The document discusses the effects of using a Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach for teaching grammar to English students in Vietnam. It finds that using CLT brings several benefits: it provides more opportunities for communication in class, helps students develop both grammatical competence and speaking skills, and increases student motivation and enjoyment of grammar lessons. A study was conducted with English major students where CLT methods were used for seven weeks of grammar instruction. Results from pre- and post-tests showed that both traditional and CLT approaches improved students' grammar knowledge, but student questionnaires indicated that CLT lessons were more engaging and better supported the development of communication abilities. Therefore, the study concludes that CLT is an effective approach for teaching grammar.
Using Jigsaw and Problem-SolvingTasks to Enhance English Speaking AbilityIjcmsdrJournal
The purposes of this research were: 1) to study and compare the English speaking ability before and after learning through Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks of undergraduate students at Kalasin University, and 2) to study the students’ attitudes towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks. The sample consisted of 23first-year undergraduate students at Kalasin University, Kalasin Province, in the second semester of the academic year 2019. The research was a one group pretest-posttest design. The research instruments included 12 lesson plans, an English speaking ability test and an attitude questionnaire. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, 2 hours a week, or 24 hours for all. The mean, percentage, standard deviation and t-test for Dependent Samples were used for data analysis. The findings of this research were as follows: 1) The students’ pretest and posttest English speaking ability scores were 25.04 % and 83.19% respectively. The students’ posttest score was found significantly higher than that of the pretest at the .01 level. 2) The students’ attitude towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw Task was at a very good level.
Using Jigsaw and Problem-SolvingTasks to Enhance English Speaking AbilityIjcmsdrJournal
The purposes of this research were: 1) to study and compare the English speaking ability before and after learning through Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks of undergraduate students at Kalasin University, and 2) to study the students’ attitudes towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks. The sample consisted of 23first-year undergraduate students at Kalasin University, Kalasin Province, in the second semester of the academic year 2019. The research was a one group pretest-posttest design. The research instruments included 12 lesson plans, an English speaking ability test and an attitude questionnaire. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, 2 hours a week, or 24 hours for all. The mean, percentage, standard deviation and t-test for Dependent Samples were used for data analysis. The findings of this research were as follows: 1) The students’ pretest and posttest English speaking ability scores were 25.04 % and 83.19% respectively. The students’ posttest score was found significantly higher than that of the pretest at the .01 level. 2) The students’ attitude towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw Task was at a very good level.
Applying Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) To Enhance Students ‘Communicati...AJSERJournal
Grammar teaching and learning play important roles in English acquisition. However, Vietnamese
educational system still favors grammar written tests to evaluate students’ English proficiency. Therefore, students
tend to learn more about language forms rather than meaningful language use. This has no doubt resulted in students’
poor communicative ability.
Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is a suitable teaching approach, if applied to teach grammar for teenager
students, it will not only promote their communicative ability but also instruct them to use grammar correctly and
comprehensively.
In other words, teachers use TBLT to balance the learning process in which learners both fulfill meaningful
communicative tasks and comprehend linguistic forms. In spite of the benefits brought to learners by TBLT, they are still
in theory. Therefore, in order to bridge the gap between theory and practice, it is essential to conduct a study which can
prove the effectiveness of applying TBLT. As the matter of fact, the research question is ‘How do students respond to
grammar learning with TBLT?’ The objective of this work can only be achieved by collecting and analyzing data, so
choosing research methods has to be done accurately and carefully
G224 Okada, Y., Sawaumi, T., & Ito, T. (2014, December). Different effects o...Takehiko Ito
G224 Okada, Y., Sawaumi, T., & Ito, T. (2014, December). Different effects of sample performance observation between high and low level English learners
The Sixth CLS International Conference, December 4-6, 2014, Singapore, 394-413
The aims of this study were to investigate the employment of Other-Initiated Repair Strategies (OIR Strategies) in solving understanding problem in EFL learners’ conversation and to examine the kinds of trouble sources that prompt the employment of OIR Strategies. The participants were nine EFL learners participating in a speaking class in small university in Indonesia. To elicit the learners’ conversations two communicative tasks, Spot the Difference and Desert Island were used. The learners’ conversations during task performance were video-recorded, then, transcribed using the conventions proposed by Markee (2000) and analyzed qualitatively using Conversation Analysis method. The results showed that EFL learners managed to employ eight types of OIR Strategies comprising of 62 instances in total. The strategies are unspecified repair, interrogative repair, partial repeat plus a question word repair, partial repeat repair, understanding check repair, request for repetition, request for definition, and correction repair. Three different types of trouble sources triggered the use of OIR Strategies, namely linguistic-related problem, interactional-related problem, and meaning-related problem. The study demonstrated that by employing different OIR Strategies, even EFL learners with limited proficiency in English managed to take initiatives to overcome the understanding problem in conversations as part of their learning process. Therefore, the EFL teachers need to consider incorporating the teaching of OIR Strategies as part of their speaking class to improve the students’ fluency.
Which test of which english and why (1)TayyibaHanif
Which test of which English and why by Tayyiba Hanif and colleagues. It is a very important topic in World Englishes. This material help you a lot in understanding the topic. Thanks!
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This study aims to identify the language needs analysis for English curriculum validation in the tertiary level. The descriptive method is utilized in the study and employed purposive sampling. This is also called judgmental sampling. A deliberate selection of individuals made by the researcher based on the predefined criteria. Three hundred forty nine (349) students were utilized as respondents to test their listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, identifying errors and correct usage. Result showed that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents profile since the computed P-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. However, speaking skills and vocabulary skills show that they are not significant to the profile of the respondents.
A statistical analysis of corpus based approach on learning sentence patterns IJECEIAES
This research paper examines the adverse effect of theoretical explanation of the grammatical rules among the learners. Exploration of the methods and materials taught inductively or deductively is the panacea to achieve the required goal. The study throws light on the pedagogical implication of adopting appropriate methods and materials for building the learners’ grammar and language. It primarily intends to explore a new teaching method using language corpora that can be employed in the English grammar classes in colleges at the undergraduate level. It strives to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching sentence patterns through corpus-based activities comparing with the traditional based teaching. Thus, the methodology aims to encourage students to become independent corpus users.
The aim of this research study is to analyze the appropriateness of the English syllabus according to the true language needs, which is being offered to the students of International Relations Department of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. To carry out this research study, students of IR department (Part 1 and 2) have been taken as a sample population to collect required data. To check the appropriateness of the offered English syllabus and existing level of English language competence according to the students’ needs; two research tools have been taken as: test and interview. In order to get the actual feedback from the students, a test consisted of four basic skills of English (listening, speaking, reading and writing) was conducted to 50 students of IR department. Interview was conducted to the teachers of IR department in order to get the actual information about the appropriateness of the English syllabus and the competency level of the students. Collected data through both the sources were analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The findings from these sources provided the results which were expected before the accomplishment of this research work. The findings of this research advocated that the EAP should be adopted to make the existing syllabus appropriate and need based in order to refine the basic English language skills of the students. This recommended course is very productive for social sciences disciplines of the BZU.
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
Which Test of Which English and Why by Tayyiba Hanif and Colleagues. A very important topic in World Englishes. It may help a lot while understanding the concept/topic. Thanks!
An Evaluation of Implementing Task Based Language Teaching TBLT to Teach Gram...ijtsrd
The combination of TBLT and traditional teaching methods encourages students to be more involved in communicative activities as well as guaranteed to master the target grammar by teacher’ being a model. They are required to listen carefully to teacher, and then students have themselves recognize what they need to do correctly. This minimizes students’ making mistakes while still enables fluency. More importantly, teacher no longer dominates classroom. In the light of TBLT, grammar is conveyed through completing communicative tasks which let students experience English grammar from meaning to form. In other words, the students were introduced meanings, functions of a certain grammar point through communicative tasks first, and then either the teacher or the students themselves explored the form and the teacher helped them build on what they know. This way of teaching and learning has never taken place before, so it is hoped that students experience it in a very positive way. Task based language teaching TBLT , if applied correctly to instruct grammar, will balance communicative competence and linguistic forms. Nguyen Hong Ngoc "An Evaluation of Implementing Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) to Teach Grammar to Adolescent Learners in Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38194.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38194/an-evaluation-of-implementing-taskbased-language-teaching-tblt-to-teach-grammar-to-adolescent-learners-in-vietnam/nguyen-hong-ngoc
Applying Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) To Enhance Students ‘Communicati...AJSERJournal
Grammar teaching and learning play important roles in English acquisition. However, Vietnamese
educational system still favors grammar written tests to evaluate students’ English proficiency. Therefore, students
tend to learn more about language forms rather than meaningful language use. This has no doubt resulted in students’
poor communicative ability.
Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is a suitable teaching approach, if applied to teach grammar for teenager
students, it will not only promote their communicative ability but also instruct them to use grammar correctly and
comprehensively.
In other words, teachers use TBLT to balance the learning process in which learners both fulfill meaningful
communicative tasks and comprehend linguistic forms. In spite of the benefits brought to learners by TBLT, they are still
in theory. Therefore, in order to bridge the gap between theory and practice, it is essential to conduct a study which can
prove the effectiveness of applying TBLT. As the matter of fact, the research question is ‘How do students respond to
grammar learning with TBLT?’ The objective of this work can only be achieved by collecting and analyzing data, so
choosing research methods has to be done accurately and carefully
G224 Okada, Y., Sawaumi, T., & Ito, T. (2014, December). Different effects o...Takehiko Ito
G224 Okada, Y., Sawaumi, T., & Ito, T. (2014, December). Different effects of sample performance observation between high and low level English learners
The Sixth CLS International Conference, December 4-6, 2014, Singapore, 394-413
The aims of this study were to investigate the employment of Other-Initiated Repair Strategies (OIR Strategies) in solving understanding problem in EFL learners’ conversation and to examine the kinds of trouble sources that prompt the employment of OIR Strategies. The participants were nine EFL learners participating in a speaking class in small university in Indonesia. To elicit the learners’ conversations two communicative tasks, Spot the Difference and Desert Island were used. The learners’ conversations during task performance were video-recorded, then, transcribed using the conventions proposed by Markee (2000) and analyzed qualitatively using Conversation Analysis method. The results showed that EFL learners managed to employ eight types of OIR Strategies comprising of 62 instances in total. The strategies are unspecified repair, interrogative repair, partial repeat plus a question word repair, partial repeat repair, understanding check repair, request for repetition, request for definition, and correction repair. Three different types of trouble sources triggered the use of OIR Strategies, namely linguistic-related problem, interactional-related problem, and meaning-related problem. The study demonstrated that by employing different OIR Strategies, even EFL learners with limited proficiency in English managed to take initiatives to overcome the understanding problem in conversations as part of their learning process. Therefore, the EFL teachers need to consider incorporating the teaching of OIR Strategies as part of their speaking class to improve the students’ fluency.
Which test of which english and why (1)TayyibaHanif
Which test of which English and why by Tayyiba Hanif and colleagues. It is a very important topic in World Englishes. This material help you a lot in understanding the topic. Thanks!
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This study aims to identify the language needs analysis for English curriculum validation in the tertiary level. The descriptive method is utilized in the study and employed purposive sampling. This is also called judgmental sampling. A deliberate selection of individuals made by the researcher based on the predefined criteria. Three hundred forty nine (349) students were utilized as respondents to test their listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, identifying errors and correct usage. Result showed that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents profile since the computed P-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. However, speaking skills and vocabulary skills show that they are not significant to the profile of the respondents.
A statistical analysis of corpus based approach on learning sentence patterns IJECEIAES
This research paper examines the adverse effect of theoretical explanation of the grammatical rules among the learners. Exploration of the methods and materials taught inductively or deductively is the panacea to achieve the required goal. The study throws light on the pedagogical implication of adopting appropriate methods and materials for building the learners’ grammar and language. It primarily intends to explore a new teaching method using language corpora that can be employed in the English grammar classes in colleges at the undergraduate level. It strives to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching sentence patterns through corpus-based activities comparing with the traditional based teaching. Thus, the methodology aims to encourage students to become independent corpus users.
The aim of this research study is to analyze the appropriateness of the English syllabus according to the true language needs, which is being offered to the students of International Relations Department of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. To carry out this research study, students of IR department (Part 1 and 2) have been taken as a sample population to collect required data. To check the appropriateness of the offered English syllabus and existing level of English language competence according to the students’ needs; two research tools have been taken as: test and interview. In order to get the actual feedback from the students, a test consisted of four basic skills of English (listening, speaking, reading and writing) was conducted to 50 students of IR department. Interview was conducted to the teachers of IR department in order to get the actual information about the appropriateness of the English syllabus and the competency level of the students. Collected data through both the sources were analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The findings from these sources provided the results which were expected before the accomplishment of this research work. The findings of this research advocated that the EAP should be adopted to make the existing syllabus appropriate and need based in order to refine the basic English language skills of the students. This recommended course is very productive for social sciences disciplines of the BZU.
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
Which Test of Which English and Why by Tayyiba Hanif and Colleagues. A very important topic in World Englishes. It may help a lot while understanding the concept/topic. Thanks!
An Evaluation of Implementing Task Based Language Teaching TBLT to Teach Gram...ijtsrd
The combination of TBLT and traditional teaching methods encourages students to be more involved in communicative activities as well as guaranteed to master the target grammar by teacher’ being a model. They are required to listen carefully to teacher, and then students have themselves recognize what they need to do correctly. This minimizes students’ making mistakes while still enables fluency. More importantly, teacher no longer dominates classroom. In the light of TBLT, grammar is conveyed through completing communicative tasks which let students experience English grammar from meaning to form. In other words, the students were introduced meanings, functions of a certain grammar point through communicative tasks first, and then either the teacher or the students themselves explored the form and the teacher helped them build on what they know. This way of teaching and learning has never taken place before, so it is hoped that students experience it in a very positive way. Task based language teaching TBLT , if applied correctly to instruct grammar, will balance communicative competence and linguistic forms. Nguyen Hong Ngoc "An Evaluation of Implementing Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) to Teach Grammar to Adolescent Learners in Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38194.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38194/an-evaluation-of-implementing-taskbased-language-teaching-tblt-to-teach-grammar-to-adolescent-learners-in-vietnam/nguyen-hong-ngoc
Exploring ESL Teacher Beliefs and Classroom Practices of CLT: A Case StudyMohammad Mosiur Rahman
This paper presents a case study that investigated and compared the stated beliefs
and observed classroom practices relating to Communicative Language Teaching
(CLT) of two ESL teachers. The findings of the study revealed that both the
teachers hold similar complex beliefs that mostly contradict the philosophy of
CLT. The practices were not in line with their stated belief or CLT principles
either. The findings also indicate that teachers indeed possess a set of complex
beliefs that are not always realized in their classroom practices for a variety of
potential reasons: some of these might be directly related to the context of
teaching. Additionally, this study found that by articulating and reflecting on his
beliefs, the teacher became more aware of the meaning and impact of these beliefs on his classroom practices. Some implications of future studies have also discussed.
This article aims at exposing a design of project based content language integrated learning (CLIL) at a higher education insitution in Indonesia. Th design is proposed based on a mixture of the principle of language integrated learning (CLIL) and the principle of project based learning. The design was implemented for the teaching of English as a compulsory subject at three departments of the university of Lampung. Quantitative data was obtained from the value of students’ English proficiency before and after CLIL model application. While the qualitative data was obtained from the output of language produced by students during the learning process took place. The results showed that project based CLIL English language course at the faculty of teaching and education, the University of Lampung could work effectively. This is evident from the implementation of the whole program activities, from the implementation of the formation of groups, students work in groups to finish the project, group presentation activities, personal presentations and students’ responses to all activities.
Using Information Gap Activities in Promoting Speaking Skills for Elementary ...AJSERJournal
In recent years, communicative approach is considered one of the primary methods to develop students’
speaking competence. When applying communicative approach in the classroom, information gap activities are
employed to promote students’ oral skill. These activities have brought many benefits for students in the classroom and
become good stimulations for students to boost their speaking skills. The study took place at Dong Nai Technology
University with the objectives to investigate the students’ perspectives of teachers using the information gap activities
to help students improve their speaking competence. The data were collected via survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews in sequence. Sixty students took part in the survey questionnaire to answer 14 questions on their
perception on speaking skills and information gap activities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 6
volunteer students to explain more deeply about their answers in the survey questionnaires to evaluate the validity of
the findings from the survey and give the answers to see whether these activities can affect students’ speaking skills in
the developed way. The findings from the study shows that information gaps activities are effectively utilized for the
development of students’ speaking skills
This is an experimental study based on exploring the effectiveness of task based language teaching (TBLT) in improving graduate students’ descriptive writing as well as their perception of task based language teaching. The accessible population taken in this study is 410 students enrolled in Graduation at Khawja Fareed Govt. Post Graduate College Rahim Yar Khan. 60 male students have been administered a TOEFL structure test to bring homogeneity. They have been divided into two equal groups randomly. Thus two groups were formed one the treatment group and the other control one. Experimental and control class data were collected through written tests and questionnaires. Written pre and post tests were administered to both classes. Questionnaires were given to the students in experimental group after each of 12 treatment tasks. Data from written pre and post-test and questionnaires were analysed quantitatively. Percentage analysis was run to observe improvement between the groups. Test results revealed highly significant difference in favour of the treatment group. The study also demonstrated treatment groups’ general perception of task based language teaching positively. Findings of this study are inspiring for the teachers to adopt task based language teaching to improve students’ descriptive writing.
Recently English has been employed as a medium of instruction at the Vietnamese tertiary level. It is necessary to teach its students listening strategies to help them deal with the potential problems that may arise during listening or prepare them for their further educational purposes. This study, therefore, aims to explore the EFL teachers’ perceptions of listening strategies and the application of listening strategies, and discover difficulties that they encounter in their instruction at a public university (henceforth called PU) in Ho Chi Minh City-Vietnam. Thirty six EFL teachers who were teaching English at PU were invited to participate in the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through two instruments, namely questionnaire and interview. The results revealed that not all the strategies were frequently employed for listening instruction. Several strategies were more frequently employed than the others; for example, cognitive, metacognitive and affective strategies were frequently integrated into instruction by the EFL teachers. Regarding the potential problems relating to listening lessons, the results showed that most of the EFL teachers had difficulties relating to professional development, students and teaching resources. This study is expected to shed light to the implementation of teaching listening strategies in PU context and in other similar contexts.
The study aims to explore the problems and difficulties of students speaking
English language for Engineering students hailing from rural background. The study
moreover aims to explore the causes of such difficulties. The researcher designed
certain tasks based on Task based language teaching on the sample of the study.
These tasks are applied for each student to investigate speaking difficulties and the
causes of such difficulties. The results showed and indicated that there are some
difficulties in speaking English due to fear of making mistakes, anxiety, shyness and
lack of confidence. The researcher identified to provide environment support and
encourage the students to speak English frequently
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s Conceptual View on the Historical Philosophy of Science ...AJSERJournal
This study emphasizes the Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s concept of paradigm as an intellectual framework.
Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model,
which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Think of a paradigm shift as a change
from one way of thinking to another, it’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. Kuhn’s influence has
been immense not only in the philosophy and history of science but also in other disciplines. His contributions showed a
shift from historical, psychological and sociological approach to a philosophical one.
Actuality Test - A Technique for Expeditious Agglomeration Detection in a Lab...AJSERJournal
This research has concentrated on the application of actuality/reality test for speedy confirmation of
lumps/agglomerates formation thereby emphasizing the roles of alkali metals and silica in agglomeration during the
combustion of some selected biomass fuels (miscanthus, white wood, and willow) in a laboratory-scale fixed bed.
Biomass fuels are CO2 neutral and very rich in alkali metals especially potassium, K and sodium. Potassium played
predominant roles in the agglomeration formation of these selected biomass fuels. During the experiments, huge
agglomerates were formed at a lower melting temperature of 350 0
C when potassium hydroxide, KOH and silica sand
were heated together directly (reality test) in the combustion chamber (Gooch crucible). Harder and tougher
agglomerates were produced at 502 0
C. This attested to the fact that, agglomerates are produced from the formation
of a low melting temperature eutectic compound (alkali-silicate) in the form of K-silicate. The eutectic compound has a
lower melting temperature than the melting temperature of the parent materials - the alkali metals or the silica from
sand, which is the bed material. It therefore melts sharply in the bed and formed lumps in form of agglomerates. The
results of this research have indicated that, potassium K and silica SiO2 are very important in the formation of
agglomerates during the combustion of biomass fuels. Gooch ceramic crucible is a very good combustion chamber for
the combustion of biomass fuels experiments/tests in a laboratory – scale fixed bed. It accommodated more heat
distribution into the combustion chamber than the conventional ceramic crucible.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Effect of Enterprise Risk Management on Sustainable Financial Performance of ...AJSERJournal
The paper is aimed at determining the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on Sustainable
financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research is to determine the
effect of ERM on earning per share (EPS) and to ascertain the effect of ERM on Tobin Q. Descriptive research design
was adopted for the study considering the total population of all the twenty-one listed deposit money banks in Nigeria.
Data were gathered via secondary source from five (5) public annual reports of the listed deposit money banks for a
period of six years ranged from 2013-2018 and analysed using percentages and ratios. Multiple regressions was
employed in data analysis and testing the hypotheses; in determining if there is a significant effect of Enterprise Risk
Management on Earnings per Share and Tobin Q of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study revealed that
there is a positive and significant relationship between ERM (Firms Size, Leverage) and sustainable financial
performance (TQ & EPS) of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that
financial institutions in Nigeria should employ robust Enterprise Risk Management Practices as these are likely to
greatly influence their financial performance in one way or the other and that Central Bank of Nigeria and other
regulators should endeavour to strengthen the enforcement of risk control mechanism to boost a robust bank
performance.
Impact and Performance of Linen Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Slender ColumnsAJSERJournal
This study was consisted of two phases, revealed the behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
specimens of small-diameter slender column to achieve high quality concrete properties without using concrete
vibrator. The first phase investigated the effect of linen fiber on the rheological properties of SCC using two mixes types:
type I mix: without lime powder, and type II mix: with 20% lime as a replacement of cement content. The linen fiber was
contented of 0, 2, and 4 Kg/m³. In the second phase, the type II mix was used to cast three columns; one with plain SCC
and the other two with 2 and 4 Kg/m³ fiber contents. These columns were cured and cut in a certain manner to obtain 7
cylinders 150 × 300 mm and 8 slices 20 mm thickness. The cylinders were used to measure the distribution of unit
weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the column height. The rheological properties
of SCC were reduced with the additives of fibers to the mix constituents, but the properties of Fiber reinforced SelfCompacted Concrete (FSCC) were tested at 4 Kg/m³ fiber content. The distribution of unit weight, compressive strength,
and UPV provided good compaction of concrete. Also, the distribution of coarse aggregate at bottom, middle and top
sections of columns were uniformly distributed.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3 sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993
Authentication of Lumps Formation in a Laboratory Scale - Fixed bed Combustio...AJSERJournal
This study has focused on the impact of additive / authentication of agglomeration behaviour in some
selected biomass fuels - white wood, willow, and miscanthus during their combustion processes in a laboratory-scale
fixed bed by which Gooch crucible was used as the combustion chamber. Biomass fuels contains huge quantity of alkali
metals particularly potassium, K and sodium, Na with potassium playing the predominant roles in the agglomeration
formation of these selected problematic biomass fuels. Agglomerates were formed in the combustion chamber at 750
0C and 802 0C under the atmospheric pressure. This was credited to the formation of eutectic compounds in the form of
alkali-silicates (K-silicates or Na-silicates). The eutectic compound has a lower melting temperature than the melting
temperature of either the alkali metals from the biomass fuels or the silica from the bed materials (sand). It therefore
melts quickly in the bed and formed chunks in form of agglomerates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDX) on the samples confirmed agglomerates formation during the combustion
processes of these selected biomass fuels. EDX results indicated that, the interior of the agglomerates was
overshadowed with Si from the sand while the exterior or the peripheries were dominated with alkali metals, K, and Na
from the biomass fuels ash.
Other trace elements present in the agglomerates are P, Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, and Mg. With the addition of 10%additive
(kaolin) Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 to the bed materials and the combustion processes repeated under the same operating
conditions, no agglomerate was formed at either 750 0C or 802 0C. The results have shown that, addition of 10% kaolin
(additive) to the biomass particles grossly reduced formation of agglomerates in the bed. Gooch ceramic crucible is a
very reliable tool for the agglomeration experiments in the laboratories during biomass fuel combustion for heat
generation or combine heat and power generation (CHPG). This is also applicable to other combustion beds particularly
fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Comparative Study of Impact of Aluminium and Titanium Oxides Nanoparticles on...AJSERJournal
Drilling fluid has a lot of importance and application in the oil drilling process which includes the removing
of cuttings and prevention of fluid transfer to and from the rock strata. With the addition of nanoparticles it is possible
to facilitate in-situ control of the drilling fluid rheology, increasing the hydraulic efficiency of drilling campaigns and
reducing costs in a variety of reservoir environments. This study was aimed at investigating how water based drilling
fluid (WBDF) rheological property can be improved using Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles. To achieve
this aim, ten laboratory samples of drilling fluids each in different proportion of additives and nanoparticles were
prepared and analyzed. The WBDF samples were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method.
Different proportions of Xanthan gum, Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide were used. Brookfield rotational viscometer
was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples. Also, the structural analysis of the interaction
between the nanoparticles and the xanthan gum were determined using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR)
spectroscopy. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that aluminum and titanium oxide nanoparticle improved
the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. In conclusion, the introduction of Aluminum oxide and
Titanium oxide nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum
additive.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review ArticleAJSERJournal
Objective: Patients will Iron Deficiency Anemia has been found to have Dysphagia associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and
at esophageal level however, limited data and studies are available to discover the relation of this nutrient with
swallowing difficulty. Therefore the following review of the available studies has been conducted to proof the direct
relation of Iron deficiency in the cause of dysphagia and the same supplements can help to improve swallowing
difficulty.
Purpose: The study made here under, hypothesizes to identify the following aspects:
1. Does Iron deficiency Anemia affects all levels of Dysphagia?
2. Can Iron supplements be used to improve swallowing difficulty with adult patients?
3. Is it the Iron deficiency that causes impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or, does is it the dysphagia
that causes Anemia?
Method: A systematic review analysis was conducted through the published studies from Skyhub or Pub Med to form a
critical investigation and view point. The included readings taken into account were from 2001 to present date.
Conclusion: The association of Iron with Dysphagia was found to be positive, how the exact nature of interdependence
remained ambiguous
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Application of Game Theory to Select the Most Suitable Cryptographic Algorith...AJSERJournal
The cryptographic systems used in an organization use a fixed cryptographic algorithm and the specific
procedures of that system. Due to the fact that the algorithm is fixed in these systems, the probability of failure or
success of such systems depends on human resources, hardware resources and work environment so that it can be said
that the probability of success or the failure of these systems is 50%. Also, in this kind of systems, there are no other
algorithms based on the needs of the user. This research addresses the question of how we can use multiple
asymmetric algorithms in a cryptographic system that does not defeat the algorithm by the opponent. In this research,
selection of algorithms based on some environmental parameters and the possibility of breaking the algorithm by the
opponent should be selected. This will be done using game theory. The problem is modeled as a model of solvable
problems by game theory and generated outputs will be use by Gambit software which is especial for Game theory. The
results obtained from this study indicate the ease of choosing the algorithm based on the need and with regard to the
attack on the opponent and how to reduce the likelihood of breaking the algorithm
Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the African Catfi...AJSERJournal
Dioscorea Dumetorumtubers are used in stupefying fish for easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
specifically in Annang part of the state. D. dumetorum belongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known
as bitter yam. This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components and evaluate the acutetoxicity of the
aqueous extract of the D. dumetorum on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The 96hLC50 values of D.
dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in the laboratory under static bioassay conditions against C.
aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. Range finding bioassays were conducted to get the range of concentrations
for the definitive bioassays. The range of concentrations of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlngs was 0.6-5mgl-1 while
that of anuran tadpoles was 1.6-3.8mgl-1
. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined using probit
analysis. The 96hLC50 value of the test plant against exposed fingerlings was 2.153mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 1.869 and 2.485mgl-1
respectively while that of tadpoles was 2.538mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 2.295 and 2.771 mgl1
respectively. Unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant difference
(p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles. The mean water
quality parameters were within the optimal range requirement for the test species. The study indicated that D.
dumetorumexerted piscicidal property on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The indiscriminate use of this
plant to catch fish by local fishermen should be discouraged.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on Grammar Teaching
1. American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research iarjournals.com
70 Received- 19-03-2020, Accepted- 30-03-2020
American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research
E-ISSN -2348 – 703X, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2020
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on
Grammar Teaching
Cam Lien
Faculty of Foreign Languages, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: Grammar Translation Method or GTM, which greatly supports students for grammar-based written tests,
is the priority way of grammar teaching in Vietnam. That’s why many students are gradually lacking communication
abilities. In the light of Communicative Language Teaching approach or CLT, grammar is now taught in more
interesting ways. Lately, many studies have found that teaching and learning grammar in communicative contexts
helps students gain better level of language proficiency especially more fluent and accurate speaking skill. Therefore,
this paper aims to evaluate the impact of CLT in grammar instruction for first year English majored students at Dong
Nai Technology University. In addition, how students respond to the lessons instructed by CLT method is also fully
described in the paper. The results show that CLT approach brings many benefits for EFL students. Moreover, students
gain strong motivation and positive attitude through the lessons with CLT.
Keywords: English grammar, teaching and learning, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
I. INTRODUCTION
English is considered as the most popular language around the world. In the globalization, there is a high
demand for students to enhance their English competency. Finding the significant role of English, in many countries
including Vietnam, the number of people learning English increases every year. However, according to Tran (2018)
despite of too much effort, the application of many new teaching methods and approaches as well as foreign
teachers’ support, students don’t have much improvement. She points out that the English proficiency of the majority
of university students and graduates are quite disappointing. They do not appear to be confident with their English.
Many of them cannot communicate in a simple English interaction.
From my experience as a university lecturer, I see that for a long time, students at my university encounter
many difficulties in English speaking skills specially using correct grammar structures, tenses or forms and lacking
vocabulary. Moreover, students tend to use mother tongue even in English speaking class. These problems result in
bad communication skill.
Learning or mastering a language means a balance combination of both accuracy and fluency; linguistic as
well as communicative competence (Amed, 2013). Obviously, grammar is a significant feature that we cannot neglect
when studying English. Therefore, I believe that all the principles of CLT are practical for students to develop both
communication skill and grammatical competence. Many researchers have studied how effective CLT is in helping
students acquire grammar and other language skills. My research examines the answers of the following research
questions (1) Does CLT enhance grammatical competence of students? (2) What are students’ attitudes toward
grammar lessons with CLT?
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Grammar exists in every language. Its role is very important in helping learners to speak English more
correctly. Harmer (1987) claims that students will be able to speak disjointed items of language for separate functions
if they lack some understanding of grammar. The expression of functional language is only possible through the use of
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the grammar of the language. Likewise, if a person knows a million English words, but he doesn’t know how to put
them together, then he cannot speak English (Brumfit, 2000). Needless to say, grammar is one of the fundamental keys
when learning a language. The teaching of grammar can foster students’ learning in various ways. According to Hedge
(2000) it helps students understand how the language works. It can provide information about the communicative use
of language structures by contextualizing them in spoken and written form; it can give information implicitly through
exposure to examples or explicitly through instruction on the stylistic variation of language form.
With the hope to bring students’ better learning outcomes, there are so many changes in grammar teaching
approaches. Comparing to traditional grammar teaching method, the application of CLT fills the gap between students’
language grammar capability and speaking fluency. According to Richards (2006), CLT grows apart from traditional
methods of teaching that focus on grammar mastery through planned and structured activities that include
memorizing dialogues, role plays, and project work. In addition, Larsen-Freeman (2000) claims that CLT is the most
used and well-known approach to help students communicate effectively. One of the advantages is that students learn
the target language through listening to other members in group activities. Students learn more vocabulary items and
grammatical patterns and enjoy increased motivation levels in group or pair work activities rather than in a teacher-
centered classroom (Richards, 2006). Similarly, Berlin (2005) points out that CLT covers not only students’ emotions
but also physical reaction and motivation to learn. Gardner (1985) defines motivation as consisting of effort, plus
desire to achieve the goal of learning, plus favorable attitude towards learning the language. Therefore, CLT is affirmed
to be helpful to stimulate students’ interest, promote their self-confidence and enhance their tactics for better
communication ability.
The main goals of CLT are creating opportunities for learners to use the target language effectively for
everyday communication needs; giving learners the ability to express their opinions explicitly without being afraid of
judgment; and removing their fears to allow them to speak effectively in public (Hiep, 2007). As a matter of fact, both
teachers and learners play vital roles in the procedure of applying CLT. In other words, learners cooperate with others
instead of depending on the teacher’s instructions. According to Richards & Rodgers (2001), learners feel more
comfortable listening to their peers in pair or group tasks. Learners can learn best through listening to their classmates
making mistakes and correcting themselves. Simultaneously, teachers are the monitors and facilitators throughout
students’ learning process.
As mentioned above, the movement of grammar teaching aims to assist students to master the target
language with both grammar and speaking proficiency. If teachers focus on teaching grammar exclusively, students
cannot perform well in oral communication. Through CLT, students enhance fluency and accuracy, use the four skills
interchangeably since they exist together in the real world, and generate and discover grammatical rules (Shorouq Ali,
& Anas, 2019). It is true that CLT creates more communication opportunities in real-life context. “The Communicative
Language Teaching stresses the importance of providing learners with opportunities to use English for communicative
purposes and attempts to integrate such activities into a wider program of language teaching” (Howatt, 1984).
Teachers raise the value of this approach because of students’ significant progress in term of language learning. With
CLT, teachers implement a new way of grammar instruction; which uses different communication contexts in teaching
grammar-rules.
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Description of Classroom Research
Dong Nai Technology University is located in the center of Bien Hoa City, Vietnam. It has good teaching and
learning facilities inside and outside the classroom such as LCD, projectors, speakers, moveable tables and chairs, and
free Wi-Fi in the campus. Maintaining small class size is the aim of our university. The number of students in class is
just around 30 that enables teacher to reach all students in class. The study is applied at two pre-intermediate level
grammar classes with 60 first year English-majored students who take grammar class three periods every week within
eight weeks. All the lessons are designed based on the textbook “Macmillan Grammar in context” (Macmillan
Publisher Limited, 2008) and other reference materials collected from other books or internet. The duration of the
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research is eight weeks (from September 9th to October 28th). In the first week, teacher prepares the research plan
and all the necessary consent forms from the Dean of the faculty and Rector of the school. Then, seven 40-minute
experimental lessons are implemented during seven weeks. The goal of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness
of CLT especially what benefits it brings on grammar teaching as well as how students react to the application of CLT in
the classroom.
Methods of Data Collection
All data are collected from sources of pre-test, post-test, and questionnaire in the innovation stage
Pre-test and post-test: For the present study, pre-test was used in the first week of the experiment. It was
carried out to show the similar grammatical competence of the two classes. Post-test was carried out in the last week.
This test helped me to evaluate the changes between two classes after the measurement. Both of the tests were
designed in the same format and grammatical items including 40 multiple choice questions. The duration of the tests
was 45 minutes.
Questionnaire: The questionnaire was used at the end of the experiment. This questionnaire had the
participants respond to the questions which descend the meaning respectively from strongly agree, agree, disagree
and strongly disagree It helped me to examine and capture participants’ attitude, reaction and opinion toward
teaching method they received during 8 weeks.
Methods of Data Analysis
All the data were described and analyzed so that the reader knew how the experiment worked. First, the
results of pre-test and post-test were calculated by the help of SPSS software. Then, I evaluated the differences in
participants’ performance based on the means, standard deviations of the tests scores.
With the collected data from questionnaire, I used Microsoft Excel software to insert and analyze the data.
Firstly, I inputted all the data so that this software calculated the answers of the respondents. Next, the results were
shown by percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. After analysis stage, I figured out participants’ attitude
toward the new approach.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result of pre-test and post-test
The results from pre-test of Control and Experimental Classes in term of grammar understanding were
shown clearly in Table 1. For the Control class, the mean score of the test was 5.72 compared with 5.90 of the
Experimental class. Thus, it is clear that there was no considerable difference of grammatical knowledge between two
classes before the treatment.
The purpose of teaching grammar in most schools is for passing the written test at the end of each semester.
As a result, most students aware that learning grammar is for getting good mark but not good oral communication
skill. Indeed, students are prepared with too much grammatical knowledge from early learning. However, a large
number of students still get average scores in pre-grammar test. A possible explanation can be that students tend to
learn by heart the grammar rules and forms, so if they do not use them frequently, they might forget.
After the experiment, we can see that the number of students getting high marks in Control class was higher
than the pre-test; and with the Experimental group, the score of the post-test was also higher than the pre-test.
When comparing the mean score of both pre and post-test, there were noticeable changes. The mean score of
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Control class was 7.08 and 7.18 for Experimental class. This was summarized in the following table.
This illustrates that grammar instruction with either GTM or CLT brought important improvement in
students’ grammatical knowledge. The application of both GTM and CLT methods emphasized on form with a variety
of activities. Therefore, students took advantages of these activities to maximize their practice. Chart 1 below
combined the data of two tables above. We can see that students’ marks in the post-test were higher than the pre-
test. This means that a big change happened in both Control and Experimental class after the experiment. Besides,
Standard Deviation in the pre-test and post-test changed slightly, whereas Mean score is significantly higher. These
data indicated the enhancement in students’ grammatical knowledge within both groups.
Chart 1: Results of pre-test and post-test score of Control and Experimental Class
In general, the collected data revealed that before the experiment, two classes had a slight and
inconsiderable difference in grammar competences. However, after the experiment, they got much better result.
Clearly, both GTM and CLT approach improved students’ grammatical knowledge effectively.
Results from questionnaire
The majority of the students (66.7%) agreed that grammar is important when learning language in general
and English in specific, especially 25% of the students showed their strong agreement. We can see that in the pie
chart below only 8.3% of the answers presented disagreement. It is clear that there was no strong disagreement.
These statistics indicated that students do not deny the importance of grammar in speaking accurately.
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Chart 2: Students’ opinions about the important of grammar
The bar graph below indicated that 33.3% of students strongly agreed and agreed (55%) with the idea “CLT
provides more opportunities for communication”. Most students agreed that CLT helped them practice speaking with
their classmates especially in teamwork. On the other hand, there were 6.7% of students showed their disagreement
and 5% of students strongly disagreed. Actually, a few students usually kept silent in class and they did not like
communicative activities even playing games.
Chart 3: Students’ opinions about communication opportunities in lessons with CLT
In the following table, we can see that high percentage of students (85%) agreed and 10% of the students
strongly agreed that communicative activities in grammar lessons instructed by CLT were helpful for their
communication skill. In fact, teacher had planned these activities carefully so that students could apply grammar
structures in real life context easily. Only 5% of them disagreed with the idea. In addition, most students (85%) agreed
that CLT method supported them a lot when doing assigned tasks especially working in small group. Group work
provides more opportunities for the students to use English which allows a greater quantity and richer variety of
language practice (Phan, 2018). As a result, they completed the tasks quickly with their friends. However, the rest of
the students (15%) did not show their interest with CLT method. They simply enjoyed doing written exercises.
Specially, all students (including 45% of students strongly agreed and 55% agreed) thought that lessons with CLT were
more exciting than the traditional method because of the games or game-like activities. In conclusion, CLT was
beneficial for most students to develop language proficiency.
To clarify students’ attitudes toward CLT method, students were asked to respond to the question “You
enjoy learning lessons with CLT”. After calculation, a large proportion of the students loved the lessons. Particularly,
over half of students (55%) showed their strong agreement; 35% of them expressed agreement. The number of
students believed that CLT was not interesting was 10%. It was easy to recognize that most students had a positive
attitude toward CLT.
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In short, the above findings implied that using CLT method in teaching grammar created good motivation for
students to practice English. With greater motivation, students were able to achieve a higher level of autonomy (Liu,
2015). Meanwhile, students applied what they had studied in real life contexts and enhanced grammar competence
as well as oral production.
V. CONCLUSION
Grammar is important to improve students’ language competence. However, spending too much time
learning grammar rules make students bored. It is easy for students to lack confidence in communicating in English.
This can put them under big pressure and they always get tired in grammar period. Therefore, it is high time to
change the situation, so applying CLT could be a solution to create a more dynamic teaching and learning
environment.
The application of communicative approach into Vietnamese contexts seems not to be new. This research
clarifies the effects of CLT method on grammar teaching for English-majored freshmen at my university. With the
combination of pre-test, post-test and questionnaire, researcher has enough reliable and valid evaluation to the
innovation. Vitally important, appropriate communicative activities and teaching and learning strategies need to be
investigated to help students overcome the obstacles in studying English grammar.
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