Dioscorea Dumetorumtubers are used in stupefying fish for easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
specifically in Annang part of the state. D. dumetorum belongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known
as bitter yam. This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components and evaluate the acutetoxicity of the
aqueous extract of the D. dumetorum on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The 96hLC50 values of D.
dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in the laboratory under static bioassay conditions against C.
aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. Range finding bioassays were conducted to get the range of concentrations
for the definitive bioassays. The range of concentrations of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlngs was 0.6-5mgl-1 while
that of anuran tadpoles was 1.6-3.8mgl-1
. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined using probit
analysis. The 96hLC50 value of the test plant against exposed fingerlings was 2.153mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 1.869 and 2.485mgl-1
respectively while that of tadpoles was 2.538mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 2.295 and 2.771 mgl1
respectively. Unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant difference
(p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles. The mean water
quality parameters were within the optimal range requirement for the test species. The study indicated that D.
dumetorumexerted piscicidal property on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The indiscriminate use of this
plant to catch fish by local fishermen should be discouraged.
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Seaweeds are taxonomically diverse group of marine plants from which the land plants diverged over fifty crore years ago, which are found in the coastal region between high tide to low tide and in the sub-tidal region up to a depth where 0.01 % photosynthetic light is available. Plant pigments, light, exposure, depth, temperature, tides and the shore characteristic combine to create a different environment that determines the distribution and variety among seaweeds. It contains photosynthetic pigments and with the help of sunlight and nutrient present in the seawater, they photosynthesize and produce food which have several health benefits and uses. The important to know about the ecology and distribution of seaweed and to distinguish the different algal groups based on their characteristics. In recent, the utilization of seaweed increased due to various available properties. The different usages are food, beauty enhancer, organic manure, fertilizer, feed complement, medicines, water treatments. This review is an attempt to highlights the seaweed with all the relevant application and uses.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Seaweeds are taxonomically diverse group of marine plants from which the land plants diverged over fifty crore years ago, which are found in the coastal region between high tide to low tide and in the sub-tidal region up to a depth where 0.01 % photosynthetic light is available. Plant pigments, light, exposure, depth, temperature, tides and the shore characteristic combine to create a different environment that determines the distribution and variety among seaweeds. It contains photosynthetic pigments and with the help of sunlight and nutrient present in the seawater, they photosynthesize and produce food which have several health benefits and uses. The important to know about the ecology and distribution of seaweed and to distinguish the different algal groups based on their characteristics. In recent, the utilization of seaweed increased due to various available properties. The different usages are food, beauty enhancer, organic manure, fertilizer, feed complement, medicines, water treatments. This review is an attempt to highlights the seaweed with all the relevant application and uses.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
A fishing system is the combination of the observations and handling methods before, during, and after the catch. It is also referred to as an integrated fishing system. This system will be steered by computers being used to collect and evaluate data, and to apply fully automatic fishing methods combining searching, catching, and processing, so bringing the optimum of success. fishing with modern computerized systems is also a fishing system.
The system also includes all the navigation required to bring the vessel and gear into the best position in relation to the prey desired to be caught. Computers will calculate the right time to shoot the gear, in order to control the catching process and the quantity of fish caught.
Finally, the system includes automatic hauling of the gear and the handling of the catch for processing.
The Invisible world of marine plants expounds importance of marine plants in our everyday life. Cyanobacteria, Green microalgae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, endophytic algae, seaweeds and so on are explained.
Delivered on 18th ay, 2015 at CUPB www.cup.ac.in in connection with Fascination of Plants Day
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Fishing farming can be used to supply the depleting population of fish species around the globe. This presentation speak towards aquaculture and mariculture and issues with fish farming while speaking towards the benefits
FRESHWATER FARMING OF BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP, PENAEUS MONODON (FABRICIUS) WIT...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Brackish water shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming expanded rapidly after the technical
viability of this culture system was established and farmers discovered that the high profits derived
from shrimp production could easily offset increased costs associated with this culture. These factors
facilitate the spread of brackish water shrimp farming into freshwater agricultural areas of Purba
Medinipur district of West Bengal that never experience salt water intrusion. The emergence of
brackish water shrimp farming within paddy growing regions of Purba Medinipur district has raised
concerns regarding potential environmental impacts and the suitability of conducting this activity
within highly productive freshwater agricultural areas. In the present study an attempt had been
made to farm the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in almost freshwater condition with
innovative technologies in 04 earthen tanks each with 0.4 ha water spread area under Contai -III Dev.
Block in Purba Medinipur district in the year 2011 (April to August). The PCR tested P. monodon
seeds (PL15) were stocked in all freshwater earthen tanks after proper acclimatization @
50,000nos/tank. The salinity of the tanks was recorded between 0.0063 ppt to 0.04 ppt. The shrimps
were fed with branded feed and the feeding schedule was based on check-tray method as well as a feed
chart given by the concerned manufacturer.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Pre-stocking management of nursery pond for IMCKartik Mondal
Pre stocking management is one of the important method of entire three tire fish farming system. Because, fish mortality is very high at the stage of spawn. The stocking density of nursery pond is 2 lacks/ha.
In Nursery pond fish nursed very well to prevent fish mortality.
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
A fishing system is the combination of the observations and handling methods before, during, and after the catch. It is also referred to as an integrated fishing system. This system will be steered by computers being used to collect and evaluate data, and to apply fully automatic fishing methods combining searching, catching, and processing, so bringing the optimum of success. fishing with modern computerized systems is also a fishing system.
The system also includes all the navigation required to bring the vessel and gear into the best position in relation to the prey desired to be caught. Computers will calculate the right time to shoot the gear, in order to control the catching process and the quantity of fish caught.
Finally, the system includes automatic hauling of the gear and the handling of the catch for processing.
The Invisible world of marine plants expounds importance of marine plants in our everyday life. Cyanobacteria, Green microalgae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, endophytic algae, seaweeds and so on are explained.
Delivered on 18th ay, 2015 at CUPB www.cup.ac.in in connection with Fascination of Plants Day
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Fishing farming can be used to supply the depleting population of fish species around the globe. This presentation speak towards aquaculture and mariculture and issues with fish farming while speaking towards the benefits
FRESHWATER FARMING OF BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP, PENAEUS MONODON (FABRICIUS) WIT...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Brackish water shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming expanded rapidly after the technical
viability of this culture system was established and farmers discovered that the high profits derived
from shrimp production could easily offset increased costs associated with this culture. These factors
facilitate the spread of brackish water shrimp farming into freshwater agricultural areas of Purba
Medinipur district of West Bengal that never experience salt water intrusion. The emergence of
brackish water shrimp farming within paddy growing regions of Purba Medinipur district has raised
concerns regarding potential environmental impacts and the suitability of conducting this activity
within highly productive freshwater agricultural areas. In the present study an attempt had been
made to farm the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in almost freshwater condition with
innovative technologies in 04 earthen tanks each with 0.4 ha water spread area under Contai -III Dev.
Block in Purba Medinipur district in the year 2011 (April to August). The PCR tested P. monodon
seeds (PL15) were stocked in all freshwater earthen tanks after proper acclimatization @
50,000nos/tank. The salinity of the tanks was recorded between 0.0063 ppt to 0.04 ppt. The shrimps
were fed with branded feed and the feeding schedule was based on check-tray method as well as a feed
chart given by the concerned manufacturer.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Pre-stocking management of nursery pond for IMCKartik Mondal
Pre stocking management is one of the important method of entire three tire fish farming system. Because, fish mortality is very high at the stage of spawn. The stocking density of nursery pond is 2 lacks/ha.
In Nursery pond fish nursed very well to prevent fish mortality.
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Culture strategies, diseases and their mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia f...AbdullaAlAsif1
A survey was carried out to investigate culture strategies, disease patterns and mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia in Jessore sadar region. Data obtained by questionnaire interview, individual interview, telephonic interview, PRA method, mono-sex Nile tilapia farm survey from four villages. It was observed that 30.769% farmers and farm owner had no training about culture of mono-sex Nile tilapia while 69.230% farmers and farm owner received short term training from different Department of Fisheries, different NGOs. Mono-sex Nile tilapia culture in ponds was basically a three-tier culture system. Pre-stocking management of ponds in the study area comprised dike repairing, aquatic weed control, waste soil removal and undesirable species (predator and trash fish) control. Majority (85%) of the farm owners and farmers depends on ground water and only (15%) depends on surface water. About 95% of farm of farm owners controlled aquatic weeds manually. Removal of predatory and undesired fish from pond used different types of chemicals but most used rotenone (80%). Fertilizer of pond preparation (Organic and inorganic) in the study area but mostly used cases inorganic fertilizers had applied at the rate of urea 114 kg/ha and triple superphosphate 60 kg/ha in 4-5 installments. Stocking density of mono-sex Nile tilapia was 200-380 fry per decimal. It was recorded that 85% of mono-sex Nile tilapia farmers and farm owner applied supplementary such as commercially manufactured feed and 12% are applied of farm made feed. It was observed,they provided heavy fertilizer, high stocking density, over feed provided, provided over dose drugs so ultimated result of disease occured. Parasitic related disease, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases were attacked in mono-sex Nile tilapia. Argulosis and Streptococcus were mostly common disease in this mono-sex Nile tilapia farm.
Growth of freshwater mud eel (Monopterus cuchia) in different water condition...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feeds on growth and production of freshwater Mud Eel (Monopterus cuchia) in nine aquariums over a period of 90 days during June to August 2016. Three different feeds namely Feed A (live feed), Feed B (supplementary feed) and Feed C (probiotics) were applied to treatments I, II and III respectively. Three types of water used in aquarium. These are pond water, ground water and turbid water. Each of the tanks was stocked with nine fish that's total fish amount of 27. Significantly highest weight gain was obtained in pond water, treatment III, (16.39a ± 2.35). Treatment III yielded the highest (65.56a ±9.4 g/m 2 /year) production with the highest survival rate of fish. Water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, P H , and alkalinity were optimum. On the basis of better growth and production, it is suggested that pond water condition with probiotics are suitable for the culture of M. cuchia in aquarium.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Effect of Light, Temperature and salinity on the growth of ARTEMIAinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
Aquatic macrophytes functions in several ways in water bodies, they are critical to Niger Delta inland waters because they enhance the physical structure of the habitat which serves as living space for small aquatic animals and play a vital role in fisheries production. Macrophytes play an important role in the aquatic environment but unfortunately very little attention is being directed towards the conservation of these aquatic resources and they can get out of control and create problems when they are not properly managed. This paper examines common aquatic macrophytes in Niger Delta in Nigeria with emphasis on benefits, problems and also proffers best practices for adequately managing the macrrophytes in Niger Delta inland waters.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Similar to Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings and Anuran Tadpoles (20)
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s Conceptual View on the Historical Philosophy of Science ...AJSERJournal
This study emphasizes the Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s concept of paradigm as an intellectual framework.
Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model,
which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Think of a paradigm shift as a change
from one way of thinking to another, it’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. Kuhn’s influence has
been immense not only in the philosophy and history of science but also in other disciplines. His contributions showed a
shift from historical, psychological and sociological approach to a philosophical one.
Actuality Test - A Technique for Expeditious Agglomeration Detection in a Lab...AJSERJournal
This research has concentrated on the application of actuality/reality test for speedy confirmation of
lumps/agglomerates formation thereby emphasizing the roles of alkali metals and silica in agglomeration during the
combustion of some selected biomass fuels (miscanthus, white wood, and willow) in a laboratory-scale fixed bed.
Biomass fuels are CO2 neutral and very rich in alkali metals especially potassium, K and sodium. Potassium played
predominant roles in the agglomeration formation of these selected biomass fuels. During the experiments, huge
agglomerates were formed at a lower melting temperature of 350 0
C when potassium hydroxide, KOH and silica sand
were heated together directly (reality test) in the combustion chamber (Gooch crucible). Harder and tougher
agglomerates were produced at 502 0
C. This attested to the fact that, agglomerates are produced from the formation
of a low melting temperature eutectic compound (alkali-silicate) in the form of K-silicate. The eutectic compound has a
lower melting temperature than the melting temperature of the parent materials - the alkali metals or the silica from
sand, which is the bed material. It therefore melts sharply in the bed and formed lumps in form of agglomerates. The
results of this research have indicated that, potassium K and silica SiO2 are very important in the formation of
agglomerates during the combustion of biomass fuels. Gooch ceramic crucible is a very good combustion chamber for
the combustion of biomass fuels experiments/tests in a laboratory – scale fixed bed. It accommodated more heat
distribution into the combustion chamber than the conventional ceramic crucible.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Effect of Enterprise Risk Management on Sustainable Financial Performance of ...AJSERJournal
The paper is aimed at determining the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on Sustainable
financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research is to determine the
effect of ERM on earning per share (EPS) and to ascertain the effect of ERM on Tobin Q. Descriptive research design
was adopted for the study considering the total population of all the twenty-one listed deposit money banks in Nigeria.
Data were gathered via secondary source from five (5) public annual reports of the listed deposit money banks for a
period of six years ranged from 2013-2018 and analysed using percentages and ratios. Multiple regressions was
employed in data analysis and testing the hypotheses; in determining if there is a significant effect of Enterprise Risk
Management on Earnings per Share and Tobin Q of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study revealed that
there is a positive and significant relationship between ERM (Firms Size, Leverage) and sustainable financial
performance (TQ & EPS) of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that
financial institutions in Nigeria should employ robust Enterprise Risk Management Practices as these are likely to
greatly influence their financial performance in one way or the other and that Central Bank of Nigeria and other
regulators should endeavour to strengthen the enforcement of risk control mechanism to boost a robust bank
performance.
Impact and Performance of Linen Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Slender ColumnsAJSERJournal
This study was consisted of two phases, revealed the behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
specimens of small-diameter slender column to achieve high quality concrete properties without using concrete
vibrator. The first phase investigated the effect of linen fiber on the rheological properties of SCC using two mixes types:
type I mix: without lime powder, and type II mix: with 20% lime as a replacement of cement content. The linen fiber was
contented of 0, 2, and 4 Kg/m³. In the second phase, the type II mix was used to cast three columns; one with plain SCC
and the other two with 2 and 4 Kg/m³ fiber contents. These columns were cured and cut in a certain manner to obtain 7
cylinders 150 × 300 mm and 8 slices 20 mm thickness. The cylinders were used to measure the distribution of unit
weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the column height. The rheological properties
of SCC were reduced with the additives of fibers to the mix constituents, but the properties of Fiber reinforced SelfCompacted Concrete (FSCC) were tested at 4 Kg/m³ fiber content. The distribution of unit weight, compressive strength,
and UPV provided good compaction of concrete. Also, the distribution of coarse aggregate at bottom, middle and top
sections of columns were uniformly distributed.
Using Information Gap Activities in Promoting Speaking Skills for Elementary ...AJSERJournal
In recent years, communicative approach is considered one of the primary methods to develop students’
speaking competence. When applying communicative approach in the classroom, information gap activities are
employed to promote students’ oral skill. These activities have brought many benefits for students in the classroom and
become good stimulations for students to boost their speaking skills. The study took place at Dong Nai Technology
University with the objectives to investigate the students’ perspectives of teachers using the information gap activities
to help students improve their speaking competence. The data were collected via survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews in sequence. Sixty students took part in the survey questionnaire to answer 14 questions on their
perception on speaking skills and information gap activities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 6
volunteer students to explain more deeply about their answers in the survey questionnaires to evaluate the validity of
the findings from the survey and give the answers to see whether these activities can affect students’ speaking skills in
the developed way. The findings from the study shows that information gaps activities are effectively utilized for the
development of students’ speaking skills
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on Grammar Teac...AJSERJournal
Grammar Translation Method or GTM, which greatly supports students for grammar-based written tests,
is the priority way of grammar teaching in Vietnam. That’s why many students are gradually lacking communication
abilities. In the light of Communicative Language Teaching approach or CLT, grammar is now taught in more
interesting ways. Lately, many studies have found that teaching and learning grammar in communicative contexts
helps students gain better level of language proficiency especially more fluent and accurate speaking skill. Therefore,
this paper aims to evaluate the impact of CLT in grammar instruction for first year English majored students at Dong
Nai Technology University. In addition, how students respond to the lessons instructed by CLT method is also fully
described in the paper. The results show that CLT approach brings many benefits for EFL students. Moreover, students
gain strong motivation and positive attitude through the lessons with CLT
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3 sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993
Authentication of Lumps Formation in a Laboratory Scale - Fixed bed Combustio...AJSERJournal
This study has focused on the impact of additive / authentication of agglomeration behaviour in some
selected biomass fuels - white wood, willow, and miscanthus during their combustion processes in a laboratory-scale
fixed bed by which Gooch crucible was used as the combustion chamber. Biomass fuels contains huge quantity of alkali
metals particularly potassium, K and sodium, Na with potassium playing the predominant roles in the agglomeration
formation of these selected problematic biomass fuels. Agglomerates were formed in the combustion chamber at 750
0C and 802 0C under the atmospheric pressure. This was credited to the formation of eutectic compounds in the form of
alkali-silicates (K-silicates or Na-silicates). The eutectic compound has a lower melting temperature than the melting
temperature of either the alkali metals from the biomass fuels or the silica from the bed materials (sand). It therefore
melts quickly in the bed and formed chunks in form of agglomerates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDX) on the samples confirmed agglomerates formation during the combustion
processes of these selected biomass fuels. EDX results indicated that, the interior of the agglomerates was
overshadowed with Si from the sand while the exterior or the peripheries were dominated with alkali metals, K, and Na
from the biomass fuels ash.
Other trace elements present in the agglomerates are P, Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, and Mg. With the addition of 10%additive
(kaolin) Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 to the bed materials and the combustion processes repeated under the same operating
conditions, no agglomerate was formed at either 750 0C or 802 0C. The results have shown that, addition of 10% kaolin
(additive) to the biomass particles grossly reduced formation of agglomerates in the bed. Gooch ceramic crucible is a
very reliable tool for the agglomeration experiments in the laboratories during biomass fuel combustion for heat
generation or combine heat and power generation (CHPG). This is also applicable to other combustion beds particularly
fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Comparative Study of Impact of Aluminium and Titanium Oxides Nanoparticles on...AJSERJournal
Drilling fluid has a lot of importance and application in the oil drilling process which includes the removing
of cuttings and prevention of fluid transfer to and from the rock strata. With the addition of nanoparticles it is possible
to facilitate in-situ control of the drilling fluid rheology, increasing the hydraulic efficiency of drilling campaigns and
reducing costs in a variety of reservoir environments. This study was aimed at investigating how water based drilling
fluid (WBDF) rheological property can be improved using Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles. To achieve
this aim, ten laboratory samples of drilling fluids each in different proportion of additives and nanoparticles were
prepared and analyzed. The WBDF samples were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method.
Different proportions of Xanthan gum, Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide were used. Brookfield rotational viscometer
was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples. Also, the structural analysis of the interaction
between the nanoparticles and the xanthan gum were determined using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR)
spectroscopy. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that aluminum and titanium oxide nanoparticle improved
the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. In conclusion, the introduction of Aluminum oxide and
Titanium oxide nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum
additive.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review ArticleAJSERJournal
Objective: Patients will Iron Deficiency Anemia has been found to have Dysphagia associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and
at esophageal level however, limited data and studies are available to discover the relation of this nutrient with
swallowing difficulty. Therefore the following review of the available studies has been conducted to proof the direct
relation of Iron deficiency in the cause of dysphagia and the same supplements can help to improve swallowing
difficulty.
Purpose: The study made here under, hypothesizes to identify the following aspects:
1. Does Iron deficiency Anemia affects all levels of Dysphagia?
2. Can Iron supplements be used to improve swallowing difficulty with adult patients?
3. Is it the Iron deficiency that causes impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or, does is it the dysphagia
that causes Anemia?
Method: A systematic review analysis was conducted through the published studies from Skyhub or Pub Med to form a
critical investigation and view point. The included readings taken into account were from 2001 to present date.
Conclusion: The association of Iron with Dysphagia was found to be positive, how the exact nature of interdependence
remained ambiguous
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings and Anuran Tadpoles
1. American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research iarjournals.com
50 Received- 26-01-2020, Accepted- 09-02-2020
American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research
E-ISSN -2348 – 703X, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2020
Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the
African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings and Anuran Tadpoles
Nsikak NseAkanse1
, Blessing Julius Oribhabor 2
1,2
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management, University of Uyo, PMB 1017, Uyo,
AkwaIbom State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Dioscorea Dumetorumtubers are used in stupefying fish for easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
specifically in Annang part of the state. D. dumetorum belongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known
as bitter yam. This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components and evaluate the acutetoxicity of the
aqueous extract of the D. dumetorum on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The 96hLC50 values of D.
dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in the laboratory under static bioassay conditions against C.
aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. Range finding bioassays were conducted to get the range of concentrations
for the definitive bioassays. The range of concentrations of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlngs was 0.6-5mgl-1
while
that of anuran tadpoles was 1.6-3.8mgl-1
. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined using probit
analysis. The 96hLC50 value of the test plant against exposed fingerlings was 2.153mgl-1
with lower and upper
confidence limits of 1.869 and 2.485mgl-1
respectively while that of tadpoles was 2.538mgl-1
with lower and upper
confidence limits of 2.295 and 2.771 mgl-1
respectively. Unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant difference
(p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles. The mean water
quality parameters were within the optimal range requirement for the test species. The study indicated that D.
dumetorumexerted piscicidal property on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The indiscriminate use of this
plant to catch fish by local fishermen should be discouraged.
Keywords: Dioscorea dumetorum, Clarias aariepinus, anuran tadpoles, ichthyotoxicity, static bioassay.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of plant materials in many part of the world is a traditional practice. Plants are used for different purposes because
some plants contain compound of various classes that have insecticidal, piscicidal and molluscicidal properties (Cagauan et
al., 1992). Plants from different families have been applied for catching fish, control of predatorsand reduction of
overpopulation in aquaculture ponds all over the world and are considered advantageous when viewed against the
backdrop of using persistent chemicals (Van Andel, 2000; Tiwari and Singh, 2003). Ichthyotoxicplants containsuch toxic
constituents as saponins, coumarins, cyanogens, glycosides, alkaloids and 2-cyclopentenones etc (Morah, 1986). Excessive
application of high concentrations of these plant extracts in water may have adverse effects, not only on fish species but
also on non-target aquatic fauna. Plant extracts are called botanicals and when toxic to fish are called piscicides (Fafioye,
2005). Piscicidal plants are frequently used by fisher folks to catch fishes because they are readily available, biodegradable
and leave no residues in the environment and are easily reversed in fish subjected to chronic concentration (Onusiriuka and
Ufodike,1994) and highly toxic to fish. Fish poison plants are known to cause decrease in dissolved oxygen and physiological
changes in the fish which eventually lead to the death of aquatic life (Morah et al., 2015; 2016). Several studies have shown
that plant toxins at very low concentrations are very toxic to groups of aquatic fauna (Goktepe et al., 2004; Gabriel and
Okey, 2009).
D. dumetorum is among the first four varieties of yam that are indigenous to Africa and probably Nigeria (Coursey, 1967;
Martins and Ruberte, 1975; Onwueme, 1978; Okonkwo, 1985; FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985). It occurs widely throughout Africa,
predominantly in the tropics (Luka et al., 2012). D. dumetorumbelongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and commonly known
as bitter yam. The plant could be eaten only in times of food scarcity. It is prepared by slicing and so king in water for at
least three days before cooking which makes it part of the traditional food system. The tubers are used in stupefying fish for
easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria specifically in Annang part of the state. Dioscoretine, an alkaloid present in
the yam extract has been reported to possess hypoglycemic effect (Iwu et al., 1990). In “folk medicine,” extracts of D.
dumetorum tuber have been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus because of its hypoglycaemic effect (Luka et
2. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
51 www.iarjournals.com
al., 2012). D. dumetorumtuber also contains diosgenin which is used as a precursor in the commercial synthesis of sex
hormones, birth control pills (Crabbe, 1979).
C. aariepinus is widely and naturally distributed in all parts of Africa. Ecologically, it requires calm waters like lakes, ponds,
and pools but may occur in fast flowing streams and rivers. It is an air-breather capable of tolerating a wide fluctuations of
dissolved oxygen and other extreme environmental conditions because of possession of accessory breathing organs which
enables it to breathe in air when exposed to adverse environmental condition like lack of dissolved oxygen. It is one of the
most important aquaculture candidates because of its ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, high
stocking densities under culture conditions, fast growth rate, disease resistance, acceptability of artificial feed, high
fecundity, good taste and meat quality, ease of artificial breeding and high market value (Morah,2016).Tadpoles are young
frogs or toads found in tropical countries like Nigeria. They normally breed in shallow, still, fresh water such as ponds with
breeding commencing in March (Udofia et al., 2013). The adults congregate in the ponds while the males compete for
females and their courtship ritual involves croaking and a successful male grasps the female under the forelegs (Udofia et
al., 2013). The females, which are generally larger than the males, lay between 1,000 and 2,000 eggs (Eccleston,
2008).Adults feed on invertebrate of a suitable size, they do not feed during the breeding season (Kuzmin, 2008).
Knowledge of the piscicidal potentials of D. dumetorum has been known among fisherfolks, but there is no
documented information on its toxicity against C. gariepinus and anuran tadpoles. The present work was therefore
conducted to determine the bioactive constituents and evaluate the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of D.
dumetorumon C .aariepinus and anuran tadpoles under static bioassay conditions.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 96h LC50 values of D. dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in static bioassays against C. aariepinus
fingerlings and anuran tadpoles between August and November 2015 at the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic
Environmental Management laboratory, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study area is
geographically located at latitude 5o
2’
26”
N and longitude 7o
55’19”
E. C. aariepinus fingerlings reared under controlled
condition free of pollutants were obtained from Akanse’s Fish Farm,Edem Idim Ibesit, Oruk Anam Local Government
Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and transported to the laboratory in a plastic container (30l volume, 52cm diameter
50cm depth) with water from the site of collection. The experimental tadpoles were obtained with a long handled
scoop net from a pond in the same environment and transported to the laboratory under same condition. In the
laboratory, the fish fingerlings and tadpoles were kept in holding plastic containers (30l volume, 52cm surface
diameter, 34cm width and 20cm depth) half filled with dechlorinated borehole water. The fingerlings and tadpoles
were kept in the containers for at least one week, to allow them acclimate to laboratory conditions (29o
C ± 1o
C) before
using them in bioassays. About 100 individuals were kept in each container. During this period of acclimation, the
fishes were fed twice daily (mornings and evenings) with coppens feed at 5% of their body weight while the tadpoles
were fed with algae throughout the period. During this period of acclimation, the water in the aquaria was changed
every 48hours to ensure good health of the experimental organisms while uneaten feed were removed by siphoning
to avoid fouling. Also, dead and weak individuals were immediately removed and the total mortality recorded during
the acclimation period was less than 5% (Adeyemo, 2005). Acclimation of test organisms to laboratory conditions and
experimental procedures were in accordance with guidelines for bioassay techniques (APHA, 1998).
The tubers of D. dumetorum were procured from Edem Idim Ibesit, Oruk Anam Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom
State, Nigeria. The samples were washed with clean water to free them from sand and debris. They were cut and
sundried to constant weight. The dried cubes were pulverized with a sterile manual grinding machine and then sieved
with 100 micron sieve to obtain the fine powder (Fafioye et al., 2004). The samples produced were stored in air tight
containers. Subsequently, fifty grams (50g) of the test plant was dissolved in 500ml of dechlorinated water for 24
hours. Thereafter, the mixture was filtered through Whatman’s filter paper (No.1) and that served as the stock
solution for the experiment. The prepared aqueous extract of the test plant was refrigerated and used for the static
bioassay tests following standard procedures (FAO, 1986).
Clean plastic containers (20l volume, 31cm surface diameter, 31cm width and 19cm depth) were employed in all
3. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
52 www.iarjournals.com
bioassays. A predetermined volume of the test compound was pipetted into a measuring cylinder and made up to 1l
by adding appropriate units of dechlorinated borehole water as diluents, to achieve the desired concentration of the
test compound. Active specimens of about the same size (mean weight 3.04 ± 2.05g; mean length 2.92 ± 1.97cm) for
C. aariepinus fingerlings and (mean weight 0.01 ± 0.008g; mean length 0.38 ± 0.041cm) for anuran tadpoles were
randomly assigned to bioassay containers, already containing the test media prepared. In all bioassays, a total of 10
active animals were placed in each container. Tests were run at several concentrations and untreated controls. In
each treatment, there were two replicates. Test animals were exposed to several concentrations of each test
compound after range-finding bioassays were conducted (Table 1).
Table 1: Toxicant concentrations to which C. gariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles were exposed
Mortality assessments were made by examining each animal separately every 24 hours over a 96 hour experimental
period. C. aariepinus fingerling was considered dead when respiratory and tail movements stopped, and no response
to gentle prodding with a rod. Anuran tadpole was considered dead if it sunk to the bottom of the test medium and
no response to gentle prodding with a rod.
Water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, alkalinity and hardness were determined
in the acclimation media, untreated control and each test-compound-treated medium at the beginning (0 hr) and
end (96 hr) of each bioassay. Temperature was determined by using mercury in-glass thermometer, conductivity by
conductivity meter (Hannah product Model H19812 – 5), dissolved oxygen by using HANNA dissolved oxygen meter
model H19146, pH by pH meter (HANNA product model HA989), hardness by the EDTA titrimetric method, alkalinity
by titrimetric method, and ammonia colorimetrically using ammonia test kits. The physical and chemical parameters
of acclimation media were maintained optimally and are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Summary of the physical and chemical parameters of the acclimation media
SE = Standard error
The toxicity data based on quantal response (mortality) was analysed by probit analysis (Finney, 1971). The analysis,
including the equation for probit line, and unpaired t-test used to test for significance on toxicity of the test plant
between C. aariepinus and tadpoles was achieved via computer programme using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Indices of
toxicity/susceptibility level were based on the 96h LC50 values.
The extract of D. dumetorum tuber was screened to identify its constituents of bioactive compounds (Alkaloids,
flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phytate, glycosides and oxalate) through preliminary phytochemical screening as
described in literature (McCance and Widdowson, 1935; Cuilei, 1982; Sofowore, 1984 and Ejikeme et al., 2014).
4. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
53 www.iarjournals.com
III. RESULT
Physical and chemical parameters of the test media
The physical and chemical parameters of the test media are summarized in Table 3 below. When D. dumetorum was
tested against C. aariepinus, the physical and chemical parameter data over 96h period, showed that D. dumetorum
caused increase in pH, conductivity, ammonia and alkalinity, while temperature, dissolved oxygen and hardness
decreased (Table 3). A test of D. dumetorum against tadpoles indicated decrease in temperature, dissolved oxygen,
alkalinity and hardness. But there was an increase in pH, conductivity and ammonia.
Table 3: The physical and chemical parameters of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles
The minimum and maximum values are represented in parentheses
Acute toxicity of D. dumetorum tuber against C. gariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles
Based on 96h LC50, D. dumetorum tuber was slightly more toxic against C. aariepinus fingerlings than the anuran
tadpoles. The computed 96h LC50 values for fingerlings and tadpoles being 2.153 mgl-1
and 2.538 mgl-1
respectively.
Computed toxicity factor based on 96h LC50 values showed that D. dumetorum was 0.85 times more toxic against C.
aariepinus fingerlings than anuran tadpoles (Table 4). However, unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant
difference (p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles
(Table 5).The log-dose probit graph depicting the relative toxicity of D. dumetorum against C. aariepinus and tadpoles
based on the 96hr values were non-parallel (Fig. 1).
Table 4: Comparative toxicities of the D. dumetorum tuber against C. aariepinus fingerlings and anurantadpoles
5. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
54 www.iarjournals.com
L.C = lethal concentration, C.L = 95% confident limit, T.F = toxicity factor, S.E = standard error, D.F = degree of freedom
Fig. 1: Log-dose probit graph depicting the relative toxicity of D. dumetorum against C. aariepinus and anuran tadpoles
based on 96hr values under static bioassay
Table 5: Test of significance for the 96h LC50values of D. dumetorum between C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran
tadpoles
α = 0.05
Some phytochemical constituents of the test D. dumetorum plant tuber
The results of phytoconstituents analysis conducted on D. dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts revealed the presence
of some bioactive components such as flavonoids, saponins, phythates, glycosides and oxalates (Table 6). Flavonoids
was slightly present, while saponins, phythates, glycoside and oxalates were moderately present.
Table 6: Phytochemical components of D. dumetorum tuber aqueous extract
IV. DISCUSSION
Hazardous organic chemicals tend to have adverse effects on the aquatic environment and the life they support.
Results from this study showed that C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles exposed to toxicants usually exhibit
some behavioral changes such as increase in opercular rate, erratic swimming, mucus secretion and gulping for air
before death (Davis, 1973; Nwanna et al., 2000). The pattern of behavioural changes observed in this study compared
favorably with the records of Fafioye et al. (2004) when African catfish (C. aariepinus) was exposed to Parkia
biglobossa and Raphia vinefera extracts and catfish hybrid fingerlings treated with cassava mill effluents (Oti, 2002).
This study revealed that D. dumetorum tuber subjected to phytochemical screening contain some bioactive
components such as flavaniods, saponins, phythates, glycosides and oxylates. These active ingredients are known to
6. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
55 www.iarjournals.com
be toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms even at low concentrations (Tiwari and Singh, 2003; Goktepe et al., 2004;
Kreutzweiser et al., 2004).
The physical and chemical parameters investigated were within acceptable ranges for toxicity test (APHA, 1998). The
mean parameters were within the range earlier reported as optimal requirement for African catfishes(Boyd, 1979;
Viveen et al., 1985; Adeniji and Ovie, 1989). This indicates that the parameters did not influence the toxicity of
D.dumetorum, hence, it might not have contributed to the mortality of the test species. This is in agreement with
earlier work which exposed C. aariepinusto to Akee apple and sausage plant extracts and indicated no significant
difference (P<0.05) in the water quality parameters(Onusiruika and Ufodike, 1994).. The test species, C. aariepinus
fingerlings and anuran tadpoles at various concentrations of the extracts were stressed progressively within the 96
hour period before death. Plant toxins even at low concentrations are known to elicit mucus production on the body
and gills of the fish (Annune et al., 1994; Ayuba and Ofojekwu, 2002). Increased mucus secretion in fish exposed to
toxicants is a defense response by which fish attempts to reduce entrance of the toxicant through the skin and gill
surfaces. The mucus forms a thin film on the delicate and sensitive gill tissue thus minimizing exchange of gases,
particularly intake of oxygen (Agbede et al., 2012). Before death, the exposed test species were motionless possibly
due to the loss of muscular contraction as a result of the interference of the poison with the normal functioning of the
nervous system and consequently the coordination of muscular activities (Gbem et al., 1990; Keremah et al., 2010).
The 96hLC50 values of 2.153mg 1-1
and 2.538mg 1-1
for C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles respectively are
greatly highly toxic conditions. D. dumetorum toxicity in the present study is less than extremely toxic range earlier
reported for acute toxicity of lyophilized aqueous extract of Psychotriamicrophyllaon C. aariepinus (Oti et al.,
2004)and another study that reported 0.36mg 1-1
for acute toxicity of Tetrapleuratetraptera on the tilapia,
Sarotherodian galilaeus(Omitoyin et al., 1999).It is however significantly and extremely more toxic than those earlier
reported for other highly toxic ichthyotoxic plants tested on clariid species (Onusiriuka and Ufodike, 2000; Oti and
Ukpabi, 2000; Ayuba and Ofojeku, 2002; Abalaka and Auta, 2010). The observed differences in the present study and
those of earlier workers could be attributed to the type and part of the plants used, size and type of fish,
environmental factors, water parameters and selective action of the plant toxicants.Although it has been reported
that ichthyotoxic plants besides fish have effects on other living things like water snakes and frogs in water(Seyaniand
and Chiotha, 1990; Dartay et al., 2007),no literature exists on the toxicity of ichthyotoxic plants on tadpoles. However,
little literature existing on the toxicity of pesticides on tadpoles reported LC50values as follows: 7.5mg 1-1
for malathion
acute toxicity on tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus(David and Kartheek, 2015), range of 1.25 and 5.9mg 1-1
for
tadpoles of Rana, Bufo and Hyla speires Relyea, 2004) and 2.137 mg 1-1
for tadpoles of Rana boylii(Sparling and Fellers,
2007).
C. gariepinus fingerlings were more susceptible to the test plant than anuran tadpoles. Generally, the differential
susceptibility of the organisms to chemicals has been widely investigated by earlier workers and shown to depend on
factors like cuticuler disposition to penetration by the toxicant in question, the rate of enzymatic break down,
excretion of the compound and availability of physiological storage mechanism in the organism (Rand 1995).
Tadpoles and adult amphibians are major competitors and predators in fish ponds (Nguenga et al., 2000). This study
showed that D. dumetorum exerted piscicidal property and can be applied in ponds to eradicate predators,
competitors and unwanted fish populations. The use of the extracts to clear ponds may be more preferable to other
chemicals since they are biodegradable in nature with the tendency of degrading faster without bioaccumulation in
the organism. However, indiscriminate use of the toxicant to catch fish should be discouraged.
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