This document examines the effects of pre-treatments (salting, sugaring, blanching, control) and drying temperatures (40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C) on the drying rate and quality of African catfish. The study found that drying rate increased with increasing temperature for all pre-treatments and decreased over time. Drying rate was significantly affected by temperature but not by pre-treatment method or their interaction. Quality measures like protein, fat and ash decreased with increasing temperature, with blanched samples generally having higher values. The blanching pre-treatment was most effective at higher temperatures while salting worked better at lower temperatures.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fungi (Candida Tropicalis and Aspergillus ...IJEABJ
Used engine oil is a petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical and chemical pollutants. These pollutants are harmful to humans, animals and plants following exposure. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungi in bioremediation of used engine oil (UEO) contaminated soil was investigated. Fungi were isolated from soil samples obtained from automobile workshops in Mgbuka-Nkpor, Nigeria. The isolates were screened for UEO biodegradation potentials in mineral salt broth. They were identified using the cultural and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using the 18SrRNA gene sequence. The effectiveness of the isolates in bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil was also investigated using bioaugmentation technique. A total of 8 fungal isolates were obtained from this study. Two that showed the highest extent of biodegradation of UEO in the screen flasks were identified and confirmed as Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus clavatus. At the end of the experimental period, oil contaminated soil inoculated with the mixed culture of the isolates (C. tropicalis and A. clavatus) showed the highest reduction in concentration of UEO (95.42%). Higher biodegradation rate and shorter half-life of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed in soil microcosm containing the isolates, when compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore fungi such as C. tropicalis and A. clavatus isolated from automobile workshops can facilitate the bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fungi (Candida Tropicalis and Aspergillus ...IJEABJ
Used engine oil is a petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical and chemical pollutants. These pollutants are harmful to humans, animals and plants following exposure. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungi in bioremediation of used engine oil (UEO) contaminated soil was investigated. Fungi were isolated from soil samples obtained from automobile workshops in Mgbuka-Nkpor, Nigeria. The isolates were screened for UEO biodegradation potentials in mineral salt broth. They were identified using the cultural and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using the 18SrRNA gene sequence. The effectiveness of the isolates in bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil was also investigated using bioaugmentation technique. A total of 8 fungal isolates were obtained from this study. Two that showed the highest extent of biodegradation of UEO in the screen flasks were identified and confirmed as Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus clavatus. At the end of the experimental period, oil contaminated soil inoculated with the mixed culture of the isolates (C. tropicalis and A. clavatus) showed the highest reduction in concentration of UEO (95.42%). Higher biodegradation rate and shorter half-life of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed in soil microcosm containing the isolates, when compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore fungi such as C. tropicalis and A. clavatus isolated from automobile workshops can facilitate the bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
Proximate Analysis of Bait Polychaetes from Port Dickson, Malaysia as Prospec...AI Publications
Bait polychaete worms were obtained from areas around Port Dickson coasts of Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus in Malaysia. There were four species of bait polychaete species used in this study Perinereis quatrefagesi, Halla parthenopeia, Diopatra neapolitana, and Marphysa mossambica. These polychaete species were subjected to lipid, protein, water, carbohydrate, and ash content analysis. The lipid contents in polychaete were determined using Soxhlet analysis. The protein contents were determined using Kjeldahl analysis. The water and ash content were determined by using the oven drying method. Marphysa mossambica has the highest percentage of lipid as much as 27.98. Diopatra Neapolitana has the highest protein content in their body, as much as 51.87% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica as much as 51.14% respectively. The highest carbohydrate content was found in the polychaete species Perinereis quatrefagesi, as much as 24.61%. The highest ash content was found in Diopatra neapolitana yet Marphysa mossambbica has comparatively high ash content as well as much as 3.12% compared to 3.24% in Diopatra neapolitana. Similar pattern as in ash content can be seen for water content as well. Diopatra neapolitana has the highest percentage of water as much as 71.38% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica with water content as much as 70.23%. The biochemical composition in polychaete species varies because of species size, feeding biology, habitat and environmental factor as well. The biochemical composition within species also shows a constant composition even though it varies in terms of value.
Environmental and Social Risks and Solution Criteria in Offshore Aquaculture ...IJERA Editor
Aquaculture is a sector that involves agricultural activities aiming to meet the increasing animal food demand, contribute to balanced and healthy diet and reduce the hunting pressure on natural fish stocks. In aquaculture activities in sea, producers who are aware of the major role of obtaining an ecological balance in production regard coast utilization and environmental management as a part of production. Therefore, determination of environmental factors in production activities is highly important for sustainable aquaculture. The present study aims to determine the environmental risks and solution criteria in offshore aquaculture systems in Turkish seas. Environmental and social risks in production are collected under the main headings comprising nutrient and waste load in water, feeding, overuse of antibiotics and chemicals, fish escape, diseases, working conditions and common areas; solution criteria are collected under the main headings comprising ecosystem, water management, feed properties, legal procedure, chemical use, field management and occupational health and safety.
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
Proximate Analysis of Bait Polychaetes from Port Dickson, Malaysia as Prospec...AI Publications
Bait polychaete worms were obtained from areas around Port Dickson coasts of Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus in Malaysia. There were four species of bait polychaete species used in this study Perinereis quatrefagesi, Halla parthenopeia, Diopatra neapolitana, and Marphysa mossambica. These polychaete species were subjected to lipid, protein, water, carbohydrate, and ash content analysis. The lipid contents in polychaete were determined using Soxhlet analysis. The protein contents were determined using Kjeldahl analysis. The water and ash content were determined by using the oven drying method. Marphysa mossambica has the highest percentage of lipid as much as 27.98. Diopatra Neapolitana has the highest protein content in their body, as much as 51.87% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica as much as 51.14% respectively. The highest carbohydrate content was found in the polychaete species Perinereis quatrefagesi, as much as 24.61%. The highest ash content was found in Diopatra neapolitana yet Marphysa mossambbica has comparatively high ash content as well as much as 3.12% compared to 3.24% in Diopatra neapolitana. Similar pattern as in ash content can be seen for water content as well. Diopatra neapolitana has the highest percentage of water as much as 71.38% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica with water content as much as 70.23%. The biochemical composition in polychaete species varies because of species size, feeding biology, habitat and environmental factor as well. The biochemical composition within species also shows a constant composition even though it varies in terms of value.
Environmental and Social Risks and Solution Criteria in Offshore Aquaculture ...IJERA Editor
Aquaculture is a sector that involves agricultural activities aiming to meet the increasing animal food demand, contribute to balanced and healthy diet and reduce the hunting pressure on natural fish stocks. In aquaculture activities in sea, producers who are aware of the major role of obtaining an ecological balance in production regard coast utilization and environmental management as a part of production. Therefore, determination of environmental factors in production activities is highly important for sustainable aquaculture. The present study aims to determine the environmental risks and solution criteria in offshore aquaculture systems in Turkish seas. Environmental and social risks in production are collected under the main headings comprising nutrient and waste load in water, feeding, overuse of antibiotics and chemicals, fish escape, diseases, working conditions and common areas; solution criteria are collected under the main headings comprising ecosystem, water management, feed properties, legal procedure, chemical use, field management and occupational health and safety.
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Original articleGamma radiation effect on quality changes .docxgerardkortney
Original article
Gamma radiation effect on quality changes in vacuum-packed squid
(Illex argentinus) mantle rings during refrigerated (4–5 �C) storage
Alejandra Tomac* & Marı́a Isabel Yeannes
Grupo de Investigación Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de
Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas (CONICET), Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608FDQ, Mar del Plata, Argentina
(Received 14 October 2011; Accepted in revised form 21 February 2012)
Summary The effect of gamma radiation (0, 1.8, 3.3 and 5.8 kGy) on microbiological, chemical and colour
characteristics of vacuum-packed squid (Illex argentinus) mantle rings was studied. Total viable counts;
psychrotrophic bacteria counts, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens; total
volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and colour differenceDE�ab were analysed during 29 days of storage at
4–5 �C. Higher doses of gamma radiation significantly reduced Total Viable, phychrotrophic counts and
TVBN production (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent way, delaying squid spoilage. Colour difference of non-
irradiated samples with respect to first day significantly increased while it was constant in radiated samples
during 22 days (P < 0.05). Independently from the dose, radiation avoided colour changes of squid rings.
Gamma irradiation was effective in delaying deterioration reactions, improving microbiological, chemical
and colour quality of vacuum-packed squid rings stored at 4–5 �C.
Keywords Colour, Illex argentinus, ionising radiation, microbial activity, quality, refrigeration.
Introduction
Food irradiation has been widely studied as a food
preservation method for the last five decades. It has
certainly proved its toxicological safety as well as it
efficiency in shelf life extension by decreasing microbial
counts. At present, more than 60 countries have
approved irradiation of one or more foods (WHO,
1994, 1999, Diehl, 2002; Sommers & Fan, 2006).
Nutritional adequacy of irradiated food has also been
largely investigated. Irradiation can induce changes in
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and vitamins due mainly
to free radicals produced by water radiolysis. However,
no significant losses of the nutritional quality of lipid,
carbohydrate and protein constituents have been re-
ported at irradiation doses intended for food preservation
(£10 kGy) (Josephson et al., 1978; Kilcast, 1995; Giroux
& Lacroix, 1998; ICGFI, 1999; ADA Report, 2000).
Among lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
are more sensitive to oxidation by free radicals. The
absence of oxygen can minimise this effect, as observed
by Kim et al. (2002) in raw beef, turkey and pork meats.
Erkan & Özden (2007) concluded that irradiation had
only marginal effects on the lipids of fishery products,
including the essential alpha-linolenic acid. Abreu et al.
(2010) found that irradiation doses up to 6 kGy did not
compromise negatively the fatty acid.
Analysis of Occupational Hazard of Fish Smoking Among Fisher-Folks in Coastal...AI Publications
The study analyzed the occupational health hazards of fish smoking among fisher-folks in the coastal areas of Ondo State, Nigeria and further proffered strategies for their management and control. Fish smoking combines the effects of drying, heating, and smoking coupled with salting. The pre-treatment involves gutting, splitting and smoking using firewood. Smoking is the oldest, convectional and most common methods used where the heat from the fire dries the fish while chemicals from the smoke impregnate the flesh. Simple random sampling technique was used in the selection of 120 fisher-folks as sample size. Descriptive statistics were used for the objectives while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the hypotheses. Fish processing, the activities associated with fish and fish products between the time fish were caught or harvested, and the time the final product is delivered to the customer is fraught with potential hazards and risks which are categorized into occupational, environmental, food safety and public health. In the study area, it was observed that female dominated the processing sector (70%) and majority are married and educated up to secondary level. They have spent 5-10 years in the fish smoking business. Results of correlation showed that positive and significant relationship existed between occupational health hazards and income loss. Major occupational hazards recorded in the study areas are; redness and swelling of the eyes which is the commonest, chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, stress related health problems sting from fish spines, knife cuts, snake bites while fetching firewood (physical), parasitic and pathogenic infection (biological), hazards from disinfectant used (chemical), broken bones and dislocation, back strain (ergonomic), prolong work hour and high mental demand (psychosocial). Fish smoking also has some challenges. Fish industry stakeholders should therefore ensure that guidelines and policies which promote an environmentally friendly and sustainable industry are instituted and enforced.
Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the African Catfi...AJSERJournal
Dioscorea Dumetorumtubers are used in stupefying fish for easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
specifically in Annang part of the state. D. dumetorum belongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known
as bitter yam. This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components and evaluate the acutetoxicity of the
aqueous extract of the D. dumetorum on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The 96hLC50 values of D.
dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in the laboratory under static bioassay conditions against C.
aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. Range finding bioassays were conducted to get the range of concentrations
for the definitive bioassays. The range of concentrations of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlngs was 0.6-5mgl-1 while
that of anuran tadpoles was 1.6-3.8mgl-1
. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined using probit
analysis. The 96hLC50 value of the test plant against exposed fingerlings was 2.153mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 1.869 and 2.485mgl-1
respectively while that of tadpoles was 2.538mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 2.295 and 2.771 mgl1
respectively. Unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant difference
(p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles. The mean water
quality parameters were within the optimal range requirement for the test species. The study indicated that D.
dumetorumexerted piscicidal property on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The indiscriminate use of this
plant to catch fish by local fishermen should be discouraged.
Evaluation of the Ichthyotoxicity of Dioscorea Dumetorum on the African Catfi...AJSERJournal
Dioscorea Dumetorumtubers are used in stupefying fish for easy harvesting in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
specifically in Annang part of the state. D. dumetorum belongs to the family of Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known
as bitter yam. This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components and evaluate the acutetoxicity of the
aqueous extract of the D. dumetorum on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The 96hLC50 values of D.
dumetorum tuber aqueous extracts were determined in the laboratory under static bioassay conditions against C.
aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. Range finding bioassays were conducted to get the range of concentrations
for the definitive bioassays. The range of concentrations of test media for C. aariepinus fingerlngs was 0.6-5mgl-1 while
that of anuran tadpoles was 1.6-3.8mgl-1
. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined using probit
analysis. The 96hLC50 value of the test plant against exposed fingerlings was 2.153mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 1.869 and 2.485mgl-1
respectively while that of tadpoles was 2.538mgl-1 with lower and upper
confidence limits of 2.295 and 2.771 mgl1
respectively. Unpaired t-test showed that there was no significant difference
(p>0.05) between the toxicity of the test plant to C. aariepinus fingerlings and that of anuran tadpoles. The mean water
quality parameters were within the optimal range requirement for the test species. The study indicated that D.
dumetorumexerted piscicidal property on C. aariepinus fingerlings and anuran tadpoles. The indiscriminate use of this
plant to catch fish by local fishermen should be discouraged.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Microwave drying offers many advantages for processing dried sardine fishes. So let’s find the effects of microwave power on drying kinetics, specific energy consumption and modelling of drying of sardine fish through this study.
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Effects of stocking density on the growth rate of gold fish fry reared in hapaAbdullaAlAsif1
p>The present study was conducted to investigate effects of stocking density on growth performances of gold fish ( Carassius auratus ) in hapas. Experiment was conducted for a month with three treatments where three stocking densities were T<sub>1</sub> (10 fry/hapa), T<sub>2</sub> (15 fry/hapa) andT<sub>3</sub> (20 fry/hapa) each having three replications which were selected randomly. In the present experiment hapa (3ft × 2ft × 2ft) with 1 mm mesh net was used. Gold fish fry having a mean body weight of 0.007 g were used in all treatments. Fishes were fed at the rate of 10% of their body weight containing 34.11% protein. Water quality parameters were monitored at 10 days interval and the ranges were –temperature 24.75 to 27.75 <sup>o</sup>C, dissolved oxygen 3.68 to 4.09 mg/L, pH 7.3 to 8.16, ammonia 0.3 to 1 mg/L, nitrite 0.01 to 0.03 mg/L, phosphate 0.6 to 1 mg/L and alkalinity 119 to 187 mg/L. At the growth performances were evaluated by comparing mean final body weight, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio. The present study showed that the gold fish fry in T<sub>1</sub> resulted the best mean final weight gain (1.188 g) followed by T<sub>2</sub> (0.834 g) and T<sub>3</sub> (0.686 g). The SGR ranged between 6.64 and 7.43% per day and FCR ranged between 3.56 and 4.12 with T<sub>1</sub> showing the lowest FCR. The survival rate (%) ranged between 76.67% to 85.67%. From the present experiment it was found that individual fish growth rate was decreased with the increase of stocking density.
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
Interaction of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen and Feed Energy on Growth Perfor...AI Publications
This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of dissolved oxygen, temperature and feed in fibre glass tanks of all male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). It was conducted between August 2017and February 2018 at the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Sapele out station Sapele. Nine circular fibre glass tanks were used in the experiment.All experimental tanks were identical in shape and size. Tanks capacities were 3.08m3 and depth of 60.5cm each and diameter 176.78cm.Sex reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of 0.80g average size was stocked in triplicates. The treatments were dried chicken manure only, dried chicken manure plus commercial diet (coppens) and commercial diet (coppens) only as control.Three hundred (300) fish were stocked in each tank. Fish were fed at 800hr and 1600hr with dried chicken manure only, chicken manure with coppens and coppens only.. The feeding rate was 5% of the total fish biomass presented in each tank. Data collected were subjected to statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Test of temperature and dissolved oxygen were taken between 0800 to 1600 hour biweekly using (AMT08 PEN TYPE DO METER) according to Boyd (1992).Results indicated that ponds fed with coppens only performed better but not significant at (P<0.05). The regression equation also indicated that all the tanks are highly correlated and they interacted with each other, temperature also have effect on the dissolved oxygen in the fibre tanks.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
Biochemical, mineral compositions and microbial assessment of smoked hilsa (T...AbdullaAlAsif1
The current study was conducted to investigate the proximate minerals composition and microbial assessment of smoked hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) with salt, lemon leaves extract, lemon juice and peel treatments under laboratory conditions. A total of 50 fresh hilsa fishes were collected from Meghna River, Bangladesh and were used for this study, with five treatments: T0 (control treatment, raw hilsa), T1 (8% salt), T2 (20% lemon leaves extract), T3 (20% lemon juice) and T4 (20% lemon peel with 8% salt). Proximate composition was analyzed, right after the smoking and 15 days later, for moisture, protein, fat, ash, calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorous. It can be said that T3 (20% lemon juice) was the best among the four treatments. Smoked hilsa treated with salt and lemon juice may be a future food item for consumption in global markets.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
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Effects of pre treatments and drying temperatures on drying rate and quality of african catfish (clarias gariepinus)
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Effects of Pre-Treatments and Drying Temperatures on Drying
Rate and Quality of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Michael Ayodele OMODARA1* Adesoji Matthew OLANIYAN2
1. Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3, Asa-dam road, P. M. B. 1489, Ilorin, Nigeria.
2. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin,
Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: omodaramike@yahoo.com
Abstract
Effects of pre-treatments and drying temperatures on the drying rate and the quality of African Catfish Clarias
gariepinus was examined by drying samples of catfish under four different temperatures (40 0C, 45 0C, 50 0C and
55 0C) and four different pre-treatment methods (Salting, Sugaring, Blanching, and Control) using an
experimental dryer. Drying of the fish samples for all the pre-treatments at 40 0C to 55 0C occurred in the falling
rate period only showing that the predominant mechanism of mass transfer in drying process of catfish is that of
internal mass transfer. The drying rate increases with increase in temperature for all the pre-treatment methods
and decreases with time. The statistical analysis using a factorial design shows that drying rate was significant at
(F; 0.05) but there is no significant difference in the pre-treatment methods as well as the interaction between
drying temperature and the pre-treatment. The quality parameters (Protein, crude fat and Ash) measured
decreases with increase in the drying temperature for all the samples with the blanched samples having the
highest value of % protein of 55.94 at 45 0C. The sugared samples have the least value of 43.82% at 55 0C. The
control has the highest amount of Ash 5.36% at 40 0C and 4.04% for blanched samples at 55 0C. Generally the
values are higher for blanched samples and low for the sugar treated samples.
Keywords: Temperature, pre-treatment, falling rate, drying rate, quality.
1. Introduction
Fish is one of the major animal protein foods available in the tropics. This has made fishery an important aspect
of study. According to Olatunde (1989) in Nigeria fish constitutes 40% of animal protein intake; unlike any other
animal protein source with one problem of religious taboo or health hazard, fish is eaten across the country. Fish
protein also provides vital protein constituents which enable the body to carry out certain functions such as
growth. Unfortunately, however, fish is one of the most perishable of all stable commodities, and in the tropical
climate of most developing countries it will become unfit for human consumption within about one day of
capture, unless it is subjected to some form of processing (Ames et al, 1999). According to Abba (2007), Nigeria
has the resource capacity (12 million ha inland water and aquaculture) to produce 2.4 million MT of fish every
year, with an estimated demand at 1.4 million MT which currently exceeds supply.
As soon as fish dies spoilage begins to set in. This spoilage is accompanied by various physical and
chemical changes in the gills, eyes, slime and skin tissues. Microbial activities accounts for major spoilage in
fish (Eyo, 2001). Thus there’s the need for processing techniques ranging from sun drying, drying in solar dryers
and with mechanical dryers, smoking, salting, freezing and irradiation.
Fish drying is an age long practice across the world. It is one of the methods of processing fish. Drying is
the removal of water from fish. Normally the term 'drying' implies the removal of water by evaporation but water
can be removed by other methods: for example, the action of salt and the application of pressure will remove
water from fish. Since water is essential for the activity of all living organisms its removal will slow down, or
stop, microbiological or autolytic activity and can thus be used as a method of preservation. (Clucas, 1982)
In traditional method of preserving fish, the action of the sun and wind is used to effect evaporative drying.
In recent times, smoking kilns and artificial dryers are used to obtain product of high quality. According to
Sablani et al (2002), solar drying produced better quality dried fish compared to that of sun drying due to
reduction in insect infestation and other contaminants.
Traditionally, fish is not filleted before smoking, but large fish (e.g. catfish) is normally cut into portions.
The choice of whether fish will be hot-smoked or smoked-dry depends on the type of fish to be smoked and how
long the product is going to be stored. Results from previous studies have shown that the hot smoked process
takes about 1 -3 hours and yields a product with about 35 - 45 % moisture content, but with a limited shelf-life of
1 - 3 days at ambient temperatures. The smoke-dry process takes about 10 - 18 hours, and sometimes 3 – 4 days
and yields fish of 10 - 15% moisture content, sometimes even below 10% with a shelf-life of 3 - 9 months when
stored properly (Jallow 1995).
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In a study conducted by Davies and Davies (2009), it was reported that six different types of traditional fish
processing techniques were in use in the Niger-delta part of Nigeria. These techniques were characterized with
inefficient utilization of fuel wood, poor quality of fish due to lack of control over the temperature of the fire and
smoke density, labour intensive and low capacity. Three improved technologies were equally observed in
Bayelsa. They are; drum oven, mud oven, and chorkor kiln. The chorkor kiln proved to be a successful
technology with high efficiency in fuel uses, easy to operate and maintained, high batch capacity and produces
evenly smoked fish which fetches high market value.
Ichsani and Wulandari (2002) developed a Solar Dryer combined with kerosene stoves to dry Fish. The
solar dryer hybrid system can be used in all seasons and gives alternative for selecting the source energy. This
dryer system provides better product quality than the open sun drying.
Bellagha et al, (2002) in their experiment to determine the drying kinetics and characteristic drying curve of
lightly salted sardines (sadinella aurita), reported that higher air temperature produced a higher drying rate and
reduced drying period. This was due to the increase of the air heat rate to the product and to the acceleration of
water migration inside the fish. Similarly, drying rate increased with increase air velocity but lessened at higher
air flow velocities, due to hardening of fish surface caused by protein modification as a result of the combined
effect of heat and salt. Mwithiga and Mwangi (2005) in analysing fish fillet drying rates under three solar energy
drying systems reported that rapid increase in ambient temperature have a significant effect on the drying rates of
the fillet fish.
According to the report of a study conducted by Olokor et al, (2009), fish weight loss in solar dryers differs
in the ecological zones of Nigeria with the North-East recording highest value while the value of weight loss was
least in South-South; this was attributed to the influence of relative humidity on drying. Drying method is
however dependent on the nature of fish to be dried, size, quantity and consumer requirement in taste, quality
and economic considerations.
Athough some other reported researches on fish drying vis-a-vis the drying rate and other connecting
factors have also been documented,(Mujaffar and Sankat, 2005, Jain and Pathare, 2006, and Kituu et a l, 2009;
Chuckwu and Shaba, 2009; HassabAlla et al., 2009), effects of pre-treatment methods have not been investigated
under varying drying temperatures.
Therefore the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of pre-treatments on the drying rate and
quality of African Catfish under varying drying temperatures.
2. Materials and methods
The experimental dryer used for the drying test consists of heating chamber having an electrical heating coil of
1.8 kW, connected directly to a centrifugal fan of 0.5 Hp, and drying chamber. The heating coil is connected to
the temperature regulator which controls the drying temperature. The drying cabinet measures 50 cm long, 50
cm wide and 80 cm high (with external dimension of 56 cm x 56 cm x 86 cm) consisting of three set of trays
separated by 15 cm . The drying chamber is double walled insulated with fibre glass of 3 cm thick.
2.1. Sample Preparation
Catfish weighing approximately 280 g with an average length of 30 cm were purchased from a village (Aleara)
one of the adopted village of Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Ilorin and conveyed to the
laboratory in water. The fish were gutted and washed before cutting them to the required sizes of four pieces
for effective drying and grouping. Thereafter each size group was divided into four subgroups randomly but at
the same time ensuring that each of the parts are represented in each pre-treatment before applying the
treatments.
2.1.1 Application of Treatments
Blanching: Fish samples were dipped in 1 litre of boiling water (100 0C) for about 5 minutes. The fish were then
removed and arranged on trays for about 30 minutes to remove all surface water from the fish before arranging
them on the drying trays in the dryer.
Salting: Fish samples were dipped into salt solution (15 g of salt to 1 litre of water; 1.4 Brix at 20 0C) for
about 15 minutes. They were removed and arranged on a tray and left for about 30 minutes to allow the surface
water to be removed.
Sugaring: Fish samples were dipped into sugar solution (15 g of sugar to 1 litre of water; 1.2 Brix at 20 0C)
for about 15 minutes.
Control: The selected fish samples (without any form of pre-treatment) for control were just arranged on the
trays for about 30 minutes to allow removal of surface water before drying.
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2.2 Drying Procedure
The dryer was pre-heated to the desired temperature of 400C by the means of temperature regulator while the
samples were being prepared to ensure stability of the condition of the drying chamber when the fish will be
introduced.
After arranging the trays in the dryer, the fan was switched on and was set to a velocity of 0.5 m/s using the
fan regulator with the speed measured with a digital anemometer. The initial condition of the environment and
the drying chamber was recorded immediately after loading.
The samples were weighed at an interval of 3 hours with a top loading balance (Snowrex counting scale
SRC 5001 Capacity 5000 x 1 g, Saint Engineering ltd, Saint House, London) with an accuracy of 1g and
measuring up to 5000 g, and the weights recorded.
This was done until an average moisture content of 12.6% (wb) was reached. The procedure was repeated
for the samples at 450C, 500C and 550C respectively.
The drying rate was calculated using equation 1
= 1
where;
R is the drying rate in g/hr.
and is change in mass and change in time in g and hr. respectively
t is the total time
and is the initial and final mass of fish samples respectively in g.
However, in order to monitor the trend in the drying rate as the drying progresses the relationship below was
used to calculate the drying rate at interval.
2
where; W (t) is the weight of fish at time t
W (t+ ∆t) is the weight of fish at time t+∆t
∆t is the time interval for sampling.
The variations in weight recorded.
The quality parameters of the dried fish samples were obtained using the objective methods in accordance with
the AOAC (2005) standards.
2.3 Statistical Analysis
The data obtained were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), where significant differences (p<0.05)
were detected the Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was used to examine the differences in the mean
values.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Effects of Pre-treatment and temperature on drying rate
Table 1 shows the drying rates obtained. The analysis shows that the effect of the pre-treatment methods used
was not significant (p<0.05). The result also revealed that the effect of interaction between the pre-treatment
methods and the drying temperatures was not significant. However, the effect of drying temperature on the
drying rate was significant (p<0.05). This shows that temperature is the major factor that affects the drying rate
of agricultural products. The result of Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) shows that there is no
significant difference between the mean drying rates at 40 0C and 45 0C. However, the mean drying rates
obtained at 45 0C, 50 0C and 55 0C are significantly different (Table 2).
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3.1.1 Effects of Pre-treatment on the drying rate
The drying rate increases generally for all the pre-treatment as the temperature increases. At 40 0C the sugar
treated samples have the least drying rate of 0.8 g/hr the values increases with Salt, Blanched and control (in
ascending order). This shows that the pre-treatment used does not affect the drying rate significantly. In all, the
drying rate for control was the highest recorded except at 50 0C when the salted samples have the highest value
of 1.64 g/hr. For the blanched samples a marginal increase of 0.01 g/hr was recorded as the temperature is
increased from 40 0C to 45 0C. The sugared and salted samples shows higher increase in value of drying rate at
50 0C and 55 0C than those of blanched and control. This is an indication that salting and sugaring enhances
water movement from the fish head under the drying condition investigated.
The blanched samples have the highest drying rate for all the temperatures increasing from 1.0 g/hr at 40 0C
to 2.58 g/hr at 55 0C. This is due to the effect of heat treatment of the blanched samples which introduced
porosity in the fish muscle as a result of cooking thereby enhancing the release of water from the fish muscles.
Jason (1980) found that cooking of fish increased 2.7 times the diffusivity of water in the falling rate period,
compared with an uncooked sample. The drying rate for salt treated samples was also greater than the values for
that of sugar. This is an indication of the effect of osmosis action of salt in the fish samples leading to free
movement of water from the fish. However, it was observed that the drying rate of salted samples was less than
that of the control sample at 55 0C which is an indication that at high temperatures salt tends to have a reverse
effect on drying rate as pointed out in earlier studies by Kilic, 2009; and Oladele and Adediji, 2008. The fact that
sugared samples shows the least value shows that sugar treatment is not a preferred method of pre-treatment in
fish drying; it affects the taste of the dried samples. However, values obtained are a reflection that the drying rate
of fish is not only affected by nature of fish and moisture content but also by the treatment methods.
Generally, the drying rate increases with increase in temperature for all the pre-treatment methods for all the
fish parts. However, it should be noted that the blanched samples only show marginal increase in the value of
drying rate as the temperature increases from 40 0C to 45 0C. This further stressed the fact that while salting is a
good pre-treatment at low temperature blanching shows better effect at high temperatures.
3.1.2 Effects of pre-treatment on drying curve patterns
The effects of the pre-treatments used on the drying curve patterns are presented in figures 1 to 4.Figure 1 shows
that there are two distinct stages of falling rate for the fish samples dried at 40 0C, however there is a shift in this
stages depending on the treatment. The salt treated samples and the control shows clearly that two stages of
falling rate period can be observed for the fish samples dried at 40 0C. The first falling rate period of the salted
samples was longer than others terminating after 30 hours of drying thus having a short second falling rate
period, whereas the sugared samples and control have a short first falling rate period occurring in 12 hours
respectively and 18 hours for the blanched samples. This is an indication that salt treatment is a good
pre-treatment method for drying at a temperature as low as 40 0C due to its effect on elongating the first falling
rate period.
Figure 2 shows that the first falling rate period for the blanched samples occurred until 30 hours of drying.
The sugared, salted and control samples shows identical drying pattern with the first falling rate period
terminating at 18 hours. All the pre-treatment methods including control show that for fish samples dried at 50
0
C the first falling rate period ends after 21 hours of drying (Fig. 3). From Figure 4 the first falling rate period is
longer than the second falling rate period for all the samples dried at 55 0C. This shows that with high
temperatures the drying time is reduced. However, the length of the first falling rate is longest for the blanched
samples.
In general the drying rate patterns showed that pre-treatments do not only affect the drying rate but also
have effects on the drying pattern. The pre-treatments affects the shift observed in the falling rate period for the
fish samples dried at 40 0C to 55 0C. This is important in the determination of the drying constant. The drying
pattern obtained for different fish parts for different pre-treatments at different temperatures are necessary to
study the drying behaviour of the parts which is one of the reasons that makes a whole fish to be susceptible to
spoilage due to uneven drying of the parts.
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3.1. 3 Effects of Drying Temperatures on drying rate
The plot of the air drying curves (Fig. 5) reveals that fish like some other agricultural materials does not exhibit
the constant rate drying period. The drying curves obtained show that drying of fish at 40 0C to 55 0C occurred
only in the falling rate period. This further confirms previous works done by Mujaffar (2005).
In general, drying rate increases with increase in drying temperature but decreases with time which shows that
temperature is a major factor affecting the drying rate of a product. The drying rate of the fish samples at 55 0C
was initially high (for all the samples)and declined drastically which implies that internal water movement was
controlling the drying rate from the beginning of the drying process at this temperatures (Yusheng and Poulsen,
1988). Consequently increase in temperature resulted in reduction in drying time. This is in conformity with
previous study carried out on drying of agricultural commodities. (Mujaffar and Sankat, 2005, and Kilic, 2009).
3.2 Effects of pre-treatment and drying temperature on quality parameters
The values of the percentage composition of the quality parameters determined (Protein, Crude fat, and Ash) are
presented in Table 3. The quality parameters measured generally decreases as the drying temperature increases
irrespective of the pre-treatment method used. This is in conformity with the discovery of Kilic, (2009) which
noted that the increase of drying temperature decreases the fish quality because it accelerates the biochemical
and microbiological decomposition of fish, especially salted fish. Generally, the values of protein, crude fat, and
ash decreases as the temperature increases as expected, but the variation is affected by the type of pre-treatment
used. The sugared samples show the highest reduction with increase in temperature for the three quality
parameters except for ash content.
3.2.1 Effects of drying temperature and pre-treatment on protein content
Just as Osibona (2009), noted in his report, African catfish C. gariepinus belong to high-protein, low-oil category.
The Blanched samples have highest value of protein having a value of 55.94% and 48.58% at 40 0C and 55 0C
respectively. The sugared samples have the least values of protein with a value of 49.59% and 43.26% at 40 0C
and 55 0C respectively. This further stress the fact that sugaring is not a good pre-treatment method in fish drying
because as it has been earlier on seen; it does not enhance the drying rate but also lead to reduction in protein
content. Blanching enhances the drying rate as well as the protein quality of the dried fish samples.
3.2. 2 Effects of drying temperature and pre-treatment on crude fat content
The crude fat content of the pre-treated dried fish samples decreases as the drying temperature increases for all
the pre-treatment method used. The fat content was highest for the control sample with a value of 28.8%
followed by 25.43% for sugared sample while the salted and blanched samples have a value of 21.99% and
21.86 respectively. However it should be noted that the loss of lipid (crude fat) is high for all the samples due to
lipid oxidation at high temperatures resulting into loss of lipid. By raising the drying temperature from 40 0C to
55 0C lipid value reduce by 34.3% for the control and 30.8% for sugared. The blanched sample has the list
reduction of 21. 4% while the value for salted sample reduced by 29.4%. This is an indication that blanching is a
preferred pre-treatment where lipid content of dried fish is the most important quality to be preserved. Chukwu
and Shaba (2009) also pointed out that high losses of lipid content resulted from high drying temperatures.
3. 2. 3 Effects of drying temperature and pre-treatment on Ash content
The ash content also decreases as the drying temperature increases in all the samples. As expected the blanched
sample has the least value of 4.63% at 40 0C and 4.04% at 55 0C respectively, while the sugared sample has a
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value of 5.48% at 40 0C and 4.14% 55 0C respectively. Increasing the temperature from 40 0C to 55 0C resulted
in a reduction of 24.4% for sugared and control sample respectively, and 22.3% for the salted samples. The Ash
content of the blanched samples however, reduced by 12.7%.
4. Conclusion
This study establish the fact that increase in the drying temperature without any corresponding change in the
velocity of the drying air irrespective of the type of pre-treatment method has a significant effect on the drying
rate. The pre-treatment methods used namely Salt, sugar and blanching does not have a significant effect on the
drying rate of African catfish C. gariepinus. The results obtained have also reinforced that drying of African
Catfish C. gariepinus like any other species of fish for all the pre-treatment methods used at the temperatures 40
to 55 0C occurred in the falling rate period only. This is very important for the design and construction of dryers.
It also serves as fundamental information in modelling the drying characteristics as well as the determination of
drying constants of the fish in studying the drying kinetics of the fish.
The study results show that different nutritional components of fish undergo different changes as the drying
temperatures increases. Although the quality parameters decreases with increase in drying temperature the
percentage reduction in value is affected by the type of the pre-treatment method used with blanching showing
the least reduction in value.
References
Abba, A. (2007). “The potentials of Aquaculture sector in Nigeria”. Seminar paper presented at workshop on
Fish Farming Organized by Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF) and Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in
Ilorin.
Ames, G., Clucas, I., and Paul, S. S. (1999). Post-harvest losses of fish in the Tropics. Natural Resources Institute.
Overseas Development Administration. pp 11.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis (18th Edn.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists
International, Maryland, USA.
Bellagha. S, Amami. E, Farhat. H, and Kechaou. N. (2002). Drying Kinetics and Characteristics Drying Curve of
Lightly Salted Sardine (Sardinella aurita). Proceedings of the 13th International Drying Symposium (IDS).Vol.
C., pp 1583-1590.
Chukwu, O. and Shaba, I. M. (2009). Effects of Drying Methods on Proximate Compositions of Catfish (Clarias
gariepinus). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5 (1): 114-116.
Clucas, I. J. (Compiller) (1982). Fish handling, preservation and processing in the tropics: Part 2. Report of the
Tropical Development and Research Institute. Overseas Development Administration. Pp 3-4.
Davies, R. M. and Davies, O. A. (2009). Traditional and Improved Fish Processing Technologies in Bayelsa
State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. Vol.26 No.4, pp.539-548.
Eyo, A.A. (2001). Fish Processing Technology in the Tropics. Published by National Institute for Freshwater
Fisheries Research (NFFRI), New Busa, Nigeria.
HassabAlla. A. Z., Mohamed, G. F., Ibrahim, H. M., and AbdElMageed, M. A. (2009). Frozen Cooked Catfish
Burger: Effect of Different Cooking Methods and Storage on its Quality. Global Veterinaria 3(3): 216-226.
Ichsani, D and Dyah, W. A. (2002). Design and Experimental Testing of A Solar Dryer Combined with
Kerosene Stoves to Dry Fish. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. (ASABE), pp 1-3.
Jain. D. and Pathare, P. B. (2006). Study the drying kinetics of open sun drying of fish. Journal of Food
Engineering. 78 (2007) 1315-1319.
Jallow, A.M. (1995). Contribution of improved chokor oven to artisanal fish smoking in The Gambia: In
Workshop on Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in West Africa. IDAF Technical Report. No: 66.
Jason, A. C. (1980). General theory of drying of fish. In Proceedings of the International Association of Fish
Meal Manufacturers on Drying, Handling and Storage of Fish Meal, Athens, October 1980. News Summit,
International Association of Fish Meal Manufactures. No. 49.
Kituu, G. M., Shitanda, D., Kanal, C. L., Mailutha, J. T., Njoroge, C. K., Wainaiana, J. K., Odote. P. M.O.
(2009). “Influence of Brining on the Drying Parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in a Glass-Covered
Solar Tunnel Dryer”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript number. EE 1349,
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Kilic A. (2009). Low temperature and highvelocity (LTHV) application in drying: Characteristics and effects on
fish quality. Journal of Food Engineering. 91(2009)173 -182.
Mujaffar S. and Sankat K. C. ( 2005). The mathematical modelling of the osmotic dehydration of shark fillets at
different brine temperatures. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 40: 1-12.
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systems. Proceedings of the 15th International Drying Symposium.
Oladele, A.K. and Adedeji, J.O. (2008). Osmotic Dehydration of Catfish (Hemisynodontis membranaceus):
Effect of Temperature and Time. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 7 (1): 57-61.
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zones of Nigeria. Nature Proceedings. Vol. 1038.
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African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of life and Physical Science. Faculty of Science and Technology,
Babcock University. acta SATECH 3(1). www.actasatech.com.
Biographies of Authors
1. Michael Ayodele Omodara: Born at Iwo-Isin, Kwara State, Nigeria, on 6th February, 1978.
He has Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng: Agricultural Engineering) in Agricultural Engineering, crop processing
and storage option, University of Ilorin in 2003.
His Master degree (M. Eng: Master of Engineering, Agricultural Engineering) is in Post harvest Technology
from the department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ilorin, 2011.
He became a member of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers (NIAE), in 2006 and a member of
American Society of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineers (ASABE), 2007.
He currently works as a Research Officer in the department of Agricultural Engineering of Nigerian Stored
Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Ilorin, Nigeria.
2. Adesoji Matthew Olaniyan: A senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
He has Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng: Agricultural Engineering) in Agricultural Engineering, crop processing
and storage option, University of Ilorin in 2003.
His Master degree (M. Eng: Master of Engineering, Agricultural Engineering) is in Post harvest Technology
from the department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ilorin, 2011.
He obtained his doctorate degree (Ph. D) in Agricultural Engineering, Storage and Processing Option, University
of Ilorin, 2008.
He became a member of Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers (NIAE), 1999; Nigeria Society of
Engineers (NSE), 2000; American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007; and Registered
Engineer (COREN), 2008.
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Table 1: Average drying rate of African Catfish (C. gariepinus)
Treatment Temperature (0C) Parts
Head Trunk Middle Tail
Sugar 55 1.88 2.00 1.82 0.97
50 1.58 1.17 1.08 0.92
45 1.02 1.19 0.87 0.52
40 0.80 0.83 0.81 0.56
Salt 55 1.82 2.27 1.61 1.15
50 1.64 1.53 1.17 0.67
45 1.09 1.13 1.02 0.63
40 0.83 0.96 0.63 0.52
Blanched 55 1.97 2.58 1.73 1.00
50 1.31 1.53 1.22 0.89
45 0.94 1.04 0.87 0.46
40 0.93 1.00 0.85 0.52
Control 55 2.06 2.40 1.82 0.94
50 1.33 1.25 1.08 0.81
45 1.09 1.15 1.00 0.61
40 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.50
Table 2: Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test
Temperature (0C) Mean drying rate (g/hr)
40 0.78a
45 0.92a
50 1.20b
55 1.75c
Values with different letters are significantly different
Table 3: Variation in % Composition of the quality of the fish samples*
Treatment Temperature (0C) Quality Parameter
MC (%) Protein (%) Lipid (%) Ash (%)
Sugar 40 12.9 49.59 25.43 5.48
45 12.8 47.48 21.88 5.06
50 12.4 43.82 17.46 4.37
55 12.2 43.26 17.60 4.14
Salt 40 12.9 50.54 21.99 5.33
45 12.7 48.84 19.86 4.81
50 12.6 48.54 18.08 4.72
55 12.2 45.08 15.52 4.14
Blanched 40 12.6 55.94 21.86 4.63
45 12.3 52.92 20.52 4.28
50 12.3 53.20 18.04 4.08
55 12.2 48.58 17.19 4.04
Control 40 12.9 52.69 28.80 5.36
45 12.6 49.00 24.21 4.75
50 12.3 48.84 20.75 4.33
55 12.2 48.16 18.92 4.05
* Values presented are average of three samples.
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Figure 1: Effect of drying time on drying rate for different pre-treatments (at 40 0 C)
Figure 2: Effect of drying time on drying rate for different pre-treatments (at 45 0 C)
Figure 3: Effect of drying time on drying rate for different pre-treatments (at 50 0 C)
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Figure 4: Effect of drying time on drying rate for different pre-treatments (at 55 0 C)
Figure 5: Effect of drying time on drying rate at different drying temperatures
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