Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effects of Different Levels of Seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) on the Sensory Qua...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study aimed to determine the sensory qualities and selling price of fish balls with the different levels of seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum). Five treatments were applied in this study; Control (0 seaweed), T 1 (25% seaweed), T 2 (50% seaweed), T 3 (75% seaweed), and T 4 (100% seaweed). Experimental samples were laid out using a completely Randomized Design (CRD). Different samples were subjected to sensory evaluation and selling price determination. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT when treatments were found to be significantly different from each other. Results revealed that different combinations of fish and seaweeds significantly affected the sensory qualities of fish balls in terms of color, aroma, flavor, texture and general acceptability. The treatment with the least amount of seaweed added showed the highest sensory score in all the sensory parameters.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effects of Different Levels of Seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) on the Sensory Qua...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study aimed to determine the sensory qualities and selling price of fish balls with the different levels of seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum). Five treatments were applied in this study; Control (0 seaweed), T 1 (25% seaweed), T 2 (50% seaweed), T 3 (75% seaweed), and T 4 (100% seaweed). Experimental samples were laid out using a completely Randomized Design (CRD). Different samples were subjected to sensory evaluation and selling price determination. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT when treatments were found to be significantly different from each other. Results revealed that different combinations of fish and seaweeds significantly affected the sensory qualities of fish balls in terms of color, aroma, flavor, texture and general acceptability. The treatment with the least amount of seaweed added showed the highest sensory score in all the sensory parameters.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
The presentation is based on 30 years of experience on small-scale fisheries and will give an outline on how Professor Kolding’s visions for aligning and combining three major objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Better human nutrition and health, more food, and least ecological impacts from sustainably harvesting our aquatic ecosystems. Professor Kolding will also briefly outline a new multidisciplinary project in Africa, which will pursue these three objectives by focusing on small fish.
Detritivorous marine polychaete worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport angling and most recently as an ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
The effect of Animal Species on the Quality and Quantity of Kilishi Meat Products was studied. Fresh meat of cattle, sheep, goats and camel were purchased from Mubi abattoir and were used to prepare kilishiusing slurry prepared from groundnut cake, pepper, maggi, ginger and other spices. Proximate composition of all the meat samples were carried out, storage yield of kilishi product was determined, sensory evaluation was also done. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in yield of Kilishi prepared from different animal species. However, after one month of preservation, the yield of Kilishi from the various animal species differed significantly (p<0.05). Camel meat yields the highest quantity of Kilishi; both of initial (0.50kg) and final (0.61kg) weight. However beef (cattle meat) produced the best Kilishi. Also the result of the taste panel revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the models, species, weeks, replication and their interaction.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
The presentation is based on 30 years of experience on small-scale fisheries and will give an outline on how Professor Kolding’s visions for aligning and combining three major objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Better human nutrition and health, more food, and least ecological impacts from sustainably harvesting our aquatic ecosystems. Professor Kolding will also briefly outline a new multidisciplinary project in Africa, which will pursue these three objectives by focusing on small fish.
Detritivorous marine polychaete worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport angling and most recently as an ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
The effect of Animal Species on the Quality and Quantity of Kilishi Meat Products was studied. Fresh meat of cattle, sheep, goats and camel were purchased from Mubi abattoir and were used to prepare kilishiusing slurry prepared from groundnut cake, pepper, maggi, ginger and other spices. Proximate composition of all the meat samples were carried out, storage yield of kilishi product was determined, sensory evaluation was also done. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in yield of Kilishi prepared from different animal species. However, after one month of preservation, the yield of Kilishi from the various animal species differed significantly (p<0.05). Camel meat yields the highest quantity of Kilishi; both of initial (0.50kg) and final (0.61kg) weight. However beef (cattle meat) produced the best Kilishi. Also the result of the taste panel revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the models, species, weeks, replication and their interaction.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Production of Monosex Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Using Seed of Mucun...iosrjce
The present study was aimed to investigate the potential effect of Mucuna pruriens on
masculinisation of Nile tilapia during its in vivo application through direct feeding and immersion techniques
and to determine an ideal concentration for each method for production of all-male tilapia population. Three
days old mixed sex juveniles of Nile tilapia (mean weight 0.025 ± 0.009 g; mean length 1.25 ± 0.012 cm) were
subjected to dietary treatment with powdered M. pruriens seeds (0.0, 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 g/kg feed) and immersion
treatment with aqueous extract of the plant seeds (0.02, 0.035, 0.05 g/l) for one month. For dietary treatment,
the highest percentage of survival (94.33±0.33) was obtained in the 5.0 g/kg category, while treatment with 0.05
g/l yielded the highest survival percentage (92.33±0.33) for immersion treatment. Dietary and immersion
treatment with the plant material resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05)><0.05) compared to all the treatment groups.
Effect of feeding management of broodstock on breeding performance of bata (L...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo bata is one of the important minor carps in Bangladesh with great demand as good table fish. The study was conducted to observe the breeding performance at different management practices in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery and disinfection treatments of water, eggs and fry in Jessore, Bangladesh during 10 March 2014 to 15 May 2015. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve seed production. Protein and lipid percentage of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors. Protein level was 24.77%, 23.47%, 18.08%, 17.78% and lipid level was 11.07%, 9.50%, 7.74%, 8.14% in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery respectively. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10, 20, 30 mg/L), malachite green (1, 3, 5 mg/L), NaCl (1, 2, 3 g/L) and methylene blue ( 1, 3, 5 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Highest correlation value between absolute fecundity and body weight (r=.938, p<.05) and total length (r=.891, p<.05) and gonadosomatic index (26.2%) were found in Mafatema fish hatchery among four experimental hatcheries at 24.77% protein and 11.07% lipid level. Better fertilization rate (84.2±5.17%) and hatching rate (82.0±4.30%) were found in Mafatema and Rupali fish hatchery respectively that has significant difference (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery at higher protein and lipid level. Lowest deformity rate (6.05+2.65) was observed in Mafatema fish hatchery that was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti fish hatchery. In case of disinfection treatment, methylene blue at 1mg/L bath treatment daily for 4 days showed significantly higher hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) and survival rate (94.33±4.73%).
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
In this study, nutritional profiles and growth performances of yellow mealworm, Tenebriomolitor larvae (TML) were assessed cultivated using common food wastes i.e. watermelon rinds, broilers’ eggshells and banana peels. Nutritional profiles and growth performance of TML were evaluated after 28-day feeding trial. Post-feeding proximate analysis showed significant increment of nutritional contents compared to the control groups; whereby TML demonstrated highest level of crude protein (43.38%±2.71), moisture (9.74%±0.23) and ash (4.40%±0.22) in the group treated with watermelon wastes. On the other hand, TML showed highest level of crude fibre (8.73%±0.05) when treated with broilers’ eggshells; and higher level of crude fat (40.13%±4.66) with banana wastes. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) contents were also noticed higher in the group treated with banana wastes (4.46%±5.30). In terms of growth performance, TML administrated with watermelon wastes demonstrated superior in specific growth rate (2.50%±0.43) and feed conversion efficiency (0.10%±0.01). Interestingly, TML grown with banana wastes showed highest survival rate (97.5%) among all. In short, TML cultivation using watermelon and banana wastes showed a promising result on nutritional fortification and growth enhancement.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
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Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological effects of treculia africana (decne.) seed flour supplemented diets on clarias
1. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
62
Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological effects of Treculia
africana (Decne.) seed flour-supplemented diets on Clarias
gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings
Ibironke A.Ajayi*, Flora E. Olaifa, Dasola A. Raimi
Industrial Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
*E-mail of corresponding author: frajayi@yahoo.com
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the nutritional and toxicological effects of full fat Treculia africana
seed flour- supplemented diets on growth performance, nutrient utilization, survival, histopathology and blood
parameters of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. One hundred and fifty fingerlings of C. gariepinus of average weight
of 2.55.96 ± 0.13 g were stocked and fed at 3 % body weight per day for 42 days. Five experimental diets
containing 35 % crude protein in which groundnut cake (GNC) meal was replaced by full fat T. africana seed
flour meal at 0 % (TAF0), 15 % (TAF15), 30 % (TAF30), 45 % (TAF45) and 60 % (TAF60) were formulated
and compounded. Each treatment had three replicates using 10 catfish per 40-litre capacity plastic bowl. There
were no significant differences (P>0.05) in protein efficiency rate and feed intake among the control and
experimental fish. Packed cell volume was highest in fish on TAF45 (45 %) and was higher than fish fed TAF60
(60 %). Histopathology result showed no visible lesions in some of the tissues of fish fed with the experimental
diets. Full fat T. africana seed flour might not be toxic to catfish; rather it seemed to be a nutritional source.
Keywords: T. africana, C. gariepinus, blood parameters, nutrient utilization, toxicology
1. Introduction
Treculia africana is found in many areas including parts of West and Central Africa and belongs to the family
Moraceae (Osabor et al., 2009; Osujo and Owei, 2010). The seed of T. africana has been described as an
underutilized plant resource with a potential for use in novel foods and industry (Shittu and Raji, 2011) and
pastries (Onyekwelu and Fayose, 2007). T, africana is a multipurpose tree crop and primarily useful for its
nutritious, starchy fruit. It is the main staple crop in many areas of the Pacific and supplements other staple
foods for home consumption elsewhere. It generally has little commercial use but is becoming an export crop in
the Caribbean. It originated in the western Pacific, with New Guinea and associated islands such as the Bismarck
Archipelago being the centre of diversity for wild seeded forms of Artocarpus altilis. Seedless T. africana is
widely distributed throughout the tropical world (Osujo and Owei, 2010). It is also widely cultivated in South-
West states of Nigeria with present level of production in the South-Western Nigeria estimated at about 10
million tons dry weight per year with potentials to exceed 100 million tons every year (Adewusi et al., 1995).
The chemical composition and mineral element content of T. africana seeds and seed oil has already been
reported by Ajayi (2008).
Aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water
environments. Early catfish producers depended primarily on natural pond organisms to provide nutrients that
are essential for fish growth. Fish production was often enhanced by the addition of fertilizers to pond water to
stimulate the growth of natural food organisms. Prepared feeds, mixtures of feedstuffs processed into various
forms, were used to supplement natural productivity. Supplemental feeds were largely steam-pelleted feeds that
provided protein and energy, but were generally deficient in micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and
essential fatty acids. Requirements for some micronutrients were met from those present in feed ingredients
and/or natural foods (Li, 1996). There is an ongoing effort to produce fish feeds that meet dietary requirements
at reasonable cost (El Dakar et al., 2008; Malik, 2009). The utilization of nonconventional feedstuffs of plant
origin has been limited owing to the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, oxalic acids, phytates, protease inhibitors,
haematoglutinin, saponegin, momosine, cyanoglycosides, linamarin to mention a few despite their nutrient
values and low cost implications (Sogbesan et al., 2006). These antinutritional factors negate growth and other
physiological activities at higher inclusion levels (Oresegun and Alegbeleye, 2001).
Though T. africana is useful as food for man especially as “ukpa” in Ibo speaking areas of Nigeria, little
information is available concerning its use in fish nutrition. This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the
toxicological effects, if any, and possible usefulness of T. africana seed flour in the diets of C. gariepinus as
partial replacement for groundnut cake. This is in continuation of previous work on seed flour/cake and their
nutritional/industrial applications in fish/animal feeding (Ajayi et al., 2012; Olaifa et al., 2012).
2. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
63
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Collection and preparation of Treculia africana fruits and seeds
Mature seeded T. africana fruits were collected from the Botanical Garden of the University of Ibadan, Oyo
State, Nigeria.The fruits were stacked in a heap and allowed to ferment for some days. The fermented fruits were
macerated and washed in running water to remove the slimy and jelly-like flesh. Cleaned seeds were air-dried,
dehulled and ground to fine flour with pestle and mortar before use in formulating the experimental rations.
2.2 Experimental conditions for the fish
One hundred and fifty fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (mean body weight: 2.45g ± 0.03) were obtained from
the Teaching and Research Farm of Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of
Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. They were kept in fifteen circular 40-litre plastic bowls for seven days while feeding
with an imported commercial feed in order to acclimatize them to the new environment. After acclimatization,
the fish were divided into groups of 10 fish per bowl to the 15 circular bowls (three bowls of replicates per
treatment). Each bowl was filled with 35 liters of de-chlorinated water and covered using synthetic nets to
prevent the fish from jumping out of the bowl and protect them from foreign materials and predators. The quality
of the water used during the study was monitored weekly for temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH.
2.3 Fish feed formulation and preparation
The feed ingredients purchased for this study included fishmeal, soybean meal, maize, wheat offal,
vitamin/mineral premix, millet, starch, dicalcium phosphate, salt, vegetable oil and groundnut cake (Table 1).
These ingredients were mixed together to produce a 35 % crude protein diet containing T. africana as: 0
(control), 15, 30, 45 and 60 % and serving as partial replacement of groundnut cake in the diets representing
dietary treatments 1 – 5. Each diet mixture was treated separately, extruded through a 1/4mm die mincer of
Hobart A-200T pelleting machine (Hobart GmbH, Rben-Bosch, Offenburg, Germany). The diets were sun-dried,
broken mechanically into suitable sizes for the fish, packaged in labelled polythene bags and stored before use.
2.4 Feeding of fish
Fish were fed by hand twice daily at 3 % body weight with the required portion for each day divided into 2 equal
parts and presented twice daily. The mean weights and lengths of fish in each treatment was recorded weekly
using a digital scale (model EHA 251) and a 12- cm ruler respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days.
2.5 Determination of fish growth, performance and proximate analysis of fish and experimental diets
Fish performance and nutrient utilization were determined according to the methods of Olaifa et al. (2012).
Mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio
(FCR), protein intake (PI) and fish survival rates (SR %) were also recorded.
2.6 Proximate analysis of experimental diets and fish after experiment
T. africana seed flour, fish carcass and experimental diets were analyzed for crude protein, lipid, moisture, fiber
and ash content using the methods of AOAC (2000) in all treatments at the end of the feeding trial.
2.7 Fish growth and survival
For this experiment, growth was expressed as weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, condition
factor, survival rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio and nitrogen metabolism.
Mean Weight Gain (MWG) = W1– W0
Where:
W0 =initial mean weight
W1 =final mean weight
Specific Growth Rate (SGR) = (Ln W 1 – W0) x 100
T
Where:
Ln = Natural log
W0 = initial mean weight
W 1 = final mean weight
. T = time interval
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Relative Growth Rate(RGR) = Weight gain by fish(g) x 100
Initial body weght(g)
Condition Factor (K) = W x 100
L3
Where:
W = final weight
L = Final standard length
Survival Rate (S ) % = N1 x 100
N0
Where:
N1 = final number of fish at the end of experiment
N0 = initial number of fish at the beginning of experiment.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = Dry weight of feed
Fish weight gain
Nitrogen Metabolism (NM) = (0.549) (a+b)h
2
Where:
a = initial mean weight of fish (g)
b= final mean weight of fish (g)
h= experimental period in days
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) = Wet body weight gain (g)
Crude protein fed (g)
2.8 Haematological Study
Blood samples were collected into heparinised bottles through the cardiac puncture of fish from each treatment.
The capillary tubes were micro - centrifuged and relative packed cell volume (PVC) was measured to determine
the percentage heamatocrite value. Other heamatological parameters assessed included white blood cell,
heamoglobin, platelets, monocytes using the method described by Jain (1986).
2.9 Tissue pathology
Histopathology of the gill, kidney and liver were carried out. Gills, kidneys and liver samples were collected and
fixed in formalin and then passed through a series of dehydration in graded concentrations of xylene. Sections
were taken out and assessed using the methods of Jain (1986).
2.10 Statistical analysis: The biological and chemical data obtained were subjected to the statistical analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) and the difference in mean was determined by the use of Duncan Multiple Range Test
(Duncan, 1955).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Water quality
Water temperature in the experimental systems ranged from 28.0 – 29.0 o
C, dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.0-
2.2 mg/l while pH ranged from 7.8 and 8.2 (Table 2). The water quality parameters in all the treatments were
within the tolerable ranges for catfish culture (Chuapoehuk, 1999). Moreover, fish responded favourably to the
experimental diets in all treatments from the beginning to the end of the trial.
3.2 Proximate composition of diets
The proximate composition of diets fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings are presented in Table 3. The proximate
composition of the experimental feeds differed significantly (p<0.05). Moisture content increased at TAF15 and
TAF45 with values of 10.25 % and 9.96 % respectively. Crude protein was highest in diet TAF0 (control) with
value of 34.9 % and lowest in diet TAF60 with a value of 30.20 %. This is lower than crude protein obtained in
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commercial fish feeds in Nigeria; it is however higher than the one reported for Gnetum africanum 17.50%
(Ekop, 2007). Fat content was lowest in diet TAF30 and increased as TAF increased in diet.
3.3 Proximate composition of fish after experiment
The proximate composition of fish after the feeding trials is shown recorded in Table 4 and reveals a higher
protein content in TAF0 with 57 % than all experimental diets. It was followed by 54 % in TAF30. The crude
protein value is lower than 22.0 % reported by Souza et al. (2007).
3.4 Mineral element of the fish after experiment
The mineral composition of the fish after experiment is shown in Table 5. The result shows that TAF 0 had the
highest value of potassium (299 ppm), followed by TAF 45 (181.50 ppm) while the least value is contained by
TAF 45 (149.50 ppm). The highest calcium content was observed in TAF 15 (268 ppm) followed by the
control/TAF 0 (256.50 ppm) and TAF 45 had the lowest value (152 ppm). All fish showed traces of lead in their
flesh including the control. Onyia et al. (2010) has a similar report in literature that potassium is the dominant
mineral in their studies.
3.5 Growth response and protein utilization efficiency
Growth response, and protein utilization efficiency by catfish fed on T. africana inclusion are summarized on
Table 6; it reveals that the best overall weight gain was obtained in fish fed with TAF0 (control) diet and the
least weight gain was recorded in fish fed with TAF60 %. The responses of fish to the different diets showed that
growth and nutrient utilization differed significantly (p≤0.05) among the treatments. There were no differences
in survival of fish among treatments. Edward et al. (2010) stated that a condition factor above 1 indicates better
utilization of feeds by the fish for growth and development and for sound health.
3.6 Heamatology of fish
The heamatological analyses were also represented in Table 7. The result shows that there was no significant
differences in all the blood parameters of the fish fed control diet (TAF0) and experimental diet. However there
were changes in the blood either above or below the values obtained before the experiment. Packed cell volume,
haemoglobin, red blood cell count, platelets and neutrophils decreased while the mean corpuscular volume, mean
corpuscular haemoglobin, lymphocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased at the end of the experiment
above initial values. The changes in the haematological parameters of the fish during the experiment could be
due to the presence of anti nutritional factors in the feeds. Fasasi et al. (2003) reports that antinutritional factors
like tannins, phytates and oxalate might not have been completely removed during processing. Blood parameters
indicate the physiological states of the fish (Babatunde et al., 1992). Blood biochemistry can also be used as
health indicators in fish (De Pedro et al., 2005; Satheeshkumar et al., 2011).
3.7 Histopathology result of the fish after the experiment
Table 8 shows the summary of histopathology of the fish after the experiment. There were no lesions in the gill
tissues except in TAF 45 which showed mild mucosal congestion. No lesions were observed in the kidney of the
fish. However, the most visible changes were exhibited by the liver. This is because the liver is responsible for
dealing with all chemicals within the body. The liver is the organ involved in the metabolism, detoxification and
excretion of chemicals and xenobiotics in the body (Pathan et al., 2010). Vacuolation has been observed to be a
common response to the presence of chemicals in fish (Clearwater et al., 2002; Shaw and Handy, 2006).
4. Conclusion
This study showed that Treculia africana seed flour without any further processing could be included in the diets
of fingerings of C. gariepinus at 30 % level without compromising growth and nutrient utilization. Beyond the
30 % inclusion level, there was reduction in growth and nutrient utilization.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grate
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Table 1. Gross composition of experimental diets (%)
Ingredients TAF 0 TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Control 0 % 15 % TAF 30 % TAF 45 %TAF 60 % TAF
Fishmeal 10.13 10.13 10.13 10.13 10.13
Soy bean 20.26 20.26 20.26 20.26 20.26
Groundnut cake 40.52 34.44 28.36 22.29 16.21
Millet 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03
Wheat offal 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03
Maize 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.03
Vitamin premix 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Dicalcium
phosphate
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Vegetable oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Starch 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
T. africana seed
flour
0.00 6.08 12.16 18.23 24.31
Total 100 100 100 100 100
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Table 2. Weekly water quality parameter of the experimental plastic bowl
D O= Dissolved Oxygen
Table 3. Proximate composition of formulated diets (%)
Composition % Control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Crude protein 34.95±0.12a
33.78±0.12b
33.41±0.25b
32.32±0.12c
30.28±0.12d
Crude fibre 6.34±0.04a
4.74±0.06c
5.00±0.02b
5.31±0.0.03b
4.37±0.03c
Crude fat 16.49±0.01c
18.19±0.11a
14.82±0.03d
18.05±0.08a
17.65±0.04b
Moisture content 8.51±0.37b
10.25±0.24a
7.95±0.12c
9.96±0.08a
8.43±0.03b
Ash content 9.72±0.09b
9.61±0.06b
10.14±0.23c
9.16±0.05b
7.68±0.17a
NFE 30.49±0.21b
28.18±0.17a
33.61±0.22c
30.49±0.16b
35.94±0.16c
Superscript with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p<0.05), NFE = Nitrogen free
extract
Table 4. Proximate composition of fish on dietary inclusion of T. africana seed flour after experiment
Composition (%) Control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Crude protein 57 52 54 52 51
Moisture content 11.9 8.1 10.5 9.4 9.6
Ash content 4.0 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.1
Crude fat 10.2 8.2 9.5 9.2 9.0
Crude fibre 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.0
NFE 16 27.5 21.2 25.4 26.3
Superscript with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p<0.05), NFE = Nitrogen free
extract
Table 5. Mineral composition of fish after treatment (ppm)
Minerals Initial Control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Calcium 170.00 256.50 268.0 152.00 158.50 171.00
potassium 130.50 299.00 152.50 149.50 181.50 152.00
Sodium 38.00 85.00 56.00 57.00 70.00 46.00
Magnesium 13.10 47.00 24.25 17.60 21.95 20.50
iron 19.70 90.05 19.70 25.6 29.45 21.90
zinc 0.47 1.12 0.83 0.57 0.75 0.89
lead 0.30 0.33 0.23 1.19 0.25 2.50
Manganese 1.00 7.65 3.60 2.80 3.30 2.50
Parameters Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Mean
Temperature 29 28.5 29 28 29 29 28.75±0.38
pH 7.8 8.2 8.0 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.98±0.12
D.O 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.06±0.07
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Table 6. Growth, feed utilization and % survival rate of cultured fish
Superscripts with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p<0.05)
Table 7. Haematology of the fish on T. africana seed flour-based diets at the end of the experiment
Superscript with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p<0.05)
PVC=Packed cell volume, HB= Heamoglobin, RBC= Red blood cell, WBC= White blood cell, MCV= Mean corpuscular volume, MCH=
Mean corpuscular heamoglobin, MONO=Monocyte, ESR=Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, LYMPH=Lymphocyte, PLA=Platelets
Paramerters Control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Initial mean weight
(g)
2.54±0.08a
2.45±0.10a
2.52±0.15a
2.59±0.09a
2.49±0.05a
Final mean weight
(g)
10.15±0.19a
8.01±0.08b
9.25±0.51c
7.14±0.15d
7.01±0.03d
Mean weight
gain(g)
7.61±0.12a
5.58±0.06c
6.71±0.41b
4.54±o.15d
4.53±0.07d
Mean length gain
(cm)
3.60±0.08a
3.61±0.02a
3.75±0.12a
3.60±0.14a
3.76±0.05a
Percentage weight
gain (%)
25.03±0.41c
30.33±1.15c
27.29±1.19b
36.31±1.33a
35.37±0.79a
Feed conversion
ratio
2.06±0.25c
2.09.64±0.45b
2.09.45±0.41b
2.09±0.41a
2.39±0.66a
Specific growth rate 3.29±0.04a
2.84±0.08bc
3.09±0.10ab
2.41±0.08d
2.68±0.20cd
Protein efficiency
ratio
0.22±0.00a
0.16±0.00c
0.20±0.02b
0.13±0.00d
0.15±0.00d
Condition factor (K) 16.34±1.01a
11.82±0.75bc
12.82±1.43b
9.78±0.86c
9.72±1.26c
Nitrogen
metabolism(x102
)
1.45±0.03a
1.20±0.01c
1.35±0.07b
1.12±0.02c
1.16±0.05c
Survival % 98 95.5 97 96 97
Parameters Initial control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
PCV (%) 28 8.67±3.0a
9.33±4.0a
14.00±7.0a
13.67±2.1a
12.33±5.5a
HB (g/dl) 9.2 3.17±1.1a
3.03±1.4a
4.60±2.2a
4.4±0.6a
4.00±1.8a
RBC(x1012
/ L) 8.24 1.71±0.3a
1.92±0.2a
2.07±0.7a
2.18±0.2a
1.95±0.2a
WBC(x109
/L) 8.7 3.53±0.7a
2.73±0.8a
3.8±1.1a
2.66±0.4a
3.13±0.9a
PLA (X109
/L) 8.0 2.67±0.01a
3.33±0.1a
4.00±0.2a
3.67±0.1a
3.33±0.1a
MCV (Fl) 33 49.33±8.7a
47.33±14.9a
65±9.5a
62±3.6a
61±21.9a
MCH (Pg) 11 16.00±3.0a
14.3±6.1a
18.0±14.5a
19.67±1.1a
10.67±3.5a
LYMPH (%) 60 79.67±1.5a
79.67±1.5a
81.0±1.0a
79.67±1.5a
78.67±2.1a
NEUT (%) 39 19.67±1.5a
17.67±1.5a
18.33±0.5a
20.33±2.0a
18.33±1.5a
MONO 01 1.33±0.6a
1.0±0.0a
1.33±0.6a
1.00±0.0a
1.33±0.6a
ESR (mm/hr) 02 2.33±1.5a
4.33±2.1a
4.33±2.5a
5.00±1.0a
6.33±0.5a
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Table 8. Summary of histopathology of the tissues of the control and experimental fish
Tissue Control TAF 15 TAF 30 TAF 45 TAF 60
Gill No visible
lesion seen
No visible
lesion seen
No visible lesion
seen
There is mild
sub mucosal
congestion
No lesion seen
Kidney No visible
lesion seen
No visible
lesion seen
No visible lesion
seen
No visible
lesion seen
No visible lesion
seen
Liver No visible
lesion seen
There is
moderate
portal and
central
congestion .
There is
diffuse
vacuolar
degeneration
There is moderate
diffuse vacuolar
degeneration of
hepatocytes
There is severe
diffuse vacuolar
degeneration of
hepatocytes
There is moderate
portal and central
venous congestion..
There is severe
diffuse vacuolar
degeneration