Research Paper published in Journal of life Science

1. Evaluation of Different Agrochemicals Againstcharcol Rot of Green Gram
Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid
S. K. GOJIYA, M. K. CHUDASAMA, S. V. LATHIYAAND L. F.AKBARI
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University,
Junagadh, Gujarat
email: mitesh.chudasama20@gmail.com
Advances in Life Sciences 5(20), Print : ISSN 2278-3849, 9247-9251, 2016
ABSTRACT
Greengram was found to suffer from stem and root rot
disease in severe form in Saurashtra region of Gujarat
state during summer. The efficacy of various fungicides
was evaluated against Macrophominaphaseolina(Tassi.)
Goidcausing rootrot of greengram. Invitrosensitivity of
Macrophominaphaseolina(Tassi) Goid determined
throughinhibition zone technique tovarious systemic and
non-systemic fungicides. Among six non-systemic
fungicidestestedmancozeb,zinebandthiramwereeffective
in inhibiting the radial growth and gave cent per cent
inhibition. Carbendazim,propiconazole andtebuconazole
gave cent per cent inhibition among seven systemic
fungicides tested. Out of six different combinations of
fungicidesevaluated, zineb60% +hexaconazole 4% gave
cent per cent inhibition at all concentration. Whereas
cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64% and carbendazim12%
+ mancozeb 63% at 2000ppmandpyraclostrobin13.3%
+epoxyconazole5% 500ppmgavecentpercentinhibition.
Keywords Green gram, Fungicides, In vitro
Macrophominaphaseolina, Stem rot
Green gram is one of the important pulse crops in
India. It is an excellent source of high quality protein (about
25%) with easy digestibility hence referred to patients too.
It is consumed as whole grains as well as dal in variety of
ways in homes. Like other crops, greengram is also attacked
by many diseases during seed germination to seed
production and maturity. Over 35 fungal pathogens, few
viral, bacterial pathogens and nematode species are known
to attack greengram resulting into substantial yield losses
(Agrawal, 1989). Among them root rot disease incited by
Macrophominaphaseolinacause considerable crop loss in
Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Macrophominaphaseolinais
the soil born and omnipresent phytopathogenic fungi
causing various diseases, such as collar rot, root rot, stem
rot, charcoal rot and seedling blight diseases in many crops
(Sankar and Jeyarajan, 1996). The pathogen is soil borne in
nature and facultative parasite of various crops plant in
warmer region. Soil borne nature and wide host range of
pathogen made difficult to eradicate from soil by sole
treatment of chemical. Therefore various combinations and
single fungicidal in vitro tests were carried out in the present
study for effective chemical control.
Considering importance of crop and seriousness of
disease in Saurastra region, the present research work was
undertaken to screen various fungicides in vitro condition
to manage the root rot.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Different concentrations of fungicides (Table-1, 2, 3)
were tested for the growth inhibition and sclerotial formation
of M. Phaseolinaby using poisoned food technique
(Sinclair and Dhingra, 1985). The required quantity of each
chemical was incorporated aseptically in 100 ml of PDA in
250 ml flasks to make various concentrations of fungicides
(50, 100, 250, 500,1000,1500 and 2000 ppm). The medium
was shaken well to give uniform dispersal of the chemical
and then 20 ml of medium was poured aseptically to each
plate with four replications. After solidification, the plates
were inoculated with mycelial discs of 4 mm diameter of
five days old culture. The mycelium disc which was placed
in the center of the plates, in an inverted position to make a
direct contact with the poisoned medium, was incubated at
28 ± 1 0
C for seven days. The per cent inhibition of growth
of the fungus in each treatment was calculated by using
the following formula described by Vincent (1947).
C - T
I = ——————— × 100
C
Where,
I = Per cent inhibition
C = Colony diameter in control (mm)
T = Colony diameter in respective treatment (mm)
The linear growth of the fungal colonies was measured
from three different angels in millimeter (mm) and the average
values were calculated. Sclerotial formations were counted
in fungal culture suspensions under the microscope at low
power (10X). The fungal culture suspension was prepared
by vigorously shaking the 4 mm mycelial disc of the fungus
in 10 ml sterilized distilled water. The relative degree of
formation of sclerotia was recorded as below.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Effects of different non-systemic fungicides on the
growth and sclerotial formation of M. phaseolina in
vitro
The relative efficacies of seven different non-
No. of sclerotia
per microscopic
field (10X)
Grade Sign
0
1-4
5-8
9-15
>15
Absent
Scanty
Moderate
Good
Abundant
-
+
++
+++
++++

2. 9248 Advances in Life Sciences 5(20), 2016
Table 4. Mean per cent inhibition of growth and sclerotial formation of M. phaseolina at different
concentrations of various non-systemic fungicides after seven days of incubation at 28±1 ºC
Fungicide
Concentration Level (ppm)/ Sclerotial formation
Mean (%) Toxicity Index#
500 1000 1500 2000
Mancozeb 75% WP A 100
B --
100
--
100
--
100
--
100 400
Copper Hydroxide 77% WP A 50.73
B ++
61.47
-
68.14
--
81.45
--
65.45 261.82
Thiram 75% WP A 100
B --
100
--
100
--
100
--
100 400
Chlorothalonil 75 % WP A 41.48
B +++
43.07
+
64.07
--
75.92
--
56.29 225.17
Zineb 75% WP A 100
B --
100
--
100
--
100
--
100 400
Wett.Sulphur 80% WP A 2.59
B ++++
2.96
++++
4.81
++++
6.29
++++
4.16 16.65
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0
Between fungicides Within fungicide
S.Em. + 0.3089 0.2335
C.D. at 5% 0.8754 0.6618
Table 1. List of different non systemic fungicides tested and their concentration
Sr. No. Technical name
Concentration (ppm)
1 2 3 4
1 Mancozeb75 % WP 500 1000 1500 2000
2 CopperHydroxide 77% WP 500 1000 1500 2000
3 Thiram 75%WP 500 1000 1500 2000
4 Chlorothalonil 75% WP 500 1000 1500 2000
5 Zineb 75 %WP 500 1000 1500 2000
6 Wett.Sulphur 80%WDG 500 1000 1500 2000
7 Control
Table 2. List of different systemic fungicides tested and their concentration
Sr.
No.
Technical name
Concentration (ppm)
1 2 3 4
1 Carbendazim 50%WP 500 1000 1500 2000
2 Propiconazole 25% EC 150 200 250 300
3 Picoxystrobilurin25% EC 50 100 150 200
4 Difenconazole 25% EC 100 150 200 250
5 Dimethomorph 50% WP 50 100 250 500
6 Hexaconazole 5% SC 25 50 75 100
7 Tebuconazole 25.9% EC 50 100 150 200
8 Iprobenfos48% EC 50 100 250 500
9 Control
Table 3. List of different combination of fungicides tested and their concentration
A = Average of three replications-growth inhibitionB = Sclerotial formation: ++++ = abundant; +++ = good;++ = moderate; + = scanty;
—= absent#
Maximum toxicity index is 400
Sr.
No.
Technical name
Concentration (ppm)
1 2 3 4
1 Zineb 60% WP+Hexaconazole 4%WP. 250 500 1000 2000
2 Iprodine 25% WP + Carbendazim 25% WP. 250 500 1000 2000
3 Cymoxanil 8% WP + Mancozeb 64% WP. 250 500 1000 2000
4 Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP. 250 500 1000 2000
5 Metiram 55% WG+Pyraclostrobin 5% WG. 250 500 1000 2000
6 Pyraclostrobin 13.3% WP+Epoxyconazole 5%WP. 50 100 250 500
7 Control

3. GOJIYA et al., Evaluation of Different Agrochemicals Againstcharcol Rot of Green Gram Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina 9249
Table 5. Mean per cent inhibition of growth and sclerotial formation of M. phaseolina at different
concentrations of various systemic fungicides after seven days of incubation at
* Sclerotial formation: ++++ = abundant; +++ = good; ++ = moderate; + = scanty; - = no sclerotial formation
systemic fungicides were tested at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000
ppm concentrations. Data presented in (Table-4) revealed
that zineb, thiram and mancozeb gave significantly cent per
cent growth inhibition at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm
concentrations. It was followed by copper hydroxide, which
gave 81.48 and 68.14 per cent growth inhibition at 2000
and1500 ppm, respectively. Chlorothalonil gave 75.92 per
cent inhibition of growth at 2000 ppm and wett. sulphur
gave 6.29 per cent at 2000 ppm. More than 50 per cent
growth inhibition was recorded in copper hydroxide at
minimum concentration of 500 ppm whereas chlorothalonil
exhibited at higher concentration of 1500, and 2000 ppm.
Sr.
No.
Fungicide Concentration
Level (ppm)
Sclerotial formation % inhibition over
control
Mean per cent
inhibition
1 Carbendazim 50% WP 500 - 100 100
1000 _ 100
1500 _ 100
2000 _ 100
2 Propiconazole 25% EC 150 _ 100 100
200 _ 100
250 _ 100
300 _ 100
3 Picoxystrobilurin 25% EC 50 ++ 31.85 55.27
100 ++ 48.88
150 + 63.33
200 + 76.66
4 Difenoconazole 25% EC 100 _ 55.18 67.12
150 _ 64.44
200 _ 71.85
250 _ 77.03
5 Dimethomorph 50% WP 100 ++ 15.18 41.04
150 ++ 32.22
200 + 54.44
250 + 62.21
6 Hexaconazole 5% SC 25 _ 90.73 97.68
50 _ 100
75 _ 100
100 _ 100
7 Tebuconazole 25.9% EC 50 _ 100 100
100 _ 100
150 _ 100
200 _ 100
8 Iprobenfos48% EC 50 _ 54.07 69.34
100 _ 65.55
250 _ 72.59
500 _ 85.18
9 Control _ _ 0 0
Between Fungicides Within Fungicides
S. Em. ± 0.603 0.402
CD at 5% 1.7041 1.1361

4. 9250 Advances in Life Sciences 5(20), 2016
Table 6. Effect of combination fungicides on growth inhibition and sclerotial formation of M. phaseolina
in vitro
Sr.
No.
Fungicide Concentration ppm Sclerotial
formation
Per cent inhibition
over control
Mean per cent
inhibition
1 Zineb 60% WP +
Hexaconazole 4% WP
250 - 100 100
500 - 100
1000 - 100
2000 - 100
2 Iprodine 25% WP +
Carbendazim 25% WP
250 ++ 11.47 44.62
500 + 42.59
1000 - 49.99
2000 - 74.44
3 Cymoxanil 8% WP
+Mancozeb 64% WP
250 ++ 25.18 61.94
500 - 54.43
1000 - 68.14
2000 - 100
4 Carbendazim 12% WP +
Mancozeb 63% WP
250 - 24.44 56.57
500 - 35.55
1000 - 66.29
2000 - 100
5 Metiram 55% WG +
Pyraclostrobin 5% WG
250 - 59.62 78.88
500 - 73.33
1000 - 89.62
2000 - 92.96
6 Pyraclostrobin 13.3% WP +
Epoxyconazole 5% WP
50 - 75.58 88.42
100 - 87.77
250 - 93.33
500 - 100
7 Control
Fungicide (F) Concentration (C) F x C
S. Em. ± 0.9091 0.6872 0.6247
CD at 5% 2.5765 1.9476 5.01799
CV % 6.11
*Sclerotial formation: ++++ = abundant; +++ = good; ++ = moderate; + = scanty; - = no sclerotial formation
Wett. sulphur was found less effective among all non-
systemic fungicides tested.
Effects of different systemic fungicides on the growth
and sclerotial formation of M. phaseolina
Data Presented in (Table-5) revealed that systemic
fungicides carbendazim, propiconazole, tebuconazole and
hexaconazole gave significantly cent per cent inhibition at
all concentration tested except hexaconazole 50 ppm, where
growth inhibition was recorded 90.73 cent percent. Whereas
iprobenfos48% EC, difenoconazole 25% EC and
picoxystrobilurin 25% EC gave good inhibition where mean
inhibition were registered 69.34, 67.12 and 55.27 per cent
respectively in present investigation whereas minimum
growth inhibition was recorded indimethomorph 50% WP
(41.04 %).
The effect of different concentrations of systemic
fungicides on sclerotial formation was found negatively
correlated with the inhibition of growth. No sclerotial
formation was observed in all concentrations of
carbendazim, propiconazole, tebuconazole and
hexaconazole. Picoxystrobilurin and dimethomorph were
supported good to scanty sclerotial formation. The
effectiveness of carbendazim 50 % WP against M.
phaseolinahas been reported by Mathukia (1982), Devi and
Singh (1998), Chippaet al. (2000), Lambhateet al. (2002),
Dubey (2003), Jha and Sharma (2006), Surywanshiet al.
(2008) working with various crop. Prashanthiet al. (2000)
recorded propiconazole and Rekhaet al. (2012) recorded
difenconazoleas effective fungicides in addition to
carbendazimagainst M. phaseolina.Ramadoss and

5. GOJIYA et al., Evaluation of Different Agrochemicals Againstcharcol Rot of Green Gram Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina 9251
Sivaprakasam (1994) reported that sclerotial production of
M. phaseolinawas completely inhibited by carbendazim.
Effects of different combination of fungicide on the
growth and sclerotial of M. phaseolina in vitro
It is inferred from the data presented in (Table-6) that
all the combination of fungicide were found effective in
growth inhibition of fungus. Most of combination of
fungicide was gave more than 50 per cent mean growth
inhibition of test fungus except iprodine + carbendazim.
The zineb 60% WP + hexaconazole 4% WP gave cent per
cent mycelium growth inhibition and no sclerotial formation
was observed at all their concentration tested. Maximum
toxicity index of 400 was also recorded in same combination.
The cymoxanil 8% WP + mancozeb 64% WP, carbendazim
12% WP + mancozeb 63% WP and pyraclostrobin 13.3%
WP + epoxyconazole 5% WP were found effective and gave
cent per cent mycelium inhibition at higher concentration
of 2000 ppm and completely suppress the sclerotial
formation. Theiprodine 25% WP + carbendazim 25% WP
was found less effective and gave mean inhibition of 44.62
per cent. Moderate and scanty sclerotia formation
supported by iprodine 25% + carbendazim 25% and
cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64%. No sclerotial formation
observed in other fungicidal combination. The combination
of fungicide has been found to give better inhibition against
M. phaseolinain betel vine (Anwar et al., 2006) and in chick
pea (Prajapatiet al., 2002).
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Received on 16-10-2016 Accepted on 21-10-2016