Plant Quarantine is a legal restriction on movement of agricultural commodities for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or delay in the establishment of plants, pests and diseases in the area where they are not present.
Plant quarantine is thus designed as a safeguard against harmful pests/pathogens exotic to a country or a region. Information regarding PLANT QUARANTINE IN INDIA AND ABROAD is essential. By Anand Daunde
Plant Quarantine is a legal restriction on movement of agricultural commodities for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or delay in the establishment of plants, pests and diseases in the area where they are not present.
Plant quarantine is thus designed as a safeguard against harmful pests/pathogens exotic to a country or a region. Information regarding PLANT QUARANTINE IN INDIA AND ABROAD is essential. By Anand Daunde
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
This is a new presentation on trap cropping developed by Dr. Rammohan Balusu of Auburn University, Alabama. Please contact a Regional Extension Agent for more information.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
This is a new presentation on trap cropping developed by Dr. Rammohan Balusu of Auburn University, Alabama. Please contact a Regional Extension Agent for more information.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECT OF BOTANICALS IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROLSamar Biswas
Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. A product of species coevolution, these compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in our understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. We examine the reasons behind their limited use and the actual crop protection developments involving plant allelochemicals, namely formulations including bio pesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures, and improvement of plant resistance to pathogens through identification of genes coding for allelochemicals and stimulation of natural passive and active defenses of the plant. Commercial and regulatory aspects are discussed.
Assessing three biopesticides effectiveness on the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera ...Open Access Research Paper
In Burkina Faso, current pest control relies on synthetic chemical pesticides, which could negatively impact the environment and develop some resistances when used excessively. This study used three biopesticides (Neem oil, Bio k16 and Biopoder) to examine their effectiveness on fall armyworm (FAW) control in maize crop. The study was conducted in the central region of Burkina Faso using a randomized Fisher block design with 5 treatments in 4 replicates. The applied treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (Neem oil), T2 (Bio K16), T3 (Biopoder) and T4 (Emacot 019EC). The efficiency of these biopesticides in controlling FAW was compared with that of the Emacot 019EC in maize crop. The results showed that the biopesticides significantly reduced the infestation rate, the live larvae density and the number of corncob damaged. However, Emacot 019C was the most effective pesticide. Among the three biopesticides, neem oil was the most effective followed by Bio K 16 and Biopoder respectively. This study needs to be deepened in other sites and in taking into account the economic aspect.
Efficacy of rhizome crude extracts organic pesticide against insect-pests and...Innspub Net
The intractable increasing cost of synthetic pesticides is certainly intense in the coming production years. Looking into this viewpoint the farmers have to look for alternative actions to withstand their farming business profitability. Rhizome crude extracts can be an alternative for synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted to assess the effect of rhizome crude extracts against glutinous corn seedling maggots, corn earworm, corn borer, armyworm, and aphids; evaluate the effect of rhizome crude extracts on the growth and yield of glutinous corn, and determine the profitability of glutinous corn production using rhizome plants as a source of organic pesticide. The treatments were as follows: T0 – No pesticide applied; T1 – Potable water alone; T2 – Ginger crude extracts; T3 – Turmeric crude extracts; T4 – Galangal crude extracts; and T5 – Shampoo ginger crude extracts. Results revealed that insect-pests and their damage on glutinous corn crop were significantly lessened by the application of rhizome crude extracts regardless of sources. This contributed to the significant stover yield and harvest index performance of treated plants with rhizome crude extracts thus obtained a profitable yield compared to those plants without any pesticide applied.
2017 IOBCwprs Insect Pathology Working Group meeting, PlenaryStefan Jaronski
Presentation discusses recent advances in microbial control of insects using fungi to counter criticisms of this approach, and presents author's thoughts about use of microbes in IPM.
This is a short update about some new vegetable insecticides suitable for chewing and sucking insect pest control. This is preliminary information - please contact your Extension service and industry personnel for recent recommendations. Insecticide label is the law - please follow the label! For IPM articles, newsletters and training videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
Feasibility of Delaying Removal of Row Covers to Suppress Bacterial Wilt of Muskmelon; Gardening Guidebook for Story County, Iowa www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Master Gardeners, Iowa State University, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Twenty years research on aflatoxin in Europe: what benefits for Africa? Francois Stepman
Twenty years research on aflatoxin in Europe: what benefits for Africa?
Antonio Logrieco, Istituto Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Bari, Italy (coordinator of the Mycokey project under H2020- SFS-13-2015 call on Biological contamination of crops and the food chain: A contribution to a long-term collaboration with China on food safety).
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES,
BAGALKOT
Seminar- I
SACHIN, U. S
II Ph. D (Ento.)
Department of Entomology
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BAGALKOT
10/26/2017 2
4. Topic division
GENESIS OF PUSH- PULL STRATEGY
PRINCIPLE OF THE PUSH-PULL STRATEGY
COMPONENTS OF THE PUSH-PULL STRATEGY
PULL COMPONENTS
PUSH COMPONENTS
DELIVERY OF PUSH AND PULL STIMULI
APPLICATION IN PEST MANAGEMENT : EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
BOTTLENECKS
CONCLUSION
4
5. Crop protection
Predictable and economic food production
Chemical method (4 to 5 decades)
Human health problems
Environmental impact
Need to be followed by approaches involving direct
association with the crop plants themselves
IPM Many technologies
Push-Pull
5
7. • Miller and Cowles in US (1990)
“ Stimulo deterrent diversion “
Alternative to insecticides
for control
• Pyke et. al
(1987)
&
to reduce reliance on insecticides.
Genesis
Onion maggot (Delia antique)
7Cook et al., 2006
8. Push pull strategy, the pests are repelled
or deterred away from the main crop
(push) by using stimuli that mask host
appearance or are repellent or deterrent .
Pests are simultaneously attracted (pull),
using highly apparent and attractive
stimuli, to other areas such as traps or trap
crops where they are concentrated,
facilitating their control
PRINCIPLE
8
Cook et al., 2006
10. • Achieved either directly, by modifying the crop,
or by companion crops grown between the
main crop rows.
• Also creates a means of exploiting natural
populations of beneficial organisms by
releasing semio-chemicals that attract
parasitoids or increase their foraging.
Push
effect
• Involves trap plants grown
• Ex.: as a perimeter to the main crop and
which are attractive to the pest, promoting
egg laying.
Pull
effect
10Cook et al., 2006
12. Objective
To maximize control efficacy,
Efficiency
Sustainability
Output
Minimizing negative environmental effects.
The development of reliable, robust, and sustainable push-pull
strategies requires a clear scientific understanding of the pest’s biology
and the behavioral/chemical ecology of the interactions with its hosts
and natural enemies.
The specific combination of components differs in each strategy
according to the pest to be controlled (its specificity, sensory abilities,
and mobility) and the resource targeted for protection.
12Cook et al., 2006
13. Fig. 2. COMPONENTS OF THE PUSH-PULL STRATEGY
To Push:
Antifeedants, non-host
volatiles, plant defense visual
cues, synthetic repellents,
alarm pheromones and
oviposition deterrents.
“Pull”
To Pull;
Sex and aggregation
pheromones, Gustatory
and oviposition
stimulant, host
volatiles, visual
stimulants
Trap crop
“Push”
Economi
c crop
13
Cook et al., 2006
14. Visual cues
Manipulation of host color, shape or size to inhibit host orientation and acceptance
behaviours of pests.
In IPM, it has rarely been used,
lack specificity
impractical to change in hosts
Synthetic repellents
• MNDA (N-methyl neodecanamide) and DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide, or
N,N,diethyl-m-toluamide) are commercially available
• Used in push-pull strategies against cockroaches and invasive lady beetles.
• DEET: most effective commercial repellent available, repel hematophagous insects.
Non host volatiles
• Used to mask host odors or evoke nonhost avoidance and repellent behaviors.
• Plant essential oils : Citronella and Eucalyptus repellents against hematophagous
insects.
PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol), from lemon eucalyptus oil of
Eucalyptus citriodora, use against mosquitoes.
Camphor repellent for Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis),
Stimuli for Push components
14Cook et al., 2006
15. Host-derived semio-chemicals
Insects recognize hosts key volatiles present in specific ratios. If, inappropriate ratios,
directed host orientation ceases
Repellent behaviors elicited if the host odors signal poor-quality
Ex.: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) repelled by the odors of apple at inappropriate
phenological stages
Anti-aggregation pheromones
• Control the spatial distribution of insects and reduce intraspecific competition for limited
resources.
• Multifunctional pheromones: Attractive at low concentrations, repellent at high
concentrations,
Ex.: bark beetles to optimize host use.
Alarm pheromones
• Released when attacked by natural enemies, causing avoidance or dispersal behavior in
conspecifics.
• Ex. Aphids release (E)-β-farnesene (Eβf). Can be applied to the main crop to repel
aphids.
• Eβf also functions as a kairomone pull for natural enemies of aphids 15
Cook et al., 2006
16. Antifeedants
Most antifeedants are plant derived
Ex.:
Azadirachtin (the primary active component of neem, derived from Azadirachta
indica), have toxic effects at normal treatment rates.
Drimane dialdehydes polygodial, (from water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper))
Warburganal (from Warburgia ugandensis) show repellent activity against several
agricultural and some domestic (urban) pests.
Oviposition deterrents
• Prevent or reduce egg deposition and control species whose imagoes are
pestiferous .
• Numerous botanical deterrents isolated from nonhosts have deterred
oviposition by pests,
Ex.: Neem-based formulations.
Petroleum oil sprays
Application of synthetic ODP of the European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis
cerasi) [N-[15-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-8-hydroxypalmitoyl] taurine] in field trials 16Cook et al., 2006
17. Stimuli for Pull Components
Visual stimulants
• Sole method,
• To attract pests to traps or trap crops & enhance the effectiveness of olfactory
stimuli.
• In plant-based strategies, the visual cues related to the plant growth stage is
important.
Ex.: Red spheres mimicking ripe fruit attracted sexually mature apple maggots,
Rhagoletis pomonella.Host volatiles
• In host location: used in bait traps for monitoring, mass-trapping or in
attracticide strategies.
• Knowledge of host specificity and preferences, the attractiveness of synthetic
host odour blends can be maximized.
• Used in traps or to increase the effectiveness of trap crops.
17
Cook et al., 2006
18. Sex and aggregation pheromones
To attract conspecifics for mating and optimizing resource use.
Pest monitoring.
Traps baited with these pheromones ,
Male pheromones, attract females, useful in direct control strategies.
Gustatory and oviposition stimulants
• Trap crops: Oviposition or gustatory stimulants,
Retain the pest populations in the trap crop area.
• Gustatory stimulants: sucrose solutions, applied to traps or trap crops to
promote ingestion of insecticide bait.
• Food supplements & natural enemies.
18
Cook et al., 2006
19. Delivery of Push-Pull stimuli
Natural products or nature-identical synthetic analogs
Vegetative diversification:
Inter cropping
Trap cropping
Antixenotic cultivars
Traps
19Cook et al., 2006
22. Crop: Maize
Push component: Desmodium
Pull component : Napier grass
Pest : Stemborers (Chilo partellus) and striga weed, (Striga
hermonthica)
Study sites: 14 districts in western Kenya
20 farmers from each district
22
Khan et al., 2007
23. The parasitic witchweed, Striga hermonthica
A sleeping enemy
The larva of Chilo partellus
inside maize stem
A active enemy
Plate 1. Enemies of Maize crop
23
Khan et al., 2007
24. Plate 2. Maize field with border rows of Napier grass and an intercrop of Desmodium
uncinatum
Maize
Desmodium
Napier grass
Maize
Desmodium
Napier grass
24
Khan et al., 2007
25. Table 1. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal per centage of maize plants damaged by stem borer larvae at
10 weeks after crop emergence in plots of maize planted in sole stands (mono crop –
mm) or in ‘push–pull’ (pp)
District
Cropping seasons
Long rains 2004 Short rains 2004 Long rains 2005 Short rains 2005
mm pp mm pp Mm pp mm pp
Suba 22.7 (1.0) 7.8 (0.6) 25.7 (6.7) 5.0 (0.9) 20.5 (1.0) 3.6 (0.4) 25.8 (1.4) 6.1 (0.7)
Bungoma 19.6 (1.0) 5.8 (0.5) 20.4 (1.0) 5.5 (0.3) 12.6 (1.0) 5.1 (0.6) 19.2 (0.9) 9.7 (0.8)
Vihiga 2.1 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 3.7 (0.4) 0.9 (0.2) 15.3 (1.0) 5.6 (0.4) 17.2 (2.2) 7.1 (0.7)
Busia 10.3 (1.2) 4.2 (0.8) 22.0 (1.8) 8.5 (0.9) 15.2 (1.2) 5.1 (1.2) 22.5 (1.4) 9.0 (1.2)
Rachuonyo 18.0 (1.0) 4.7 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) 1.0 (0.4) 2.7 (1.2) 0.0 4.9 (0.8) 0.9 (0.3)
Migori 31.0 (1.7) 15.7 (1.3) 38.6 (2.1) 21.6 (1.2) 28.0 (1.8) 5.3 (0.4) 28.0 (1.4) 7.1 (0.7)
Homabay 15.5 (0.6) 10.6 (1.5) 12.1 (0.7) 5.8 (0.3) 11.7 (0.8) 4.4 (0.4) 11.4 (0.8) 3.6 (0.2)
Kisii 16.3 (2.9) 5.6 (0.9) 9.1 (2.0) 3.0 (0.7) 10.2 (1.1) 3.3 (0.5) 12.1 (1.5) 4.7 (0.8)
Siaya 4.2 (0.4) 1.6 (0.4) 8.6 (1.2) 2.4 (0.3) 9.5 (1.5) 3.0 (0.5) 15.0 (1.5) 3.3 (0.4)
T. Nzoia 19.0 (0.9) 6.8 (0.4) *a *a 15.4 (1.0) 5.6 (0.3) *a *a
Kuria 14.2 (2.0) 8.6 (1.0) 15.4 (0.9) 3.4 (0.6) 30.9 (1.7) 4.1 (0.5) 31.2 (1.4) 1.3 (0.3)
Teso * * * * 12.6 (0.5) 5.0 (0.6) 13.4 (1.4) 5.1 (1.0)
Butere * * * * 31.3 (2.9) 6.2 (1.3) 32.8 (2.4) 6.8 (0.7)
Bondo * * * * 14.0 (2.2) 8.3 (1.7) 4.2 (0.7) 4.1 (0.4)
In all districts and seasons, except Vihiga during the long rainy season (March–August) of 2004 and Bondo during the short rainy
season (October–January) of 2005, proportions of maize damaged by stemborers were significantly lower in the ‘push–pull’ than in the
maize monocrop plots ( p < 0.05, t-test). Means represent data averages of 20 farmers in each district. T. Nzoia, Trans Nzoia; *a, no
short rainy season in Trans Nzoia district; *, before technology was introduced in the district.
a Counted from 100 tagged maize plants.
25
Khan et al., 2007
26. Table 2. Mean (± S.E.) actual seasonal Striga hermonthica countsa in plots of maize planted in
sole stands (monocrop–mm) or in ‘push–pull’ (pp) at 10 weeks after crop emergence
District0
Cropping season
Long rains 2004 Short rains 2004 Long rains 2005 Short rains 2005
mm pp mm pp mm pp mm pp
Suba 266 (66) 38 (7) 159 (45) 9 (3) 190 (34) 9 (2) 174 (28) 7 (2)
Bungoma 151 (16) 4 (1) 98 (7) 11 (3) 177 (28) 12 (3) 119 (10) 4 (1)
Vihiga 393 (46) 52 (9) 354 (43) 91 (17) 602 (73) 88 (24) 171 (29) 32 (6)
Busia 463 (109) 26 (6) 196 (34) 68 (17) 477 (96) 90 (31) 764 (120) 99 (44)
Rachuonyo 409 (55) 121 (29) 336 (47) 26 (5) 284 (29) 14 (2) 206 (20) 20 (3)
Migori 575 (56) 231 (27) 561 (38) 102 (11) 516 (64) 60 (10) 317 (43) 26 (3)
Homabay 125 (25) 56 (16) 12 (1) 6 (1) 257 (47) 74 (26) 205 (27) 16 (3)
Kisii 42 (23) 4 (1) 18 (14) 5 (2) 28 (15) 3 (1) 23 (7) 4 (2)
Siaya 876 (93) 77 (9) 486 (40) 81 (10) 494 (60) 91 (24) 409 (41) 42 (7)
Kuria 23 (13) 2 (1) 231 (50) 8 (2) 215 (26) 6 (2) 223 (19) 1 (1)
Teso * * * * 1384 (74) 220 (63) 760 (68) 8 (2)
Butere * * * * 620 (99) 150 (37) 297 (40) 79 (11)
Bondo * * * * 620 (99) 161 (30) 135 (12) 18 (4)
In all districts and seasons, S. hermonthica counts were significantly lower in the ‘push–pull’ than in the
maize monocrop plots ( p < 0.05, t-test). Means represent data averages of 20 farmers in each district. *,
before the introduction of the technology in the districts,
a Number of striga per 100 maize plants 26
Khan et al., 2007
27. Table 3. Mean (± S.E.) grain yields of maize (t/ha) planted in sole stands (monocrop–
mm) or in ‘push–pull’ (pp)
District
Cropping season
Long rains 2004 Short rains 2004 Long rains 2005 Short rains 2005
mm pp mm pp mm pp mm pp
Suba 1.6 (0.1) 2.9 (0.2) 1.8 (0.1) 4.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.1) 3.8 (0.1) 1.1 (0.1) 2.5 (0.1)
Bungoma 2.1 (0.1) 4.8 (0.3) 1.7 (0.0) 3.2 (0.1) 2.8 (0.1) 4.5 (0.1) 1.2 (0.1) 2.1 (0.2)
Vihiga 3.1 (0.4) 5.3 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) 5.6 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2) 4.5 (0.3) 2.8 (0.2) 4.9 (0.1)
Busia 1.9 (0.2) 4.1 (0.2) 2.0 (0.1) 4.2 (0.1) 2.7 (0.2) 5.6 (0.3) 2 (0.1) 3.4 (0.2)
Rachuonyo 1.9 (0.2) 3.7 (0.3) 2.6 (0.1) 4.8 (0.1) 1.6 (0.1) 3.9 (0.2) 2.4 (0.3) 3.6 (0.3)
Migori 2.7 (0.1) 4.4 (0.1) 2.1 (0.2) 4.1 (0.2) 1.7 (0.1) 3.6 (0.2) 0.8 (0.0) 3.0 (0.1)
Homabay 1.6 (0.4) 3 (0.3) 2.3 (0.1) 3.2 (0.2) 2.2 (0.2) 4.3 (0.2) 1.2 (0.2) 2.5 (0.3)
Kisii 2 (0.1) 2.6 (0.2) 3.2 (0.1) 4.3 (0.1) 3.7 (0.1) 4.4 (0.1) 3.3 (0.2) 4.2 (0.2)
Siaya 2.3 (0.3) 3.4 (0.4) 1.3 (0.2) 2.3 (0.3) 1.7 (0.2) 2.9 (0.3) 2 (0.1) 4.2 (0.2)
T. Nzoia 3.6 (0.1) 4.6 (0.1) *a *a 4.1 (0.1) 5.7 (0.1) *a *a
Kuria 2 (0.1) 2.6 (0.2) 2.5 (0.1) 4.6 (0.2) 1.7 (0) 4.2 (0.1) 1.4 (0.0) 4.2 (0.1)
Teso * * * * 1.1 (0.2) 3.8 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1) 1.9 (0.1)
Butere * * * * 2.5 (0.1) 5.6 (0.2) 2.9 (0.1) 5.8 (0.1)
Bondo * * * * 0.9 (0.3) 1.7 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1) 0.8 (0.1)
In all districts and seasons, maize grain yields were significantly higher in the ‘push–pull’ than in the maize
monocrop plots ( p < 0.05, t-test). Means represent data averages of 20 farmers in each district, *a, no short
rainy season in Trans Nzoia district 27Khan et al., 2007
28. Fig. 3. Diagrammatic presentation of ‘push–pull’ strategy for control of maize
stem borer 28Khan et al., 2007
29. Chemicals:
Desmodium:- Foliage
Volatile chemicals, such as
(E)ßocimene and (E)4,8dimethyl1,3,7-
nonatriene, which repel the stemborer
moths from the maize ('push')
Roots: produce chemicals which stimulate Striga
seed germination, such as 4'',5''dihydro5,2',4‘
trihydroxy5''isopropenylfurano(2'',3'';7,6)-
isoflavanone,
Others which inhibit their attachment to
maize roots, such as
4'',5''dihydro2'methoxy5,4'dihydroxy5''-
isopropenylfurano-
(2'',3'';7,6)isoflavanone(suicidal germination)
Napier grass: octanal, nonanal,
naphthalene, 4-
allylanisole, eugenol and linalool, attract fe
male moths ('pull') to lay eggs.
Fig. 4. Diagrammatic presentation of Desmodium plant emmiting Volatile
chemicals
29Khan et al., 2007
30. Fig. 5. Benifits of Push-Pull System 30
Benefits of ‘Push- Pull System
32. Table 4. Effect of Push-pull Strategy with Conjunctive use of Trap Crops, Neem and
HaNPV on Bollworm Incidence in Cotton
Treatments
Mean no. of
eggs per 10
plants#
Mean no. of
larvae per
10 plants#
% Damage
on fruiting
bodies*
% Boll
damage(open
boll basis)*
% Locule
damage*
Kapas
Yield
(q ha¯1)
Cotton (NSKE treated) +
Okra (NPV treated)
10.8 (3.3)ab 6.4 (2.6)a 10.9 (19.2)a 11. 2 (19.5)a 8.9 (17.2)a 18.3a
Cotton (NSKE treated) +
Okra (NPV untreated)
9.9 (3.2)a 7.0 (2.7)a 14.1 (22.0)b 14. 1 (22.0) b 10.4 (18.7)b 17.6ab
Cotton (NSKE untreated) + Okra
(NPV treated)
18.8 (4.3)c 17.6 (4.3)d 25.0 (29.9)d 29. 1 (32.6)ef 21.0 (27.2)ef 14.3def
Cotton (NSKE untreated) + Okra
(NPV untreated)
18.9 (4.4)c 18.8 (4.4)d 25.2 (30.0)d 29. 7 (33.0)ef 21.2 (27.4)ef 13.8ef
Cotton (NSKE treated)+
Pigeonpea (NPV treated)
12.0 (3.5)b 10.0 (3.2)b 20.8 (27.1)c 23. 1 (28.7)c 17.3 (24.5)c 17.2abc
Cotton (NSKE treated) +
Pigeonpea(NPV untreated)
11.8 (3.4)b 10.5 (3.3)b 22.2 (28.1)c 24. 4 (29.5)de 18.0 (25.0)cd 15.8b-e
Cotton (NSKE untreated) +
Pigeonpea (NPV treated)
18.8 (4.3)c 17.4 (4.2)d 26.0 (30.6)d 28. 4 (32.2)de 21.8 (27.8)fg 13.5f
Cotton (NSKE untreated) +
Pigeonpea (NPV untreated)
20.9 (4.6)c 19.2 (4.4)d 28.2 (32.0)e 30.9 (33.7)f 23.2 (28.7)g 12.8fg
Cotton (NSKE and
NPV treated)
20.0 (4.5)c 11.1 (3.4)bc 21.1 (27.3)c 23.9 (9.2)c 19.0 (25.8)de 16.1a-d
Cotton (NSKE treated) 19.4 (4.4)c 12.5 (3.5)c 24.9 (29.9)d 26.9 (31.2)d 19.4 (26.1)de 15.6cde
Cotton (NPV treated) 31.9 (5.6)d 26.6 (5.2)e 29.1(32.6)ef 36.9 (37.4)g 28.9 (32.4)h 11.2gh
Cotton sole crop
(untreated check)
32.2 (5.7)d 30.3 (5.5)f 30.9 (33.7)f 40.0 (39.19)f 35.0 (36.2)I 9.9h
32
# Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values * Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT
Duraimurugan and Regupathy , 2005
33. Table 5. Effect of Trap Crops and Restricted Application of NSKE on
Cotton on the Preference of Helicoverpa armigera
Cropping
system
NSKE 5% spray on
cotton
Crops Egg Larvae
P PR P PR
Cotton + Okra
Cotton untreated
with NSKE
Cotton 18.91 18.81
Okra 29.44 1:1.55 21.55 1:1.14
Cotton treated
with NSKE
Cotton 9. 91 7
Okra 34.22 1:3.45 23.88 1:3.41
Cotton +
Pigeonpea Cotton untreated
with NSKE
Cotton 20.91 19.18
Pigeonpea 22.33 1:1.06 19.9 1:1.03
Cotton treated
with NSKE
Cotton 11.75 10.54
Pigeonpea 24 1:2.04 24.72 1:2.34
Cotton sole crop Cotton untreated
with NSKE Cotton 32.16 30.27
Cotton treated
with NSKE Cotton 19.41 12.45
P-Mean population per ten plants
PR-Preference ratio=Population of pest on trap crop/ Population of pest on cotton
33
Duraimurugan and Regupathy , 2005
35. Target Crop: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica cv. Marathon)
Push component: Five synthetic VOCs (dimethyl disulfide,
linalool, geraniol, eucalyptol and citronellol)
Pull component : Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp.
Pekinensis Lour. cv. Michiili)
Pest : Cabbage root fly Delia radicum
Study sites: Experimental field station at Le Rheu, France, 2016
35
Lamy et al., 2016
36. Fig. 6. Schematic representation of the experimental field formed of four blocks themselves divided into
six plots (a) and detail on a plot (b) 36Lamy et al., 2016
37. Table 6. Mean number (± SE) of D. radicum eggs per felt trap and per
week depending on the treatment
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
Control 1.1 ± 0.1a 1.7 ± 0.2a 3.7 ± 0.6a 17.3 ± 1.1a 8.2 ± 0.8a 0.5 ± 0.1a
DMDS 1.0 ± 0.4a 1.2 ± 0.1a 2.8 ± 0.9ab 13.6 ± 0.5b 7.2 ± 0.4ab 0.2 ± 0.1a
Geraniol 1.1 ± 0.4a 1.6 ± 0.4a 2.5 ± 0.5ab 12.7 ± 0.5bc 7.1 ± 0.7ab 0.2 ± 0.1a
Linalool 1.2 ± 0.3a 1.2 ± 0.2a 2.5 ± 0.1ab 15.7 ± 0.9a 7.6 ± 0.6ab 0.4 ± 0.0a
Citronellol 0.8 ± 0.3a 1.0 ± 0.3a 2.2 ± 0.4ab 11.2 ± 0.3cd 6.1 ± 0.5bc 0.2 ± 0.0a
Eucalyptol 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1a 1.7 ± 0.3b 10.0 ± 0.6d 4.3 ± 0.5c 0.1 ± 0.0a
37
Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments during a given week (LMM, leastsquares means). Bold
figures indicate significant differences (P0.05) from the control. Underlined figures indicate a number of eggs laid superior
to the agronomic ‘warning’ threshold of seven eggs per felt trap per week, above which a pesticide treatment is
recommended
Lamy et al., 2016
38. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Control DMDS Geraniol Linalool Citronellol Eucaluptol
ProportionofT.rapaeperpupae
Meannumbers(±SE)ofD.radicumpupaeandT.rapaeperplant
VOCs
Pupae per plant T. rapae per plant T. rapae portion
ab
Fig. 7. Mean numbers (±SE) of D. radicum pupae and Trybliographa rapae per broccoli and proportion of
T. rapae per pupae, as a function of treatment. Different letters indicate significant differences
between treatments (P0.05) for D. radicum pupae per plant (GLM, least-squares means)
38
a
ab
ab
ab
b
Lamy et al., 2016
39. Table 7.Mean number (±SE) of arthropods per groups and per plot depending
on the crop
Chinese
cabbage
Broccoli Statistics
X2 df P
Metallina sp. and
Bembidion sp.
4.4 ± 0.3a 12.8 ± 1.0b 68.14 1 <0.001
Other Carabidae 3.9 ± 0.3b 2.4 ± 0.2a 27.71 1 <0.001
Aleochara bipustulata 3.5 ± 0.5b 0.6 ± 0.1a 151.66 1 <0.001
Other Staphylinidae 2.8 ± 0.3b 0.5 ± 0.1a 185.6 1 <0.001
Different letters indicate significant differences (P0.05) between crops (GLM, least-squares
means)
39
Lamy et al.,, 2016
41. Target Crop: Onion
Push component: Four plant essential oils
Pull component : Ethyl iso -nicotinate
Pest : Thrips, Thrips tabaci
Study sites: Pasture field at Lincoln, New Zealand. 2006
41
Van-Tol et al., 2006
42. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
A. arborescens O. majorana O. gratissimum M. alternifolia
PercentreductionofT.tabaci
Treatment
Sorrounding plates treated with essential oil Sorrounding plates treated with ethyl iso-nicotinate
Fig. 8.Percentage reduction of female Thrips tabaci relative to a control on four sticky white-coloured plates placed
horizontally in a pasture field at the four cardinal directions (N, S, E, W), sprayed with 1 ml essential oil per plate
(blue bars), surrounding a central plate sprayed with 1 ml of the onion thrip attractant ethyl iso nicotinate (n = 4)
and four surrounding plates sprayed with 1 ml ethyl iso-nicotinate per plate (red bars) surrounding a central plate
sprayed with 1 ml of essential oil (n = 4). Bars marked with three asterisks present significantly different percentage
thrips on the surrounding plates relative to the control treatments at P<0.001.
42
***
***
***
Artemisia arborescence
Origanum majorana
Ocimum graticimum
Melaleuca alternifolia
Van-Tol et al., 2006
44. Target Crop: Five different plants:
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea), Chinese cabbage (B. rapa
pekinensis),
White mustard (Sinapis alba), and two genotypes of Oilseed
rape (B. napus ‘Yudal’ and ‘Darmorbzh’).
Pest : Cabbage Root Fly, Delia radicum
Study sites: Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2015
44
Kergunteuil et al., 2015
46. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Section n° 1 [0-20 cm] Section n° 2 [20-40 cm] Section n° 3 [40-60 cm]
Meantime(sec)spentineachsection
Pure air n=30 Sinapis alba n=30 B. napus (Darmor−bzh) n=38
Brassica oleracea n=30 B. napus (Yudal) n=29 B. rapa pekinensis n=30
Fig. 10. Mean time in seconds (± SE) spent by Delium radicum females exposed to various undamaged
brassicaceous plants and to pure air in a tubular olfactometer, optically subdivided into 3 notional
sections (section n°1: fly entrance; section n°2: middle section; section n°3: entrance of airflow in
the tube). 46
Kergunteuil et al., 2015
47. Table 9. Emission of volatiles per plant (relative to internal standard±se) released by
undamaged vegetative parts of five brassicaceous plants during 24 hr
Compounds Sinapis alba n=12 Brassica napus
(Darmor-bzh)
n=12
B. oleracea
n=12
B. napus (Yudal)
n=11
B. rapa
pekinensis
n=12
1. 1-Hexanol - - - 0.16±0.04 -
2. α-Thujene - 0.14±0.03 a 0.07±0.01 b - -
3. α-Pinene 0.20±0.05 d 0.43±0.07 b 1.11±0.13 a 0.33±0.06 c 0.22±0.06 d
4. α-Phellandrene - 0.46±0.09 b 1.85±0.32 a - -
5. Myrcene 0.13±0.02 e 0.66±0.06 b 0.25±0.04 c 0.22±0.05 cd 1.91±0.18 a
6. Hexyl acetate - - - 0.27±0.14 -
7. Limonene 1.65±0.66 NS 1.88±0.59 NS 3.18±0.60 NS 1.64±0.51 NS 1.79±0.74 NS
8. 1,8-Cineole - - 2.96±1.14 - -
9. Linalool - - 0.17±0.04 b - 6.05±0.46a
10. Nonanal - 0.14±0.03 NS - 0.15±0.04 NS -
11. α-Copaene - - - 1.03±0.11 -
12. β-Elemene - 0.21±0.04 - - -
13.β-Caryophyllene 0.37±0.17c - - 26.18±0.12 a 2.09±0.41 b
14. Humulene - - - 7.15±0.12 a 0.53±0.12 b
15. α-Farnesene - - 7.41±1.52 a - 0.24±0.04 b
47
Kergunteuil et al., 2015
49. Target Crop: Bell Peppers
Push component: ultraviolet (UV)-reflective mulch and foliar
applications of kaolin
Pull component : Sunflower companion plants
Pest : Thrips, Frankliniella bispinosa
Study sites: Glades Crop Care, Inc., 949 Turner Quay, Jupiter, Florida,
2014
49
Julian et al., 2014
50. Fig. 11. The mean number (SEM) per 10 pepper flowers (n12 samples) of adult F. Bispinosa females, adult F. Bispinosa
males, Frankliniella larvae, adult O. insidiosus, adult O. pumilio, and Orius species nymphs on each 2011 sample
date in the treatments with and without sunflower companion plants for data pooled across mulch and kaolin
treatments in the experiments conducted in Palm Beach County, FL (*, ** indicates significance at 0.05 and 0.01
levels according to analysis of variance and subsequent orthogonal treatment comparisons). 50Julian et al., 2014
51. Fig. 12. The mean number (SEM) per 10 pepper flowers (n12 samples) of adult F. bispinosa females, adult F. bispinosa
males, Frankliniella larvae, adult O. insidiosus, adult O. pumilio, and Orius species nymphs on each 2011 sample date
in the treatments of black mulch no kaolin, black mulch plus kaolin, and UV-reflective mulch no kaolin for data
pooled across plots with and without sunflower companion plants in the experiments conducted in Palm Beach
County, FL (*, **, *** indicates significance at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels according to analysis of variance and
subsequent orthogonal treatment comparisons). 51Julian et al., 2014
52. Fig. 13. The mean number (SEM) per 10 pepper flowers (n18 samples) of adult F. bispinosa females, adult F. Bispinosa males, Frankliniella
larvae, adult O. insidiosus, adult O. pumilio, and Orius species nymphs on each 2012 sample date in the treatments with and without
kaolin for data pooled across mulch and sunflower treatments in the experiments conducted in Palm Beach County, FL (*, **, ***
indicates signiÞcance at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels according to analysis of variance and subsequent orthogonal treatment
comparisons). 52Julian et al., 2014
54. Push component: 14 plant essential oils
Pull component : (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate
Pest : Tea green leaf hopper, Empoasca vitis
Study sites: Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Science in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,
2015
54
Zang and Chen, 2016
56. v
Fig. 16. Behavioral responses of Empoasca vitis adults in a Y-tube olfactometer to volatiles from 14 plant essential
oils at four concentrations tested against pure air: (A) ageratum, (B) cinnamon, (C) cumin, (D) palmarosa, (E)
citronella, (F) eucalyptus, (G) lavender, (H) melissa, (I) peppermint, (J) basil, (K) geranium, (L) perilla, (M)
rosemary, and (N) thyme. The number of E. vitis adults making a choice within 5 min was 30 per
treatment.Numbers on the bars indicate the repellency (%) of the essential oil against E. vitis. v2 test:
*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
CB
G
FE
A
D
K
J
I
H
N
M
L
56
Zang and Chen, 2016
57. Fig. 17. Plan of traps in tea plantation.
57
Zang and Chen, 2016
58. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
North South East West Central(**)
a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
North South East West Central(**)
Plate of control treatmentPlate of control treatment
%E.vitiscaughtperplate
Fig. 18. The distribution of Empoasca vitis caught per yellowsticky plate for each water-attractant
combination (n = 6). (A) Central (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate-treated plate surrounded by four water-
treated control plates. (B) Water-treated central control plate surrounded by four (Z)-3-hexenyl
acetate-treated plates. Plates sprayed with 1.0 ml of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate are gray, and plates
sprayed with 1.0 ml of water are white. Means within a panel capped with different letters are
significantly different (Tukey’s HSDtest: P<0.05). Asterisks indicate a significantly different
distribution of E. vitis on plates of the same compass direction between the two control
treatments (A vs. B) (independent samples t-test: **P<0.01; N, S, E, and W: P>0.05). 58
Zang and Chen, 2016
59. Fig. 19. Percent reductions of Empoasca vitis relative to a control on four sticky yellow plates placed horizontally in the
field at the four cardinal directions (N, S, E,W). Treatments 3–7: the four plates were sprayed with 1.0 ml essential oil
each (white bars), which surrounded a central plate sprayed with 1.0 ml of the attractant (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate;
treatments 8–12: the four plates were sprayed with 1.0 ml (Z)-3- hexenyl acetate each (gray bars) surrounding a
central plate sprayed with 1.0 ml of essential oil (all treatments: n = 6). Bars marked with asterisks represent
significantly different percentages of E. vitis on the surrounding plates relative to the control treatments
(independent samples t-test: P<0.01).
59Zang and Chen, 2016
60. Advantages
Attract both immature & adult stages
Simple, commercially available & cheap components
Increased efficiency of individual push and pull components: -
population reducing
Improved potential for use of antifeedants and oviposition
deterrents
Resistance management 60Cook et al., 2006
61. Bottlenecks
Limited specificity
Less effective to compete with abundant surrounding odour sources for
attraction
Limitation to development
•Understanding of behavioral and chemical ecology of the host pest
•Insufficient knowledge, control break down.
•Development of semiochemical component
Limitation to adoption
•Integrated approach to pest control, more complex,
•Requiring monitoring and decision system.
•More insecticide and low knowledge of biological control agent 61
Cook et al., 2006