZTW at 60, 90 DAS and also at maturity stage. Ready mix of clodinafop-propargyl + MSM @ 64 g/ha and clodinafop-propargyl @ 60 g/ha completely controlled Phalaris minor. Dry matter accumulation by Phalaris minor was highest under RTW which was at par with CTW but significantly higher over ZTW at 30, 90 DAS and at maturity.
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
Dynamics of Phalaris minor in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different es...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013-2014 at crop research centre Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to examine the behaviour and magnitude of Phalaris minor and its dynamics in different combinations of establishment methods and weed control measures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Density of Phalaris minor was highest under RTW as compared to CTW and ZTW at 60, 90 DAS and also at maturity stage. Ready mix of clodinafop-propargyl + MSM @ 64 g/ha and clodinafop-propargyl @ 60 g/ha completely controlled Phalaris minor. Dry matter accumulation by Phalaris minor was highest under RTW which was at par with CTW but significantly higher over ZTW at 30, 90 DAS and at maturity.
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
Relative toxicity of selected insecticides against adult whitefly, t. vaporar...Sachin U.S
The present experiment was conducted to assess relative toxicity of selected insecticides against whitefly in the Entomology laboratory at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2014-2015. Among the eleven treatments, imidachloprid, thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole were highly toxic to adults which recorded 100 per cent mortality, four days after treatment. Cyantraniliprole recorded the highest adult mortality comparatively early than imidachloprid and thiamethoxam. Fipronil 80% WG, recorded 100 percent mortality five days after treatment which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at sixth day after treatment and recorded as next best treatments under laboratory condition against whitefly. Acephate 75% SP and azadirhactin 10000 ppm recorded highest level of mortality (100%) at seventh and eighth day after treatment, respectively which was followed by triazophos 40% EC, spinosad 480% SC and buprofezin 25% SC at eleventh day after treatment. Considering the result, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were recommended for effective control of sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.
Evaluation of herbicides and their combinations for weed control in wheat (Tr...IJEABJ
The field experiment was conducted at the Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, to study the evaluation of various herbicides and their combinations on wheat during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments such as weed free, weedy check, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + clodinofop 400 g/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + sulfosulfuron 32.5g/ha , pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + pinoxaden 1000 ml/ ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha and replicated thrice. Results revealed that pendimethalin 2.5 L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha was found effective to control weed population and produced higher number of grains per ear and enhanced grain yield upto 62.3 per cent over weedy check.
— Chemical termiticides are hazardous to biotic and abiotic factors in the environment and hence banned in US and European countries but are still in use in developing countries. They are applied in huge quantity reaching to potable water ways, food, and fodder and killing soil microbiological components. It has been observed from the study that these hazardous termiticides can be replaced by ecofriendly and cheap Biotermiticides made from the plant based oils. Four tree borne oils (CNSL(50-100%), Neemseed oil(10-25%), Karanj seed oil(10-25%) and Markingnut oil(10-25%) and three chemicals Chlorpyrifos(10-50%), Coppernaphthenate(10-50%) and (Boric acid(10-50%) were used in different proportions to formulate CNSL based termiticides. Specimen samples were treated and exposed to termites for 60 days. The mass loss after 60 days was noted and results were analyzed. Chlorpyrifos and Coppernaphthenate 100% have shown better termite control property than boric acid. Commercial termiticides their own might be effective against termite but except Chlorpyrifos and other two have shown not much promising results in CNSL based formulation when compared with the oil formulations. It was observed that CNSL(50-80%) + NO (10-25%) + BSL(10-25%) and CNSL(50-80%) + NO(10-25%) + KO(10-25%) formulations can act as an effective termiticides. All four oils if used 100% have shown good resistant against termites. Keywords— CNSL-Cashew nut shell liquid, NO-Neemseed oil, KO-Karanj oil, BSL-Bhilawan shell liquid.
The structure of the yield of winter wheat when using herbicides against weedsSubmissionResearchpa
This article argues that when weeds in winter wheat fields are grown without eradication, the weeds will have a significant amount of shade, absorb some water and nutrients, and adversely affect the structure of the crop. Puma super (1 l / to) against cereals, Granstar (15 g / to) against biphasic weeds, and the elimination of Kroshka variety of winter wheat resulted in a long spike, a large number of grains in the spikes, spikes and spikes in a single spike. increased grain yield this condition has been reported to improve radically the efficiency of the grain structure when mixed and sprayed with Puma super (1 l / to), two-stage weed Granstar (15 g / to) herbicides against more grain weeds. by S.X.Sullieva and Q.G’.Zokirov 2020. The structure of the yield of winter wheat when using herbicides against weeds. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 37-40. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.819. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/819/785 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/819
Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Quality of Green ...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment will be conducted to “studies on integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality of greengram (Vigna radiate (L.)” The experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2014-15, Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.) which is located at 25o 24' 42" N latitude, 81o 50' 56" E longitude and 98 m altitude above the mean sea level. This area is situated on the right side of the river Yamuna by the side of Allahabad Rewa Road about 5 km away from Allahabad city. The pot experiment consisted of nine treatments with different organic and inorganic manures and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. results indicated that the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha + Azatobactor @ 375 g/ha recorded significantly plant height (cm) 25 days (28.62) and 50 days (44.17),number of leaves 25 days (13.37) and 50 days (22.10),number of branches 25 days (3.34) and50 days (5.44),days of 50% flowering (41.24), number of pods per plant (24.77), number of seeds per pod (14.77),number of seeds per plant (342.74), seed yield per plant (14.80 g), seed yield per ha (1139.46 kg), thousand seed weight (42.52 g), Number of pods/plant (24.77) germination (99.90%), to others treatments.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
ABSTRACT- Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-words- Spodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
Study on Adoption Behaviour of Flower Growers and their Level of Economic Ins...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— There is no need to emphasis that floriculture is an important agribusiness gaining commercial importance in the vital scenario of Indian agriculture. India being a tropical country has several advantages in floriculture production. Adoption studies are also useful for illustrating the degree to which acceptance of new technologies is limited by insufficient inputs, credit, or marketing infrastructure. If it appears that farmers are unable to take advantage of a new technology because they lack inputs, this information can be presented to policymakers who have responsibility for the agricultural inputs that are available and the way they are distributed. After the study if adoption behaviour shows that access to credit significantly influences the type of technology that farmers use, then this information may be presented to those responsible for designing and funding credit programmes. Similarly, adoption studies may be used to highlight marketing bottlenecks that limit the acceptability of new technologies. Looking is the importance of flower production in Indore district, the personnel of NHM programme provided various extension programmes and facilities for its development. The programme has completed many years, hence, it was felt appropriate to know the adoption behaviour of flowers growers and their level of economic inspiration under NHM. Therefore, a study has been designed, Study showed that out of the total flower growers, the highest proportion of the flower growers 40.00 per cent found to be perceived partial level of economic inspiration followed by perfect level of economic inspiration 32.50 per cent and least level of economic inspiration 27.50 per cent respectively.
Relative toxicity of selected insecticides against adult whitefly, t. vaporar...Sachin U.S
The present experiment was conducted to assess relative toxicity of selected insecticides against whitefly in the Entomology laboratory at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2014-2015. Among the eleven treatments, imidachloprid, thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole were highly toxic to adults which recorded 100 per cent mortality, four days after treatment. Cyantraniliprole recorded the highest adult mortality comparatively early than imidachloprid and thiamethoxam. Fipronil 80% WG, recorded 100 percent mortality five days after treatment which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at sixth day after treatment and recorded as next best treatments under laboratory condition against whitefly. Acephate 75% SP and azadirhactin 10000 ppm recorded highest level of mortality (100%) at seventh and eighth day after treatment, respectively which was followed by triazophos 40% EC, spinosad 480% SC and buprofezin 25% SC at eleventh day after treatment. Considering the result, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were recommended for effective control of sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.
Evaluation of herbicides and their combinations for weed control in wheat (Tr...IJEABJ
The field experiment was conducted at the Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, to study the evaluation of various herbicides and their combinations on wheat during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments such as weed free, weedy check, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + clodinofop 400 g/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + sulfosulfuron 32.5g/ha , pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + pinoxaden 1000 ml/ ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha and replicated thrice. Results revealed that pendimethalin 2.5 L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha was found effective to control weed population and produced higher number of grains per ear and enhanced grain yield upto 62.3 per cent over weedy check.
— Chemical termiticides are hazardous to biotic and abiotic factors in the environment and hence banned in US and European countries but are still in use in developing countries. They are applied in huge quantity reaching to potable water ways, food, and fodder and killing soil microbiological components. It has been observed from the study that these hazardous termiticides can be replaced by ecofriendly and cheap Biotermiticides made from the plant based oils. Four tree borne oils (CNSL(50-100%), Neemseed oil(10-25%), Karanj seed oil(10-25%) and Markingnut oil(10-25%) and three chemicals Chlorpyrifos(10-50%), Coppernaphthenate(10-50%) and (Boric acid(10-50%) were used in different proportions to formulate CNSL based termiticides. Specimen samples were treated and exposed to termites for 60 days. The mass loss after 60 days was noted and results were analyzed. Chlorpyrifos and Coppernaphthenate 100% have shown better termite control property than boric acid. Commercial termiticides their own might be effective against termite but except Chlorpyrifos and other two have shown not much promising results in CNSL based formulation when compared with the oil formulations. It was observed that CNSL(50-80%) + NO (10-25%) + BSL(10-25%) and CNSL(50-80%) + NO(10-25%) + KO(10-25%) formulations can act as an effective termiticides. All four oils if used 100% have shown good resistant against termites. Keywords— CNSL-Cashew nut shell liquid, NO-Neemseed oil, KO-Karanj oil, BSL-Bhilawan shell liquid.
The structure of the yield of winter wheat when using herbicides against weedsSubmissionResearchpa
This article argues that when weeds in winter wheat fields are grown without eradication, the weeds will have a significant amount of shade, absorb some water and nutrients, and adversely affect the structure of the crop. Puma super (1 l / to) against cereals, Granstar (15 g / to) against biphasic weeds, and the elimination of Kroshka variety of winter wheat resulted in a long spike, a large number of grains in the spikes, spikes and spikes in a single spike. increased grain yield this condition has been reported to improve radically the efficiency of the grain structure when mixed and sprayed with Puma super (1 l / to), two-stage weed Granstar (15 g / to) herbicides against more grain weeds. by S.X.Sullieva and Q.G’.Zokirov 2020. The structure of the yield of winter wheat when using herbicides against weeds. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 37-40. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.819. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/819/785 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/819
Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Quality of Green ...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment will be conducted to “studies on integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality of greengram (Vigna radiate (L.)” The experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2014-15, Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.) which is located at 25o 24' 42" N latitude, 81o 50' 56" E longitude and 98 m altitude above the mean sea level. This area is situated on the right side of the river Yamuna by the side of Allahabad Rewa Road about 5 km away from Allahabad city. The pot experiment consisted of nine treatments with different organic and inorganic manures and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. results indicated that the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha + Azatobactor @ 375 g/ha recorded significantly plant height (cm) 25 days (28.62) and 50 days (44.17),number of leaves 25 days (13.37) and 50 days (22.10),number of branches 25 days (3.34) and50 days (5.44),days of 50% flowering (41.24), number of pods per plant (24.77), number of seeds per pod (14.77),number of seeds per plant (342.74), seed yield per plant (14.80 g), seed yield per ha (1139.46 kg), thousand seed weight (42.52 g), Number of pods/plant (24.77) germination (99.90%), to others treatments.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
ABSTRACT- Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-words- Spodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
Study on Adoption Behaviour of Flower Growers and their Level of Economic Ins...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— There is no need to emphasis that floriculture is an important agribusiness gaining commercial importance in the vital scenario of Indian agriculture. India being a tropical country has several advantages in floriculture production. Adoption studies are also useful for illustrating the degree to which acceptance of new technologies is limited by insufficient inputs, credit, or marketing infrastructure. If it appears that farmers are unable to take advantage of a new technology because they lack inputs, this information can be presented to policymakers who have responsibility for the agricultural inputs that are available and the way they are distributed. After the study if adoption behaviour shows that access to credit significantly influences the type of technology that farmers use, then this information may be presented to those responsible for designing and funding credit programmes. Similarly, adoption studies may be used to highlight marketing bottlenecks that limit the acceptability of new technologies. Looking is the importance of flower production in Indore district, the personnel of NHM programme provided various extension programmes and facilities for its development. The programme has completed many years, hence, it was felt appropriate to know the adoption behaviour of flowers growers and their level of economic inspiration under NHM. Therefore, a study has been designed, Study showed that out of the total flower growers, the highest proportion of the flower growers 40.00 per cent found to be perceived partial level of economic inspiration followed by perfect level of economic inspiration 32.50 per cent and least level of economic inspiration 27.50 per cent respectively.
Antimicrobial efficiency of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processed...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Currently used methods for decontamination and sanitation are antimicrobial ineffective, generate high costs with a high consumption of water and chemicals additionally. As an alternative, non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure could be a versatile tool. Therefore, an experimental set-up based on a microwave-plasma source which generates plasma processed air (PPA) containing manifold RNS-based chemical and antimicrobial compounds was used. The PPA was introduced into distilled water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or nutrient broth to generate plasma processed water (PPW), plasma processed PBS (PPP) or plasma processed broth (PPB) which can be applied for the decontamination of packaging material, fresh produce and processing equipment. This is a new and innovative method for the generation of antimicrobial active plasma processed liquids (PPL). In our experiments, bacterial suspensions contaminated with six different bacteria; Escherichia coli K12 (DSM 11250), Pseudomonas fluorescens (DSM 50090), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RIPAC), Pseudomonas marginalis (DSM 13124), Pectobacterium carotovorum (DSM 30168) and Listeria innocua (DSM 20649) in a concentration of 106 cfu . ml-1 and subsequently treated with PPW, PPP, PPB and HNO3 were investigated. For PPL production, the plasma was ignited for 5, 15 or 50 s. After a post-plasma treatment with PPL of maximum 5 minutes, a decrease of bacterial load up to 6 log steps were detected for examined bacteria. Furthermore, an exclusive inactivation by acidification of PPL was excluded. The characteristics of plasma and its generated cocktail of long living chemical compounds in air and in water leading to a high bacterial inactivation and offering a wide range of possible applications
The Link between Renewable Fuel Mandate and Natural Rubber Market in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Lately, fluctuation in world crude oil prices and increasing in biofuel demand have encourages the uses of biodiesel in worldwide. Malaysia is one of the countries that using renewable materials from crude palm oil. As the main feedstock for biodiesel, the implementation of biodiesel blend mandate in Malaysia is expected to interrupt the natural rubber industry due to the competition of land between oil palm and natural rubber. Previously, there was no any relationship between renewable energy particularly biodiesel to be linked with the natural rubber market. The implementation of B5 mandate in Malaysia will added a new dimension in the Malaysian natural rubber market. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop the conceptual framework in examining the effect of biodiesel blend mandate on Malaysian natural rubber market. Malaysia natural rubber and palm oil market model been developed where consist of production, import, domestic consumption, export, domestic price and world price equations. The model was closed using domestic and world stock identity.
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Ecophysiological Yield Components In Wheat Cultivars Under Variable Phosphoru...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Effects of P deficiency and interactions Cultivar x P available, on wheat yield and ecophysiological components were analysed, considering that the grain number m-2 is the product of the length of spike growth period, crop growth rate during this phase, the proportion of growth for spikes (partitioning) and spike fertility (grain number produced per unit of spike dry weight). Four cultivars with different strategy to generate yield (i.e. combinations of ecophysiological yield components) were compared with and without P fertilization, during two years in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The soil was moderately P deficient (7-9 mg P kg-1 soil) and P fertilization treatments (50 kg P ha-1) were established at sowing. P deficiencies affected yield and most of its components, the exceptions were: partitioning to spike, spike growth period and radiation use efficiency. The interaction Cultivar x P fertilization was not significant in all cases. The lack of interaction between cultivar and P level suggest that improvements in any crop physiological component will express in both, moderately deficiencies or high P environment.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Abstract— The objective of this study is to identify the important factors that affecting natural rubber industry in Malaysia. Therefore, the Malaysian natural rubber market model where built. It consists of six behavioral equation and two closing identities. The six behavioral equations are production, import, domestic consumption, export, domestic price and world price equations and the closing identities are domestic and world stock. By using the annual data from year 1980 to 2012, the market model been examined using unit root test, cointegration test and simultaneous equation estimation. Method two stages least squares (2SLS) will be used in determining the factors that affecting natural rubber market. Results revealed that time trend, hectare natural rubber and production with lagged 1 year are important in production natural rubber equation. While,import depends on world price and exchange rate. Only synthetic rubber price isn’t important in determining Malaysia’s natural rubber consumption. All the factors in domestic price are significance except price with lagged 1 year while lastly crude oil price and lagged world price of rubber are the two variables that important in the world price equation compare to exchange rate and world price of synthetic rubber.
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Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
Egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality tra...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Strains found among Tswana chicken population include the naked neck, dwarf, frizzled, rumpless and normal-feathered (normal). Internal and external egg quality characteristics and phenotypic correlations among egg quality traits in different strains of Tswana chickens under intensive management have never been evaluated. The study was conducted to determine the internal and external egg quality characteristics of the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains of Tswana chicken. A total of 200, 185 and 175 eggs were collected from the naked neck, normal and dwarf strains, respectively, for external and internal egg quality analysis. No significant differences in albumin height, albumen pH and yolk pH were found between the strains. The naked neck strain however produced eggs with the highest egg weight, albumen weight, albumen content, egg volume and egg surface area and the lowest yolk content. The dwarf strain had the lowest egg weight, albumin weight, egg volume, and egg surface area and the highest egg shell thickness.All the three strains of Tswana chicken produced eggs of acceptable quality. The naked neck strain however had the best egg quality characteristics, followed by the normal strain and lastly the dwarf strain. Of the three strains, the naked neck strain had the strongest correlation coefficients among external and internal egg quality characteristics and between external and internal egg quality characteristics. Egg weight was positively and highly correlated with other egg quality traits such as egg length, egg width, egg volume, egg surface area, albumen weight and yolk weight in the three strains of Tswana chicken. Selection for higher egg weight is likely to lead to the greatest improvements in other egg quality characteristics (both internal and external) in the naked neck than in the normal and dwarf strains.
Abstract— MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function on post-transcriptional gene silencing and regulate the gene expression by degrading the transcripts of their targets, leading to down-regulation of the target genes. Plant miRNAs have been reported to play important roles in developmental control, hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and response to environmental stresses. In this review, we have reviewed miRNA expression and its potential role in regulating cell differentiation in Arabidopsis and summarized the miRNAs regulated cell differentiation during root, shoot, leave, and embryo development. We have further described practical application of expression of miRNAs in plant molecular breeding.
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
Essential oil of Baccharis as a sustainable alternative for small farmers in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This work aimed at evaluating the insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oils of Baccharis trimera and Baccharis articulate leaves against the maize weevil in maize grains. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition showed that the major constituent was the carquejil acetate (73.6%) for B. trimera and β-pinene (22.3%) and β-cariofilene (21.5%) for B. articulate. Our results show that B. trimera oil was insecticidal and repellent to maize weevil. About 100% of mortality was achieved using concentrations of 0.32 μL.cm-2, after 24 h of exposure and the lower concentration 0.065 µL.cm-2 obtained similar results in 96 h. The LD50 value for B. trimera essential oil was 8.4 μL/ Petri dishes or 0.05 µL.cm-2. The results obtained indicate that the effect insecticidal of the essential oil of B. trimera is probably because of the presence of carquejil acetate. B. articulate showed low insecticidal activity. The values of the Preference level varied from -0.6 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.9 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. trimera oil and -0.4 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.7 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. articulata oil, being lower than -0.10. The minimum limit to consider that a plant has repellency activity, demonstrating that the both plants oils presents repellency activity. Although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents, we find the essential oil of B. trimera have potential to be used sustainably as bioinseticide by the small farmers.
Analysis of Herbicide Atrazine and Its Degradation Products in Agricultural S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS) method was developed for the determination of herbicide atrazine (ATR) and its principal metabolites namely deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA) in soils. The limit of detection ranged from 0.06 μg kg‒1 (DEA) to 0.25 μg kg‒1 (HA). Recoveries for the four target analytes at three spiked levels ranged from 73.2 to 110% with relative standard deviation of 5.1‒8.1%. In the cases of the three control soil samples spiked with ATR were treated for 60d, the sum content of the three degraded products is 3, 6.4, and 6.8 times greater than ATR residue, respectively. Analyzing 80 soil samples from four counties evaluated this method. ATR of 1.1‒125 μg kg‒1 in 80 of 80 samples, ATR of 0.5‒7.8 μg kg‒1 in 39 of 80 samples, and DIA of 0.5 and 0.6 μg kg‒1 in 2 of 80 samples were found. The proposed method can ensure the rapid and highly sensitive analysis of atrazine and its degradation products in soil, and can provide a direction for proper application of atrazine and a base for evaluating their hazards to the environment.
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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Extract of Ailanthus Excelsa on Red Cotton Bug (Dysdercus Cingulatus)IOSR Journals
Botanical pesticides have pesticidal or ovicidal or repellent activities. The development of resistance to existing conventional synthetic pesticides and the increasing public concern over environmental pollution and health hazards created by synthetic pesticides, generate a great need for new types of pest management agent’s advantage with higher activity against the target pests, and lower impact on humans and environmental quality. Repellents are the chemicals which cause an insect to make an oriented movement away from its source. Due to their odoriferous nature, oils of plants have been used for this purpose. Repellency in the present study has been noted visually in the treated insects and the observations recorded have been depicted. The results showed 95% repellency in the treated arms of petridish in fraction of Ailanthus ecxcelsa.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Pu...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Under Field Conditions by Mohammed Z Khalaf in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
Similar to Evaluation of various Synthetic Insecticides against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) in Bt Cotton (20)
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
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Evaluation of various Synthetic Insecticides against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) in Bt Cotton
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 35
Evaluation of various Synthetic Insecticides against Thrips
(Thrips tabaci) in Bt Cotton
Rita sharma1
, Leena sharan2
1,2
Laboratory of environmental Biology, P.G. Department of Zoology, Govt. Dungar P.G.college, Bikaner
Email address- sharmarita333@gmail.com
Abstract— Cotton (Gossypium spp.) popularly known as ‘white gold’ is one of the most ancient important cash crop of
India. Apart from its value as fibre, it has great potential to be used as edible oil, food for animals and other by products like
particle board and boxes. The development of Bt cotton containing a genetically introgresses endotoxin gene from the gram
negative soil bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Hubner) represents a significant technological land mark in the global cotton
research. Thrips is a major sucking pest on cotton crop, causing quantitative and qualitative losses to cotton. An experiment
was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Sri Ganganagar in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments including
control and replicated three times, to evaluate various insecticides against thrips in Bt cotton. The study revealed that
maximum reduction (56.00%) in thrips population was recorded with the treatment of Acephate 75% SP, followed by
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (49.66%). Both the treatments were at par and significantly superior over the other treatments. The
phytotoxic effect on crop could not be observed during the experimental period.
Keywords— Cotton, Agriculture Research, Acephate, soil bacteria, Acephate.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cotton is one of the prominent industrial and economic crops of india. The pest spectrum of cotton crop is quite complex and
these pests not only reduce the yield but also adversely affect the quality of lint and seed. The development of Bt cotton
containing a genetically introgresses endotoxin gene from the gram negative soil bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Hubner)
represents a significant technological land mark in the global cotton research. India adopted this technology in 2002-03. Last
few decades bollworm attack on cotton was a serious problem but, with the introduction of Bt varieties of cotton this problem
has been solved to some extent and a significant change in cropping scheme in the cotton growing areas has been observed
(Ahsan & Altaf, 2009). But the problem of sucking insect pests attack is remained unsolved still now. Among them thrips is
most destructive sucking pest. Thrips attack cotton crop early in the season, but high population densities can be seen during
second fortnight in September (Gupta et al., 1997, Khan et al., 2008). Both nymph and adult stages of thrips damage the
tissue and destroy leaves by sucking cell sap. Due to the attack of this pest, leaves curl up and in the case of several attack,
plant remains stunted at initial stage.This insect is widely distributed in northern area. The chemical control is the one of the
rapid methods to reduce the losses caused by sucking insect pests to the cotton crop (Gogi et al., 2006). Many new chemical
insecticides are introduced in the market for management thrips therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the
various insecticides for management of thrips (Thrips tabaci) in Bt cotton.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block design with 10 treatments including Control and three replication at the
Agriculture Research Station, Sri Ganganagar (Raj.). The crop was raised in 10 m x 5 m plotes with 100 cm row to row and
60 cm plant to plant distance. Total four sprays of each insecticide viz., Acephate 75% SP, Thiomethoxam 25% WG,
Acetamiprid 20% SP, Diafenthiuron 50% SP, Calypso 24% OD, Sulfoxaflor 24% SC, Triazophos 40% EC, Imidacloprid
17.8% SL and Pyriproxyfen 10% EC were given at 10-15 days interval depending upon climatic condition. The efficacy of
various insecticides will be assessed by counting the living population of thrips on 5 randomly selected plants in each plot 24
hours before and after 1, 3, 5 and 10 days of treatment. The observations on the surviving insects after each treatment at
definate time intervals were recorded and percent reduction in population was calculated. Percent reduction was calculated
by using the below mentioned formula:
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 36
The data recorded were presented as mean values, which were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Critical
Difference (CD) was worked out to compare different treatments. For Analysis of Variance, the data on percentage reduction
were transformed into angular values. The critical difference calculated was compared between mean percent reductions at
definite time interval.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The evaluation of various insecticides against thrip population depicted in the Table-1 clearly indicates that thrip population
was significantly low in all the plots treated with insecticides over control. The study revealed that maximum reduction
(56.00%) in thrips population was recorded with the treatment of Acephate 75% SP, followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL
(49.66%). Both the treatments were at par and significantly superior over the other treatments. The phytotoxic effect on crop
could not be observed during the experimental period. . In our experiment, nine chemicals were tested against thrips under
field conditions, among these chemicals some were found effective against thrips while others were found to be less
effective. Our results suggested that, Acephate 75% SP and Imidacloprid 17.8% SL were proved to be the most effective
insecticide resulted in significant reduction of thrip populations as compared to all other insecticides . The results agree with
of the findings of Iqbal et al., (2013) who reported maximum control of thrips population with the treatment of Acephate.
Similar trend was observed by Pachundkar et al., (2013) and Patil et al., (2014) who concluded that Acephate was found to
be highly effective against thrips population. The present results also get support from the observations of Kolhe et al.,
(2009) who found that Imidacloprid was most effective against thrips. The treatment module in the applied does not show
any phytotoxic effect on cotton plants.
TABLE 1
BIO-EFFICACY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES ON PERCENT REDUCTION OF THRIPS IN BT COTTON
Treatment Doses (a. i./ha)
Pooled mean of four sprays
Mean % Reduction of thrips / 3 leaves
Pooled
1 DAS 3 DAS 5 DAS 10 DAS
Acephate 75% SP 800 g 62.22# (51.09)*
58.51#
(45.38)*
52.51#
(46.42)*
50.75#
(45.41)*
56.00#
(47.08)*
Thiamethoxam 25% WG 200 g 42.40 (40.94)
35.46
(40.94)
34.78
(36.03)
28.25
(31.90)
35.22
(37.45)
Acetamiprid 20% SP 160 g 49.02 (43.20)
42.69
(40.62)
38.15
(38.09)
29.02
(32.54)
39.72
(38.61)
Diafenthiuron 50% SP 800 g 35.58 (38.85)
33.66
(33.00)
28.81
(32.32)
14.96
(22.56)
28.25
(31.68)
Calypso 24% OD 400 g 23.44 (28.15)
21.85
(26.17)
20.61
(26.82)
19.89
(26.37)
21.44
(26.88)
Sulfoxaflor 24% SC 400 g 34.47 (33.79)
30.44
(32.71)
26.12
(30.63)
23.13
(28.63)
28.54
(31.44)
Triazophos 40 % EC 1000 ml 40.40 (43.29)
32.87
(38.46)
30.87
(33.68)
24.72
(29.18)
32.22
(36.15)
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 133 ml 59.26 (51.01)
55.83
(46.42)
46.38
(42.88)
37.19
(37.51)
49.66
(44.46)
Pyriproxyfen 10 % EC 400 ml 27.79 (32.44)
24.73
(30.75)
21.46
(27.44)
18.67
(25.36)
23.16
(29.00)
Control 1.98 (7.86)
2.39
(8.14)
2.63
(9.19)
2.41
(8.80)
2.35
(8.50)
SEM 1.88 1.65 1.75 1.50 1.47
CD 5.58 4.89 5.19 4.45 4.37
CV% 7.69 7.76 8.78 8.03 8.91
# Pooled mean of four spyays
*Values in parenthesis are transformed angular values
DAS Days after spray
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 37
FIGURE 1: MEAN % REDUCTION OF THRIPS / 3 LEAVES
IV. CONCLUSION
Thrip population was significantly low in all the plots treated with insecticides over control. Our results suggested that,
Acephate 75% SP and Imidacloprid 17.8% SL were proved to be the most effective insecticide resulted in significant
reduction of thrip populations as compared to all other insecticides . Both the treatments were at par and significantly
superior over the other treatments. The phytotoxic effect on crop could not be observed during the experimental period.
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