1. The document reviews studies on the association between iron deficiency and dysphagia. It finds evidence that iron deficiency can affect swallowing at the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal levels.
2. Studies show iron supplements may help improve swallowing difficulties in patients with iron deficiency. However, the nature of the relationship between iron deficiency and dysphagia remains ambiguous, as it is unclear if one causes the other.
3. Plummer Vinson Syndrome, which involves iron deficiency, dysphagia, and esophageal webs, provides evidence of a link between low iron and swallowing problems. While iron supplements help reduce webs and dysphagia in these patients, more research
This is a case report of a 69-year-old male who presented with chronic constipation, rectal pain. Laboratory reports revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with iron deficiency. A colonoscopy showed the presence of an anal stricture with non-specific colitis. The patient was conservatively managed and sent to a hematologist for management of his anemia. After starting the patient on intravenous (IV) iron infusion, the patient’s symptoms resolved within 3 months.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This is a case report of a 69-year-old male who presented with chronic constipation, rectal pain. Laboratory reports revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with iron deficiency. A colonoscopy showed the presence of an anal stricture with non-specific colitis. The patient was conservatively managed and sent to a hematologist for management of his anemia. After starting the patient on intravenous (IV) iron infusion, the patient’s symptoms resolved within 3 months.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Short bowel syndrome is one of the most complex sequel to resection of extensive lengths of the small intestine. The nutritional depletion caused exerts deleterious effects on every organ system of the body. Identifying and managing this complex problem is the biggest challenge to the clinician. The pathophysiology and therapeutic approach to short bowel syndrome is discussed
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The aetiology of inguinal hernia continues to be a topic for debate. A wide range of hypothesis have been postulated over a period of time. These are based on genetic factors, tissue configuration, biochemical enzymatic activity and anatomical structural weaknesses. None of these except the anatomical basis has helped in the evolution of hernia surgery. The article reviews the contemporary hypothesis postulated for the aetiology of inguinal hernias.
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
treating anemia is a big challenge.oral iron therapy do not adequately treat IDA. IV ferric carboxy maltose (FCM)effectively treats IDA by circumventing the problem compliance of oral iron therapy.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT.pptxShilpasree Saha
Physiotherapy has long been considered a cornerstone of condition management for
people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The presentation of CF has changed over time with an increased
life expectancy and increased expectations of people with CF to have a complete lifestyle.
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
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Similar to Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review Article
Short bowel syndrome is one of the most complex sequel to resection of extensive lengths of the small intestine. The nutritional depletion caused exerts deleterious effects on every organ system of the body. Identifying and managing this complex problem is the biggest challenge to the clinician. The pathophysiology and therapeutic approach to short bowel syndrome is discussed
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The aetiology of inguinal hernia continues to be a topic for debate. A wide range of hypothesis have been postulated over a period of time. These are based on genetic factors, tissue configuration, biochemical enzymatic activity and anatomical structural weaknesses. None of these except the anatomical basis has helped in the evolution of hernia surgery. The article reviews the contemporary hypothesis postulated for the aetiology of inguinal hernias.
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
treating anemia is a big challenge.oral iron therapy do not adequately treat IDA. IV ferric carboxy maltose (FCM)effectively treats IDA by circumventing the problem compliance of oral iron therapy.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT.pptxShilpasree Saha
Physiotherapy has long been considered a cornerstone of condition management for
people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The presentation of CF has changed over time with an increased
life expectancy and increased expectations of people with CF to have a complete lifestyle.
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s Conceptual View on the Historical Philosophy of Science ...AJSERJournal
This study emphasizes the Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s concept of paradigm as an intellectual framework.
Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model,
which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Think of a paradigm shift as a change
from one way of thinking to another, it’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. Kuhn’s influence has
been immense not only in the philosophy and history of science but also in other disciplines. His contributions showed a
shift from historical, psychological and sociological approach to a philosophical one.
Actuality Test - A Technique for Expeditious Agglomeration Detection in a Lab...AJSERJournal
This research has concentrated on the application of actuality/reality test for speedy confirmation of
lumps/agglomerates formation thereby emphasizing the roles of alkali metals and silica in agglomeration during the
combustion of some selected biomass fuels (miscanthus, white wood, and willow) in a laboratory-scale fixed bed.
Biomass fuels are CO2 neutral and very rich in alkali metals especially potassium, K and sodium. Potassium played
predominant roles in the agglomeration formation of these selected biomass fuels. During the experiments, huge
agglomerates were formed at a lower melting temperature of 350 0
C when potassium hydroxide, KOH and silica sand
were heated together directly (reality test) in the combustion chamber (Gooch crucible). Harder and tougher
agglomerates were produced at 502 0
C. This attested to the fact that, agglomerates are produced from the formation
of a low melting temperature eutectic compound (alkali-silicate) in the form of K-silicate. The eutectic compound has a
lower melting temperature than the melting temperature of the parent materials - the alkali metals or the silica from
sand, which is the bed material. It therefore melts sharply in the bed and formed lumps in form of agglomerates. The
results of this research have indicated that, potassium K and silica SiO2 are very important in the formation of
agglomerates during the combustion of biomass fuels. Gooch ceramic crucible is a very good combustion chamber for
the combustion of biomass fuels experiments/tests in a laboratory – scale fixed bed. It accommodated more heat
distribution into the combustion chamber than the conventional ceramic crucible.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Effect of Enterprise Risk Management on Sustainable Financial Performance of ...AJSERJournal
The paper is aimed at determining the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on Sustainable
financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research is to determine the
effect of ERM on earning per share (EPS) and to ascertain the effect of ERM on Tobin Q. Descriptive research design
was adopted for the study considering the total population of all the twenty-one listed deposit money banks in Nigeria.
Data were gathered via secondary source from five (5) public annual reports of the listed deposit money banks for a
period of six years ranged from 2013-2018 and analysed using percentages and ratios. Multiple regressions was
employed in data analysis and testing the hypotheses; in determining if there is a significant effect of Enterprise Risk
Management on Earnings per Share and Tobin Q of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study revealed that
there is a positive and significant relationship between ERM (Firms Size, Leverage) and sustainable financial
performance (TQ & EPS) of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that
financial institutions in Nigeria should employ robust Enterprise Risk Management Practices as these are likely to
greatly influence their financial performance in one way or the other and that Central Bank of Nigeria and other
regulators should endeavour to strengthen the enforcement of risk control mechanism to boost a robust bank
performance.
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specimens of small-diameter slender column to achieve high quality concrete properties without using concrete
vibrator. The first phase investigated the effect of linen fiber on the rheological properties of SCC using two mixes types:
type I mix: without lime powder, and type II mix: with 20% lime as a replacement of cement content. The linen fiber was
contented of 0, 2, and 4 Kg/m³. In the second phase, the type II mix was used to cast three columns; one with plain SCC
and the other two with 2 and 4 Kg/m³ fiber contents. These columns were cured and cut in a certain manner to obtain 7
cylinders 150 × 300 mm and 8 slices 20 mm thickness. The cylinders were used to measure the distribution of unit
weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the column height. The rheological properties
of SCC were reduced with the additives of fibers to the mix constituents, but the properties of Fiber reinforced SelfCompacted Concrete (FSCC) were tested at 4 Kg/m³ fiber content. The distribution of unit weight, compressive strength,
and UPV provided good compaction of concrete. Also, the distribution of coarse aggregate at bottom, middle and top
sections of columns were uniformly distributed.
Using Information Gap Activities in Promoting Speaking Skills for Elementary ...AJSERJournal
In recent years, communicative approach is considered one of the primary methods to develop students’
speaking competence. When applying communicative approach in the classroom, information gap activities are
employed to promote students’ oral skill. These activities have brought many benefits for students in the classroom and
become good stimulations for students to boost their speaking skills. The study took place at Dong Nai Technology
University with the objectives to investigate the students’ perspectives of teachers using the information gap activities
to help students improve their speaking competence. The data were collected via survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews in sequence. Sixty students took part in the survey questionnaire to answer 14 questions on their
perception on speaking skills and information gap activities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 6
volunteer students to explain more deeply about their answers in the survey questionnaires to evaluate the validity of
the findings from the survey and give the answers to see whether these activities can affect students’ speaking skills in
the developed way. The findings from the study shows that information gaps activities are effectively utilized for the
development of students’ speaking skills
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on Grammar Teac...AJSERJournal
Grammar Translation Method or GTM, which greatly supports students for grammar-based written tests,
is the priority way of grammar teaching in Vietnam. That’s why many students are gradually lacking communication
abilities. In the light of Communicative Language Teaching approach or CLT, grammar is now taught in more
interesting ways. Lately, many studies have found that teaching and learning grammar in communicative contexts
helps students gain better level of language proficiency especially more fluent and accurate speaking skill. Therefore,
this paper aims to evaluate the impact of CLT in grammar instruction for first year English majored students at Dong
Nai Technology University. In addition, how students respond to the lessons instructed by CLT method is also fully
described in the paper. The results show that CLT approach brings many benefits for EFL students. Moreover, students
gain strong motivation and positive attitude through the lessons with CLT
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3 sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993
Authentication of Lumps Formation in a Laboratory Scale - Fixed bed Combustio...AJSERJournal
This study has focused on the impact of additive / authentication of agglomeration behaviour in some
selected biomass fuels - white wood, willow, and miscanthus during their combustion processes in a laboratory-scale
fixed bed by which Gooch crucible was used as the combustion chamber. Biomass fuels contains huge quantity of alkali
metals particularly potassium, K and sodium, Na with potassium playing the predominant roles in the agglomeration
formation of these selected problematic biomass fuels. Agglomerates were formed in the combustion chamber at 750
0C and 802 0C under the atmospheric pressure. This was credited to the formation of eutectic compounds in the form of
alkali-silicates (K-silicates or Na-silicates). The eutectic compound has a lower melting temperature than the melting
temperature of either the alkali metals from the biomass fuels or the silica from the bed materials (sand). It therefore
melts quickly in the bed and formed chunks in form of agglomerates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDX) on the samples confirmed agglomerates formation during the combustion
processes of these selected biomass fuels. EDX results indicated that, the interior of the agglomerates was
overshadowed with Si from the sand while the exterior or the peripheries were dominated with alkali metals, K, and Na
from the biomass fuels ash.
Other trace elements present in the agglomerates are P, Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, and Mg. With the addition of 10%additive
(kaolin) Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 to the bed materials and the combustion processes repeated under the same operating
conditions, no agglomerate was formed at either 750 0C or 802 0C. The results have shown that, addition of 10% kaolin
(additive) to the biomass particles grossly reduced formation of agglomerates in the bed. Gooch ceramic crucible is a
very reliable tool for the agglomeration experiments in the laboratories during biomass fuel combustion for heat
generation or combine heat and power generation (CHPG). This is also applicable to other combustion beds particularly
fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
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Drilling fluid has a lot of importance and application in the oil drilling process which includes the removing
of cuttings and prevention of fluid transfer to and from the rock strata. With the addition of nanoparticles it is possible
to facilitate in-situ control of the drilling fluid rheology, increasing the hydraulic efficiency of drilling campaigns and
reducing costs in a variety of reservoir environments. This study was aimed at investigating how water based drilling
fluid (WBDF) rheological property can be improved using Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles. To achieve
this aim, ten laboratory samples of drilling fluids each in different proportion of additives and nanoparticles were
prepared and analyzed. The WBDF samples were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method.
Different proportions of Xanthan gum, Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide were used. Brookfield rotational viscometer
was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples. Also, the structural analysis of the interaction
between the nanoparticles and the xanthan gum were determined using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR)
spectroscopy. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that aluminum and titanium oxide nanoparticle improved
the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. In conclusion, the introduction of Aluminum oxide and
Titanium oxide nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum
additive.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Application of Game Theory to Select the Most Suitable Cryptographic Algorith...AJSERJournal
The cryptographic systems used in an organization use a fixed cryptographic algorithm and the specific
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Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review Article
1. American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research iarjournals.com
76 Received- 03-02-2020, Accepted- 24-02-2020
American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research
E-ISSN -2348 – 703X, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2020
Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review Article
Sabreen Noor Ali1
, Rabbiah Sohail2
, Fatima Yousuf3
, Sabeen Rajput4
, Sonia Shah5
1,2,3,4,5
College of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences, Ziauddin University
ABSTRACT:
Objective: Patients will Iron Deficiency Anemia has been found to have Dysphagia associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and
at esophageal level however, limited data and studies are available to discover the relation of this nutrient with
swallowing difficulty. Therefore the following review of the available studies has been conducted to proof the direct
relation of Iron deficiency in the cause of dysphagia and the same supplements can help to improve swallowing
difficulty.
Purpose: The study made here under, hypothesizes to identify the following aspects:
1. Does Iron deficiency Anemia affects all levels of Dysphagia?
2. Can Iron supplements be used to improve swallowing difficulty with adult patients?
3. Is it the Iron deficiency that causes impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or, does is it the dysphagia
that causes Anemia?
Method: A systematic review analysis was conducted through the published studies from Skyhub or Pub Med to form a
critical investigation and view point. The included readings taken into account were from 2001 to present date.
Conclusion: The association of Iron with Dysphagia was found to be positive, how the exact nature of interdependence
remained ambiguous.
Keywords: Plummer Vinson Syndrome, Kelly Peterson Syndrome, Sideropenic Dysphagia, Anemia, Carcinoma,
Papillae, Epidermis
I. INTRODUCTION
Iron is one of the most important nutrients a human blood requires which is normally found as hemoglobin
and myoglobin within the red blood cells and muscle cells respectively. Deficiency of this important nutrient within a
biological being specifically at the blood echelon can result in a decreased range of hemoglobin level which creates
the absence or abridged number of adequate healthy red blood cells. This condition is typically termed as Iron-
Deficiency Anemia and the blood fails to transfer sufficient amount of oxygen from the lungs to the cellular tissues.
Unrelated to our current topic of concern, there are other types of Anemia that may have an indirect relation with
Dysphagia, which will be unveiled in the later part of the paper.
People who are under the condition of Iron Deficiency Anemia have been found to encompass Dysphagia
associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and at esophageal level. The following paper presents a hypothesis that states a
direct relation of Iron deficiency in the etiology of dysphagia hence; the same supplements are ought to be beneficial
in treating swallowing difficulty.
The most widespread cause of dysphagia that has an inextricable link with Iron deficiency is pharyngeal and
upper esophageal difficulty with swallowing. Pain while ingesting the food into the esophagus, sensation of food
getting stuck in the throat or behind the chest bone, heartburn, regurgitation of food, stomach acid back into the
larynx, frequent cough or gag during swallow and significant weight loss are regular indicators of dysphagia.
Alongside, neurologic disorders such as, cancers, GERD, scars at any level of digestive track, radiation
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therapies, and muscle weaknesses are the common etiology for this disorder. Most popular and one of the many
causes of pharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia are the laryngeal and esophageal webs, post cricoids carcinomas
that are said to be the linked symptoms of Plummer Vinson Syndrome. Plummer Vinson syndrome, which is also
known as hysterical dysphagia Kelly Petterson syndrome, or technically (in the field of speech and Swallowing
pathology) called sideropenic dysphagia is a premalignant clause, in which the subject reports to have iron
deficiency anemia, experiences dysphagia and a notable post-cricoid web that can predispose to malignant change
and create carcinoma. It is of note worthy that Laryngeal webs are typically congenital; however can also be
developed due to prolonged intubation. On the other hand, laryngeal carcinomas are a type of cancer that has
developed at the region of larynx. The incidence of Plummer Vinson Syndrome is rare, nonetheless according to
World Health Organization around 15% of the patients admitted at hospitals for the management of swallowing has
a developed web and are strongly exposed to establish Laryngeal/ esophageal carcinoma.
During the past years, iron deficiency anemia has been a vital concern of study to discover its role in the
development of Laryngeal webs and sideropenic Dysphagia. This paper would shed light over the association of Iron
deficiency Anemia with Dysphagia specific to laryngeal and upper esophageal region.
II. IRON DEFICIENCY AND ORAL PHASE OF SWALLOWING
The Oral phase that plays a significant role in typical swallowing function has said to be affected by iron
deficiency type anemia. Tongue plays a vital role in formation of the bolus and preparing it to pass through the
pharynx into the digestive tract. The tongue as a muscle is covered with two components; one is the Mucosa the
moist pink tissue that covers the whole, while the other is called the Papillae. The tiny bumps known to be the
papillae are of three types, vallate, fungiform and fuliform. It has to be taken into account that filliform papillae are
responsible to augment the exterior area and rasping the food particles that adhere to the glossal surface. On the
other hand fungiform papillae play a significant role in food sensation, as they comprised of taste buds. Their
responses prompt the brain cells with the taste type (sweet, sour or bitter). Collectively the absence of any of the
papillae can result in difficulty withi the oral prep and oral phase of the swallowing.
The association of Iron deficiency Anemia with Dysphagia and tongue mucosa atrophy has been a subject of
light in the past years. Walden – storm (2000) performed an experimental research providing iron supplements as a
treatment for seven patients. Six out of them reported positive results concluding that iron therapy has helped to
heal the epithelial defects at the corners of the mouth, tongue and throat.
Cheli et al. (2003) reported no relation of tongue depapillation with glossal atrophical changes. This suggest to
the fact that hemoglobin does not impacts directly towards the tongue papillae. Beutler (2005) stated that iron
deficiency may be due to the disturbance in the metabolism of tissue rather than just hemoglobin level. Hence we
cannot progress to say that anemia may be the only cause of iron deficiency leading to Oral phase of swallowing
difficulties.
III. IRON DEFICIENCY AND PHARYNGEAL PHASE OF SWALLOWING
Over the history researchers are hunting to find the answer for the delimma of chicken and egg that has built
up to clear the phenomena of iron deficiency causing difficulty with swallowing. Previous studies made in late 1990’s
presented us with the facts that patients with a prolonged period of iron deficiency with accompanied complains of
swallowing, have less contraction amplitude through the passage of bolus, in comparison to controls. On the basis of
a study made by Dantas et al. (2000), it was evident that the reduced capacity for energy metabolism un-deviatedly
affects the ability of skeletal muscle exercise. Through their experiment based on rabbits, they found that thyro-
pharyngeal, crico-pharyngeal, and cervical esophageal muscles with iron-deficiency anemia illustrated morphological
changes parallel to those noticed in muscular dystrophy. It is to be noted that these muscle intricacy is only related to
the skeletal muscles and not the smooth muscles. It is known that fibers of skeletal muscles are always involved in
brisk movements who do not require continuous power hence they are principally dependent on glycolysis as an
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energy source because their poor nature of oxidation. Due to reduced Iron in their blood, these contractions are
difficult to regulate frequently. As per Miranda et al.(2003) iron deficiency can cause impairment in muscle
contraction. A prospective study made by Am. College of Gastroenterology (2003) published a study which indicated
that the astringent influence of the pharyngeal muscle for the propulsion of bolus into the esophagus is less than
those whose iron levels were within normal limits. They also suggested that it was normalized by iron administration.
Miranda et al’s study of transit explains cases with slower incursion of the water into the proximal esophagus, in
conformity with the risk of a condensed function of pharyngeal contraction. Within the esophagus the passage was
deemed in patients than in the other group which was the control one. The lump at the posterior esophageal wall via
a solid bolus or liquid increases the tension of passive elasticity within the circular muscles.
IV. IRON DEFICIENCY AND ESOPHAGEAL PHASE OF SWALLOWING
In account of upper Gastro intestinal tract, the major dysphagia causing disorder is Plummer Vinson
Syndrome, commonly known as Kellly Brown Peterson Syndrome or Sideropenic dysphagia. Studies that have
reviewed Plummer Vinson Syndrome, have provided significant proofs of the laryngeal webs caused by Iron
deficiency. Dantas et al. (2008) conducted a survey on the patients at a hospital, which summarized that manometric
inspection data results of subjects demonstrated low-amplitude contractions and high intrabolus pressure in a
plummer Vinson patient. It is of note worthy that after the presentation of iron supplements, the amplitude of
contraction in these patients were greater than before and the intrabolus pressure reduced. Conversely, it is will be
still of a surprise to know, why iron supplementation improves esophageal peristalsis and dysphagia in patients with
this syndrome. Case reports provided by Hoffman et al. (2015) concludes that Iron supplements given as medicines to
patients with Plummer Vinson syndrome improved their swallowing difficulty. According to him, numerous reports
have provided us with the evidence that iron deficiency in the patients with this disorder may be due to the functional
disorder of the esophagus rather than the morphological obstructions faced due to web, carcinoma or a lumph.
Hence it is difficult to indicate the outcome, is due to the cause or may be the cause is due to that outcome.
Simplifying it will be absurd to state Plummer Vinson Syndrome has caused iron deficiency, or is the anemia that has
been the primary reason of developing the disease. Stated by Tahara et al. (2015) in her case reports she mentioned
the unknown pathogenesis of Plummer Vinson Syndrome. Nonetheless, the most apparent mechanism of this
syndrome is deficiency of iron in the blood stream.
The other contributing factors involve immunological, environmental and genetic features; however which
have not been verified to participate as an accurate role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Regardless of its basis,
the premise is based on deficiency of iron in blood, which leads to swift loss of enzymes that are iron- dependent.
Decline in the number of these enzymes forms web and eventually may escort towards the development of laryngeal
of upper esophageal carcinomas which is known as cancer of upper gastrointestinal tract.
V. IRON DEFICIENCY AND CANCER
According to a recent study by Hung et al. in (2005) that states, people with Iron deficiency anemia have a
significantly elevated overall risk of cancer than of those whose iron levels are within the normal limits, and the
possibility of acquiring malignant cells is significantly higher after the diagnosis of iron deficiency. On the flick, the
entire cancer family is allied with an increased peril of emergent iron deficiency anemia, though this possibility is
limited to be with certain type of cancers that are particularly formed at the level of pharynx and esophagus. And the
consequences of iron deficiency anemia can be particularly stern in people surviving with cancer, potentially
interfering with treatment and minor survival chances.
Rare. (2006) performed an experiment to observe the epidermal changes at the post pharyngeal wall in the
patients with Plummer Vinson Syndrome. Due to reduced Iron level in the blood and tissues; the hemoglobin and
myoglobin the fresh cell growth of epidermis had developed a pause creating the stagnant web at the epidermis of
the pharyngeal and upper esophageal wall. The width of the epidermal cell tissue was also found to be shorter than a
typical one. With given Iron supplements orally, a notable increase in size of the epidermis was observed with
improvement in swallowing and reduced web size.
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VI. DISCUSSION
Iron resides in a human body as a considerable nutrient that acts to be the salt in a food. With its presence,
nothing seems to be evident; however the absence of the same creates a hole in the overall body functions. There are
millions of structures dependent on this nutrient just as the growth of cells particularly epidermis of liver, esophagus
and bladder. In addition to that its significance for our blood plays a major role contributing to the overall blood
function. Moving from a body nutrient based discussion towards a biological phenomenon will be swallowing. A
typical passage of food from mouth towards the pharynx and finally into the esophagus is an appropriate function that
constitutes to the positive working of our oral, phrayngeal muscles. Any discrepancy within this flow of bolus can be
termed as dysphagia.
As stated above regarding the job that Iron plays, previous researches have attempted to prove it’s relation
with one of the cause of dysphagia that is intertwined with the pharyngeal and esophageal phase. Plummer Vinson
syndrome presents with the characteristics of web at the post criciod region or within the food pipe and his condition
is always related with iron deficiency. Since the web creates the block at the region of its growth, the subject
complains of dysphagia. However it is of note worthy that a minority of the patients accessed to be an experimental
subject has a history of dyphagia, few had iron deficiency anemia before that may have resulted in the revision of the
web into a carcinoma. Another position to stand on is the uncertainity of the precedence of dysphagia and Iron
deficiency anemia. Merely it is unsure if dysphagia has developed first or the iron deficiency held the laryngeal web.
Also if both of them could be due to the presence of plummer Vinson syndrome, it still cannot make a certain decision
about the efficacy of anemia’s role in determining the etiology.
Mentioned above in few studies who tried Iron supplements to improve the condition associated with
Plummer Vinson syndrome, have found to be surprisingly successful. Improvements with the reduction of web size
and fading complains of dysphagia were reported. Also to mention due to the presence of iron as myoglobin in the cell
tissue level, it improves the physical condition of the epidermal tissues present at the pharyngeal and esophageal
level, which helped in reduction of the web size. Moving towards the modification of this web into the carcinoma,
exposing it for a threatening malignant condition has also been reported to be associated with Iron deficiency anemia.
Studies suggest that due to the absence of this nutrient in the blood stream or at cell tissue level, the vulnerability of
post cricoids carcinoma rises up. Having said that, this can clearly state a direct and proportional dependence of the
sideropenic type dysphagia with Iron. However it is still aunclear over the notion of pharyngeal phase dysphagia and
esophageal dysphagia as a whole. For the reason that Plummer Vinson syndrome can be one of the cause for it, and
cannot be generalize with other etiologies as neurologic or GERD without performing a cross sectional study. Keeping
in view of the sustainable change that Iron supplements whether provided orally or injected into the blood stream, it
is fair to say that if this has helped with one of the obstruction at the digestive track level, it can also be applied with
other conditions just as scars or inappropriate growth obstructions present on way. However, further researches are
required to test the efficacy.
Adding to the improvements mentioned for Plummer Vinson Syndrome, researchers have also noticed the
duration of the bolus transit from oral cavity into the pharyngeal cavity and, from pharyngeal cavity into the
esophageal cavity. Unpredictably the data summarized demonstrated a delay in the total time duration of the subjects
who presented with Iron deficiency Anemia from the bolus passed from the oral cavity into the pharyngeal cavity at
the point of pharyngeal trigger. Additionally pharyngeal to esophageal transit was insignificant only if there is not any
obstruction seen via modified barium Swallow. However the studies do mentioned few subjects having a swollen
esophageal wall, giving them the benefit of doubt in presenting the pharyngeal to esophageal delay. To be noted that
epidermal swelling of the post pharyngeal or esophageal wall progressed after the iron level falls into the normal
range. Hence, neglecting the point of view that Iron supplements may only improve webs or carcinomas, it may be
beneficial in increasing the transit duration giving a doubt on the thought of neurological etiology. It may be
reasonable to state that iron does affect the worth of neurons responsible to bring the pharyngeal trigger.
Another realm of the iron deficiency has been hypothesized to be linked with oral cavity of a human body. As
mentioned regarding the structure of human tongue, its purpose correlated with food is strongly adhered with the
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papillae present on the mucosa. Since each papilla is responsible to perform a respective task, the frequency of its
presence on the glossal surface speaks about the ability of the sensation it holds. The fungiform papillae that are at
the sides of the lingua have the taste buds in them. Absence of the same may ground the loss of oral sensation within
the oral cavity, hence affecting the oral prep phase which prepares the bolus to fall into the pharynx. Increasing the
quantity of iron into the blood via providing iron therapy, amplifies the growth of papillae thus improving the oral
sensation and decreasing the complain of swallowing difficulty that are often heard by family caregivers.
Comparing to all the three phases of dysphagia and the impact of Iron, the dilemma of Chicken and egg still
remained unanswered. The literature does not provide us with enough evidence to rule out the perplexity of iron
affecting the functions of body organs related to swallowing, or the discrepancy of the organ functioning have created
the deficiency of iron.
VII. CONCLUSION
The provided review of the studies aided us to conclude that Iron deficiency Anemia does affect all the levels of
dysphagia, but not in the same manner and frequency. It also co- relates with the etiology that has caused swallowing
difficulty. According to the literature, Iron supplements have proven to improve the complains of dysphagia, however
it remains specific to certain symptoms, making it a symptomatic improvement suggestion. However the dilemma of
the Iron deficiency being the cause of impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or; does is it the dysphagia
that causes Iron deficiency Anemia remained unknown as to what have caused what. Conversely larger number of
supports articles favors to the fact the due to Iron deficiency anemia a person develops Plummer Vinson Syndrome.
This restricts it to pharyngeal and esophageal phase only.
VIII. References
1. Goel, A., Bakshi, S. S., Soni, N., & Chhavi, N. (2017). Iron deficiency anemia and Plummer– Vinson syndrome:
current insights. Journal of blood medicine, 8, 175.
2. Tahara, T., Shibata, T., Okubo, M., Yoshioka, D., Ishizuka, T., Sumi, K., & Arisawa, T. (2015). A case of plummer-
vinson syndrome showing rapid improvement of Dysphagia and esophageal web after two weeks of iron
therapy. Case reports in gastroenterology, 8(2), 211- 215.
3. Sugiura, Y., Nakagawa, M., Hashizume, T., Nemoto, E., & Kaseda, S. (2015). Iron Supplementation Improved
Dysphagia Related toPlummer–Vinson Syndrome. The Keio journal of medicine, 64(3), 48-50.
4. Miranda, A. L. M., & Dantas, R. O. (2003). Esophageal contractions and oropharyngeal and esophageal transits
in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The American journal of gastroenterology, 98(5), 1000-1004.
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8. Costa, D. B., & Drews, R. E. (2009). Peripheral effects of iron deficiency. In Iron Deficiency and Overload (pp.
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ANEMIA RELATIONSHIP REVISITED-RESULTS FROM AN INDIAN STUDY. E-Journal of Dentistry, 2(2). Liu, K., &
Kaffes, A. J. (2012). Iron deficiency anaemia: a review of diagnosis, investigation and management. European
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medical journal, 50(582), 215-219.
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15. Puntis, J. W., Chapman, S., Proops, D. W., & Sartori, P. (1989). Dysphagia due to oesophageal web. Archives of
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16. Dysphagia, S. Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA).