Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Weed control is an important agronomic practice that improves growth and maximizes yield in maize. An experiment was carried out to investigate the ‘effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the western highlands of Cameroon. The work was carried out during the 2017/2018 main cropping season from the 14th of March to the 14th of July at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Bambui experimental field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The experiment comprised of seven treatments: weedy check or control (T1), constant hand hoeing (T2), delay hand hoeing (T3), pre-emergence herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) (T4), post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T5), pre- herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) + Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T6) and delay post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T7). The white maize variety CHC 201 (“KASAI”) was used during the experiment and sown in plot sizes of 4 m x 5 m with a planting density of 80cm by 50cm with 2 plants per station with the aim of achieving a plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1. All agronomic practices were followed from planting to harvesting. The data recorded were plant height, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of gain rows per ear, number of gains per ear, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.0 Software and ANOVA was run to find the differences between the various treatments. The highest 1000 grain weight (314.13g) came from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment and did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the constant hand hoeing treatment (307.83g). The lowest 1000 grain weight (234.67g) was seen in the weedy check treatment. The constant hand hoeing had the highest grain yield (6.27 ton ha-1) and this did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment (6.07 ton ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3.18 ton ha-1) was seen in the weedy check treatment. From the study, the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application may be recommended for increasing maize yield particularly in the case of high scale production.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and...Premier Publishers
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yield of Chickpea
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.34 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 831
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on
Disease Suppression, Growth and Yield of
Chickpea
Prosenjit Talukdar1
, Mst. Mahfuja Siddiqa2
, Md. Mahidul Islam Masum1*
,
A.B.M. Habibullah3
, Md. Khurshed Alam Bhuiyan1
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-
1706, Bangladesh
2
Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
3
Department of Economics, Asian University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author:
Email: masum@bsmrau.edu.bd
Abstract- Trichoderma species are commonly used as
effective biological control agents against
phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while
some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the
present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with
different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-
emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality,
diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several
soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium
oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at
different growth stages in the field under natural
epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T.
harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist
against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field
experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum
preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with
well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw
dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry
manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry
manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-
emergence and post emergence seedling mortality,
disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the
field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly
increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry
manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
Keywords— biocontrol, Cicer arietinum, seedling
diseases, soil-borne fungi, yield.
I. INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the world’s fourth most
important pulse crop after soybeans, beans and peas
(FAO, 2012). Diseases are one of the main constrains for
the low production of this crop (Godhani et al., 2010).
Chickpea crop is attacked by wide range of pathogens
including fungi, viruses, bacteria, nematodes and
mycoplasma (Nene and Sheila, 1996). Some of the
serious pathogens usually known as soil-borne pathogens
in order of their importance including Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Rhizoctonia solani, and
Sclerotium rolfsii are the most devastating in both
seedling and mature stage. Under favourable conditions,
outbreaks of these pathogens it cause yield and quality
deterioration or, even there is a total crop failure and
result in a huge economic losses.
Many attempts have been made to control F. oxysporum
f. sp. ciceri, R. solani, and S. rolfsii including cultural or
chemical methods (Jaacov, 2000) but neither cultural nor
chemical measures alone were found to be effective
against these pathogens. Controlling of these soil-borne
diseases with fungicides is uneconomical and difficult to
achieve because of the soil and seed-borne nature of the
pathogen (Ahmad et al., 2010). Moreover, the application
of fungicides causes groundwater pollution, killing of
non-target beneficial flora and evolving fungicidal
resistance variants of the pathogen. The antagonistic
Trichoderma, a cosmopolitan soil and compost-borne
saprophytic fungus can be used to suppress soil-borne
pathogens that cause diseases such as damping-off, root
rots, stem rots, and wilting in many vegetables. In
addition to its effect as a natural enemy of plant
pathogens, Trichoderma has also a positive impact on
plant growth as it produces different kinds of secondary
metabolites which are important for plant growth
regulation (Vinale et al., 2009) and improves the soil
fertility by acting as decomposer. Composts or compost
extracts used as an organic fertilizer have beneficial
effects on plant growth and considered as a valuable soil
amendment (Gharib et al., 2008). Recently Trichoderma
fortified compost have been used in many countries and
appeared very effective in controlling different soil-borne
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.34 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 832
pathogen as well as increasing growth and yield of many
crops (Kaewchai et al., 2009, Rahman, 2013). However,
scanty published reports on disease suppression and
improvement of growth and yield of this pulse crop are
available in Bangladesh utilizing Trichoderma fortified
compost. Therefore, this study was undertaken to select
the most effective isolates of Trichoderma species against
different soil-borne fungi of chickpea identified under lab
condition and to assess the potential of Trichoderma-
fortified compost in controlling fungal diseases and
enhancing growth and yield of chickpea in the field.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Collection, isolation and preservation of
Trichoderma spp. isolates
A total of 20 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected
from soils of different crop fields of Chandina Upazilla of
Comilla districts of Bangladesh. Soils samples were
collected from rhizophere soil of carrot, radish, tomato,
potato, brinjal and chilli. Fungi were isolated from
individual samples following the soil dilution plate
technique (Mian, I995). Briefly, a total of 10 gm of soil
from a sample was mixed with 90 ml of sterilized water
in a sterile conical flask while suspension was in motion.
The initial soil sample was diluted through serial dilutions
in order to achieve a small number of colonies on each
plate. Then 5 ml of each dilution was incorporated into a
plate with PDA (potato, 250 g; dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g;
distilled water upto 1L) amended by 100 ppm
streptomycin sulfate. The Petri dishes were incubated for
3-5 days at room temperature (25±2°C). Fungus was
purified on PDA following hyphal tip culture technique
(Tuite, 1969). A total of 20 fungal isolates were identified
as T. harzianum on the basis of growth, colony and
morphological characters following the standard key
(Barnett and Hunter, l998). The other isolated fungi were
discarded.
2.2 Testing the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum
isolates in vitro
Twenty isolates of T. harzianum were tested against F.
oxysporum, R. solani and S. rolfsii on potato dextrose
agar (PDA) medium f dual culture technique by placing 5
mm diameter young mycelium disc of pathogen at one
end and that of the biocontrol agent at the other end of a 9
cm diameter Petri dish (Dhingra and Sinclair, 1985). The
selected virulent isolates of test pathogens were collected
from the stock culture of the laboratory of the Department
of Plant Pathology, BSMRAU. All plates were incubated
in the dark at 25°C until the mycelium of F. oxysporum,
R. solani and S. rolfsii covered the whole area of the
control plate. Inhibition percentage of the radial growth of
F. oxysporum, R. solani and S. rolfsii were calculated
following the formula as suggested by Sundar et al.
(1995):
% Inhibition of growth =
X
YX
×100 (equation 1)
Where, X = mycelial growth of pathogen in absence of
T. harzianum (control), Y= mycelial growth of pathogen
in presence of T. harzianum).
2.3 Preparation of Trichoderma fortified compost with
different substrates
Before setting the experiment in the field, a total of five
compost pits (1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.5 m) were prepared
separately where each compost pit contained 40 kg each
of saw dust, tea waste, poultry manure, water hyacinth
and cow dung. After 45 days of decomposition wheat
grain colonized Trichoderma inoculum @2.5 kg was
mixed in each compost pit. Then it was left for 90 days
for decomposition and degradation following the
procedure of the preparation of standard quality compost
as described by James (2008). On the basis of screening
test against the studied virulent isolates of F. oxysporum,
R. solani and S. rolfsii, the highly antagonist isolate of T.
harzianum Co-7 was selected for the field experiment
2.4 Application Trichoderma fortified compost with
different substrates for controlling major diseases of
chickpea in field condition
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the most
effective composting substrate mixed with T. harzianum
isolate Co-7 for controlling major soil borne diseases of
chickpea as well as its impact on growth promotion and
increasing the yield of chickpea. Prepared Trichoderma
fortified compost @ 5 kg plot-1
(8.33 t ha-1
) with
individual substrates as described earlier were used in the
field as treatments. Seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietanum)
variety BARI Chola-5 collected from Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur were
grown for this purpose in a non-sterile field soil. This
experiment included following seven treatments:
T1=sowing of seeds only in field soil (Control 1)
T2= Wheat bran colonized Trichoderma without
compost (Control 2)
T3=Colonized Trichoderma with saw dust
T4=Colonized Trichoderma with cow dung
T5=Colonized Trichoderma with tea waste
T6=Colonized Trichoderma with water hyacinth
T7=Colonized Trichoderma with poultry manure
2.5 Monitoring of disease development
Chickpea plants were observed regularly after sowing to
record the incidence of pre-emergence and post-
emergence seedling mortality, infection both on plant
organs and pods at different growth stages. The causal
agents of the recorded diseases were identified on
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
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isolation of the pathogen from the infected roots, stems
and pod. The disease incidence was recorded
continuously at 3 days interval from transplanting to final
harvest. Observations were made by selecting five plants
randomly from each plot. Disease severity of wilt, wet
root rot and collar rot caused by F. oxysporum, R. solani
and S. rolfsii, respectively was rated as 0-4 scale in which
0= no symptoms, 1=1-25%, 2=26-50%, 3=51-75% and
4=76-100% of chickpea organ covered with lesions
(Morid et al., 2012). Diseases of the crop were expressed
as percentage using the following formulae:
Disease incidence (%)
=
Number of infected plants
Total number of plant observed
x 100 (Equation 2)
Percent disease index (PDI) =
Summation of all rating
Number of plant observed × Maximum rating
x 100
(Equation 3)
2.6 Observation of growth promoting factors at
maturity and yield
Growth promoting factors including plant height, no. of
branches plant-1
and numbers of pods plant-1
were
recorded randomly five plants from each replicated plots
of all the treatments attain after certain maturity. Pods
plant-1
was harvested and the total dry weight of seed was
also measured.
2.7 Design of experiment and data analyses
The field experiment was laid out in the Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications.
Data recorded on various diseases and yield components
were analyzed statistically using the STATISTIX 10
computer program after proper transformation whenever
necessary and the means were compared following
DMRT.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Screening of T. harzianum isolates against F.
oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, R. solani, and S. rolfsii
All the 20 isolates of T. harzianum showed more than
60% inhibition of radial growth of the tested pathogens as
compared to untreated control except the isolate Co-6
where the growth inhibition against R. solani was 58.8%.
Among the screened isolates of T. harzianum only four
isolates namely Co-5, Co-7, Co-12 and Co-20 showed
above 70% growth inhibition against all the tested
pathogens (Table 1). The same isolate of T. harzianum
had highly varied antagonistic ability and it ranged from
60 to 80% depending on the test pathogen. However, the
tested isolates Co-7 showed the highest inhibition of the
radial growth among all the tested pathogens (Table 1 and
Fig. 1).
3.2 Assessment of Trichoderma fortified composts
applied in the chickpea field in controlling soil-borne
diseases
3.2.1 Effect on seedling mortality
Immediately after sowing of chickpea seed, pre-
emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality caused
by F. oxysporum, R. solani and S. rolfsii were recorded up
to five weeks of the plant growth. The highest reduction
of total seedling mortality over control (69.31%) was
recorded in plants receiving a combined treatment with
the Trichoderma fortified compost mixed with poultry
manure as substrate (T7). However, the similar result with
T7 was also observed in treatment T4 and T5 where the
field soil received cow dung and tea waste with T.
harzianum isolate, respectively (Table 2). Other
treatments (T6 and T3) showed statistically similar effect
on seedling mortality in comparison to the untreated
control where only chemical fertilizers were mixed
without Trichoderma fortified compost.
3.2.1 Effect on disease development
All the Trichoderma fortified composts reduced
superiorly diseases of chickpea in comparison to
untreated control. Among the diseases, wet root rot
caused by R. solani was the most prevalent followed by
collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium wilt
caused by F. oxysporum (Table 3). Significantly the
highest reductions of the marked three diseases over
control were achieved with Trichoderma fortified
compost with poultry manure (T7) followed by the
treatment containing mixtures of Trichoderma and cow
dung (Table 3). Additionally, the highest reduction of PDI
over control was also observed in the treatment T7 (64.9%
of F. oxysporum, 67.8% of S. rolfsii & 65.7% of R.
solani) in case of all the diseases but those of treatments
T4 and T5 were numerically almost similar followed by T6
in case of collar rot and wilt (Table 4). However, in case
of the reduction of PDI caused R. solani treatment T7 was
highest (65.7%) but T4 and T5 were almost numerically
identical to T7.
3.3 Performance of Trichoderma fortified compost on
growth promoting components and yield of chickpea
in the field
Trichoderma fortified compost increased the growth
promoting components including the number of branch
plant-1
and plant height compared to those of untreated
control (T1). In case of pods plant-1
treatments T2, T3, T5,
T6 were statistically identical but significantly lower to
those of T7 treatment where Trichoderma were mixed
with poultry manure (Table 5). The treatments containing
mixtures of colonized Trichoderma with cow dung and
Trichoderma with poultry refuses were found statistically
similar in increasing all growth promoting characters.
Similarly significantly the highest seed yield (1.54 t ha-1
)
was recorded in the plot with Trichoderma compost using
poultry manure (T7) followed by treatment T4 using cow
dung as compost. On the other hand, identical seed yield
4. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
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and seed weight were observed in T5 and T6 treated plot
but they were significantly lower than that of T7 in seed
yield (Table 5).
IV. DISCUSSION
Soil-borne pathogens such as F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri,
R. solani and S. rolfsii are primarily known as devastating
pathogens to cause seedling diseases in chick pea
cultivation. These pathogens are mostly difficult to
control as they often reside alive for many years as
sclerotia in soil or as mycelia in soil under several
environmental conditions and subsequently attack the
crops resulting poor yield. Now a-days, Trichoderma is
widely considered as a potential cost-effective means
against several pathogens attacking vegetables, fruits,
field and industrial crops (Tran, 2010). In our study, we
got many isolates of Trichoderma harzianum from
rhizophere soil of different vegetables in Bangladesh. In
vitro assay clearly showed that antagonists T. harzianum
halted the radial mycelium growth of highly virulent
isolate F. oxysporum, R. solani and S. rolfsii, with varying
levels of antagonism. Similar antagonistic effect of
T. harzianum against these soil-borne pathogens infecting
many other crops was also observed by several other
investigators (Sundar et al., 1995, Bhuiyan et al., 2007,
Nitu et al., 2016). The variation among the different
isolates of T. harzianum may be come about due to their
genetic makeup for the antagonistic activity (Shanmugam
et al., 2008, Kumar et al., 2011), production of virulence
factor such as metabolites (Shentu et al., 2014),
trichodene (Malmierca et al., 2015) etc. Moreover, a
variety of extracellular lytic enzymes such as high
chitinase and β-(1,3)-glucanase have been reported to be
produced by T. harzianum (Kumar et al., 2012),
and there may be relationship between the production of
these enzymes and the ability to inhibit the pathogen
(Elad et al., 1982, Sivan and Chet, 1989). Results in this
study also revealed that the radial mycelial growth of the
pathogens was interfered by T. harzianum within the
contact area or interface zone.
Under field conditions, we have observed seedling
mortality caused by F. oxysporum, S. rolfsii, and R.
solani. Some reports accounted these soil-borne
pathogens causing diseases in different vegetable crops
including chick pea (Prashad et al. 2014, Akhter et al.,
2015). As these warm-dependent pathogens are mostly
common in Bangladesh soil, soil amendments using
composted agricultural wastes fortified with biocontrol
agents could be acceptable approaches in this regard. A
number of investigations have also showed that the
organic amendments of soil with various origins were
potential biological control agents in suppressing soil-
borne plant pathogens (Litterick et al. 2004). Result of
this study is also consistent with the consequence of a
variety of soil amendments (Noble and Coventry 2010,
Akter et al., 2016). The highest disease occurrence in the
untreated control plot (T1) in case of all diseases followed
by treatment T2 where wheat bran colonized Trichoderma
without compost was used indicated that the soil-borne
pathogens were the most prevalent in the natural field
condition even without artificial inoculation of the
pathogens. Consequently, organic amendments with
Trichoderma fortified with poultry manure yielded the
lowest disease incidence as well as disease severity in this
study. Moreover, crop treated with T. harzianum grown
better and had higher yields to compare with the one
without application. Different mechanisms have been
suggested as being responsible for the action of individual
bio-agents and composts. Disease suppressive effect of
Trichoderma compost might be due to increase in
microbial biomass of Trichoderma with the ideal food
base compost, it aids in their introduction and
establishment into the soil for sustained biocontrol
activities of soil micro biota as stated by Hoitink and
Boehm (1999). An antagonist parasitizes the pathogens,
and poultry manure might be improved soil nutrients
status and enhanced the efficacy of antagonist. The
superior inhibitory effect of poultry manure is suggested
to be related with the release of antifungal compounds
from it. Poultry compost contains NH4-N and NO3-N
while Brady (1974) claimed that nitrate-nitrogen can be
readily taken by plants but where carbon-based organic
residue are available, resident soil micro organisms tend
to exploit NH4+ more quickly than plants. Considerable
evidence has piled up to support the idea that ammonia
liberated following application of high nitrogen
amendments contributes to kill soil-borne pathogens
(Shiau et al., 1999). Additionally, the bio-control
activities of T. harzianum against F. oxysporum f. sp.
ciceri, R. solani modulate the induced plant resistance and
enhance the plant growth (Sivan, 1989, Malik et al, 2005,
Saxena et al., 2015). These results support the present
findings of controlling soil-borne diseases as well as
increasing growth promoting parameters and seed yield of
chick pea by Trichoderma fortified composting.
V. CONCLUSION
Results from this study showed that poultry manure was
appeared to be excellent and promising substrates for the
preparation of Trichoderma fortified compost in
controlling soil-borne diseases of chickpea. Trichoderma
fortified compost with different substrates had also better
effect in increasing different growth parameters as well as
yield of chickpea than the untreated control where
Trichoderma was not mixed. Farmers can adopt eco-
friendly control measures of different soil borne diseases
5. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
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of vegetables by using Trichoderma fortified compost
with the lower cost in comparison to chemical pesticides
which is a key to profitable organic farming. Overall,
results obtained from this study clearly indicated that
Trichoderma fortified compost was the most effective not
only control the pathogenic diseases but also achieved
directly through storage of compost carbon, and indirectly
through enhanced plant growth and biological control
which in turn contributes to increased soil carbon levels.
However, the experiment should be repeated to
standardize the ratio and composition of the compost
substrate to prepare the most effective Trichoderma
fortified compost.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author has been thankful to Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU),
Bangladesh for providing the Research Assistant
Scholarship under the Project on Higher Education
Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP), CP-2075
provided by University Grant Commission during the
period of study.
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7. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
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Fig. 1: Antagonism of T. harzianum isolate Co-7 in dual culture PDA plate against A. Trichoderma and Fusarium
oxysporum, B. Trichoderma and Rhizoctonia solani, C. Trichoderma and Sclerotium rolfsii [right]; and control
plates [left] along with dual culture.
Table 1. Screening of Trichodermaharzianum isolates against Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium
rolfsii by dual culture technique on PDA plates.
Isolates of T.
harzianum
% inhibition of radial growth over control
F. oxysporum R. solani S. rolfsii
Co-1 70.00 67.7 77.7
Co-2 61.1 66.6 73.3
Co-3 71.1 64.4 68.8
Co-4 60.0 72.2 65.5
Co-5 76.6 73.3 77.7
Co-6 62.2 58.8 67.7
Co-7 82.2 78.8 83.3
Co-8 72.2 74.4 63.3
A
B
C
A
B
C
8. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
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Co-9 64.4 62.2 66.6
Co-10 68.8 65.5 80.0
Co-11 62.2 81.1 71.1
Co-12 78.8 77.7 75.5
Co-13 71.1 80 67.7
Co-14 66.6 62.2 64.4
Co-15 76.6 68.8 72.2
Co-16 66.6 70.0 78.8
Co-17 73.3 65.5 61.1
Co-18 74.4 64.4 76.6
Co-19 72.2 63.3 66.6
Co-20 71.1 78.8 73.3
Table 2. Effect of Trichoderma fortified compost in controlling seedling mortality of chickpea in open field.
Treatments
% Mortality*
% Reduction
of total
mortality
Pre-emergence Post-emergence Total
T1= Untreated control 10.5 a 27.4 a 37.8 a -
T2= Wheat bran Colonized Trichoderma without
compost
5.5 b 13.2 b 18.7 b 50.52
T3= Colonized Trichoderma with saw dust
5.2 bc
12.0 b 17.3 b 54.23
T4= Colonized Trichoderma with cow dung 4.1 d 8.9 d 13.0 d 65.6
T5= Colonized Trichoderma with tea waste 4.5 bc 9.1 cd 13.6 cd 64.02
T6= Colonized Trichoderma with water hyacinth 5.0 bc 11.6 bc 16.1 bc 57.4
T7= Colonized Trichoderma with poultry manure 3.2 d 8.4 d 11.6 d 69.31
*Means in a column followed by the same letters does not differ significantly (p= 0.05) according to DMRT test.
Table 3. Effect of Trichoderma fortified compost on incidence of chickpea diseases in the field.
Treatments
Fusarium wilt
( F. oxysporum)
Collar rot
( S. rolfsii)
Wet root rot
( R. solani)
Disease
incidence
% reduction
over control
Disease
incidence
% reduction
over control
Disease
incidence
% reduction
over control
T1= Untreated control 36.4 a - 35.9 a - 25.7 a -
T2= Wheat bran Colonized
Trichodermawithout compost
26.6 b 26.9 25.2 b 29.8 20.9 b 18.7
T3= Colonized Trichoderma
with saw dust
22.7 c 37.6 21.8 c 39.3 16.2 c 36.9
T4= Colonized Trichoderma
with cow dung
17.3 e 52.5 16.8 e 53.2 12.9 e 49.8
T5= Colonized Trichoderma
with tea waste
19.5 de 46.4 19.5 de 45.7 14.6 de 43.2
T6= Colonized Trichoderma
with water hyacinth
22.5 c 38.2 21.4 c 40.4 15.2 cd 40.9
T7= Colonized Trichoderma
with poultry manure
13.2 f 63.7 12.9 f 64.1 12.5 f 51.4
Means within same column followed by common letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT.
9. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.34 ISSN: 2456-1878
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Table 4. Effect of Trichoderma fortified compost on severity of chickpea diseases in field.
Treatments
Fusarium wilt
( F. oxysporum)
Collar rot
( S. rolfsii)
Wet root rot
( R. solani)
PDI
% reduction
over control
PDI
% reduction
over control
PDI
% reduction
over control
T1= Untreated control 38.5 a - 32.3 a - 36.4 a -
T2= Wheat bran Colonized
Trichodermawithout compost
30.3 b 21.3 28.1 b 13.0 27.1 b 25.5
T3= Colonized Trichoderma with
saw dust
25.0 c 35.1 22.9 c 29.1 23.9 b 34.3
T4= Colonized Trichoderma with
cow dung
15.7 ef 59.2 12.5 de 61.3 14.6 c 59.9
T5= Colonized Trichoderma with tea
waste
18.8 de 51.2 15.7 d 51.4 16.7 c 54.1
T6= Colonized Trichoderma with
water hyacinth
22.9 cd 40.5 20.8 c 35.6 22.9 b 37.1
T7= Colonized Trichoderma with
poultry manure
13.5 f 64.9 10.4 e 67.8 12.5 c 65.7
Means within same column followed by common letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT.
Table 5. Effect of Trichoderma fortified compost on growth promoting and yield components of chickpea
Treatments
No. of branch
plant-1
No. of pods
plant-1
Plant height
(cm)
1000 seed wt.
(g)
Seed yield (t
ha-1
)
T1= Untreated control 3.0 e 32.8 c 42.1 d 140.2 d 1.02 f
T2= Wheat bran Colonized
Trichoderma without compost
3.2 de 35.5 c 46.1 c 140.9 c 1.13 e
T3= Colonized Trichoderma with
saw dust
3.5 cd 37.0 c 47.1 c 150.1 c 1.19 de
T4= Colonized Trichoderma with
cow dung
4.2 ab 43.0 ab 52.1 a 160.5 a 1.42 b
T5= Colonized Trichoderma with tea
waste
4.1 b 38.0 bc 51.5 ab 150.7 b 1.30 c
T6= Colonized Trichoderma with
water hyacinth
3.6 c 37.2 bc 47.5 bc 150.3 bc 1.27 cd
T7= Colonized Trichoderma with
poultry manure
4.5 a 46.8 a 55.2 a 160.9 a 1.54 a
Means within same column followed by common letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT.