In signal processing, the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation denotes the direction from which a propagating wave arrives at a point, where a set of antennas is located. Using the array antenna has an advantage over the single antenna in achieving an improved performance by applying Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. This paper focuses on estimating the DOA using uniform linear array (ULA) and non-uniform linear array (NLA)of antennas to analyze the performance factors that affect the accuracy and resolution of the system based on MUSIC algorithm. The direction of arrival estimation is simulated on a MATLAB platform with a set of input parameters such as array elements, signal to noise ratio, number of snapshots and number of signal sources. An extensive simulation has been conducted and the results show that the NLA with DOA estimation for co-prime array can achieve an accurate and efficient DOA estimation
High Resolution Method using Patch Circular Array IJECEIAES
Smart antennas have recently received increasing for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. In this research article, we have used a patch antenna using uniform circular arrays (UCA) with central element for direction of arrival (DOA). A central element was added to arrays in order to increase steering capability of the proposed array. This geometry is used to determine the elevation and azimuth based on two famous algorithms of high resolution method: Matrix Pencil method (MP) and MUltiple Signal Classification (MUSIC).The comparison results demonstrate clearly that the matrix pencil is more accurate and stable to estimation of direction of arrival compared to the MUSIC algorithm.
Digital signal processing techniques for lti fiber impairment compensationeSAT Journals
Abstract Coherent detection is one of the active research areas for the development of high speed, high spectral efficient optical communication network. Digital signal processing is the important technique for compensating the fiber transmission impairments because of number of advantages such as signal can be amplified, delayed, splitted and manipulated without degrading the signal quality. This paper presents DSP compensation algorithms for linear time invariant (LTI) impairment such as chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fiber communication. We presented a mathematical framework for compensation of LTI fiber impairments. This paper also focuses the different compensation methods both in time and frequency domain for chromatic dispersion compensation. These DSP techniques confirm that coherent detection with high data rates will become feasible in future for compensating transmission impairments. Keywords: Coherent Detection, Chromatic Dispersion, Polarization Mode Dispersion
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
High Resolution Method using Patch Circular Array IJECEIAES
Smart antennas have recently received increasing for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. In this research article, we have used a patch antenna using uniform circular arrays (UCA) with central element for direction of arrival (DOA). A central element was added to arrays in order to increase steering capability of the proposed array. This geometry is used to determine the elevation and azimuth based on two famous algorithms of high resolution method: Matrix Pencil method (MP) and MUltiple Signal Classification (MUSIC).The comparison results demonstrate clearly that the matrix pencil is more accurate and stable to estimation of direction of arrival compared to the MUSIC algorithm.
Digital signal processing techniques for lti fiber impairment compensationeSAT Journals
Abstract Coherent detection is one of the active research areas for the development of high speed, high spectral efficient optical communication network. Digital signal processing is the important technique for compensating the fiber transmission impairments because of number of advantages such as signal can be amplified, delayed, splitted and manipulated without degrading the signal quality. This paper presents DSP compensation algorithms for linear time invariant (LTI) impairment such as chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fiber communication. We presented a mathematical framework for compensation of LTI fiber impairments. This paper also focuses the different compensation methods both in time and frequency domain for chromatic dispersion compensation. These DSP techniques confirm that coherent detection with high data rates will become feasible in future for compensating transmission impairments. Keywords: Coherent Detection, Chromatic Dispersion, Polarization Mode Dispersion
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Backtracking Search Optimization for Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Se...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to energy limitation and constraint in communication capabilities, the undesirable high
battery power consumption has become one of the major issues in wireless sensor network (WSN).
Therefore, a collaborative beamforming (CB) method was introduced with the aim to improve the radiation
beampattern in order to compensate the power consumption. A CB is a technique which can increase the
sensor node gain and performance by aiming at the desired objectives through intelligent capabilities. The
sensor nodes were located randomly in WSN environment. The nodes were designed to cooperate among
each other and act as a collaborative antenna array. The configuration of the collaborative nodes was
modeled in circular array formation. The position of array nodes was determined by obtaining the optimum
parameters pertaining to the antenna array which implemented by using Backtracking Search Optimization
Algorithm (BSA). The parameter considered in the project was the side-lobe level minimization. It was
observed that, the suppression of side-lobe level for BSA was better compared to the radiation
beampattern obtained for conventional uniform circular array.
Eigen Subspace based Direction of Arrival Estimation for Coherent SourcesINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation technology plays an important role in enhancing the performance of the adaptive arrays for mobile communication. In this paper comparative performance analysis of eigen subspace based DOA estimation for coherent sources is presented. A number of DOA estimation algorithms based on eigen subspace method have been developed. Among these MUSIC algorithm is considered to have exceptionally good results. The focus of this paper is to unveil the performance characteristics of MUSIC algorithm and its improved version for coherent sources. The simulation results show that the improved MUSIC algorithm is the best. Also it can be observed that the resolution of DOA estimation improves as the number of snapshots and signal to noise ratio increases.
Transmission spectra of single ring coupled-waveguide resonator configuration...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Development of optical waveguide resonators have greatly expanded and continues to grow since they have kinds potential applications such as wavelength filtering, switching, coupling and multiplexing. One of resonators, coupled waveguides, ring resonators are designed and operated using various coupling configurations. Ring resonators can be particularly used as wavelength filter if the wavelength can fit a whole multiple time in the circumference of the ring. This article proposes to investigate the transmission spectra from the power source and amplify it in linearized ring resonator configurations and varies the input amplitude on five different wavelengths. With finite difference time domain method, the geometry and power source are simulated to obtain the better result and configuration. The results show the intensity phenomena of filtering in optical circuit.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Comparitive analysis of doa and beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systemseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper revolves around the implementation of Direction of arrival and Adaptive beam-forming algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems. This paper also investigates the implementation of algorithms on various planner array geometries viz. circular and rectangular. Music algorithm is primarily finds the possible location of desired user and adaptive beam-forming algorithms such as LMS, RLS and CMA algorithms adapts the weights of the array. DOA estimation gives the maximum peak of spectrum with respect to angle of arrival where the desired user is supposed to exist. After DOA estimation weights of array antenna are changed with the changing received signal. This methodology is called as Spectral estimation, which allows the antenna pattern to steer in desired direction estimated by DOA and simultaneously null out the interfering signals. Rate of convergence is the major criterion for comparison for adaptive beam-forming algorithms. Keywords: DOA, MUSIC, LMS, RLS, CMA, SAS.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Localization of Objects using Stochastic TunnelingRana Basheer
A novel wireless localization scheme in the three dimensional domain that employs stochastic optimization with tunneling transformation to recursively estimate the location of wireless tags in a network from pair wise signal strength measurements. Spatially co-located wireless tags, receiving signals from a common transmitter, exhibit correlation in their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. Hence in a network of wireless tags, with pair wise correlation coefficients available, posterior distribution of the unknown tag separation is used to relatively localize them using maximum a posteriori (MAP) Estimator. However, due to the non-convex/non-tractable nature of this posterior distribution, deterministic optimization methods will end in one of the many local maxima unless the initial guess is close to the region of attraction of the global maximum. In this paper, a novel stochastic localization method called LOCalization Using Stochastic Tunneling (LOCUST) is proposed which utilizes constrained simulated annealing with tunneling transformation to solve this non-tractable posterior distribution. The tunneling transformation allows the optimization search operation to circumvent or “tunnel” through ill-shaped regions in the posterior distribution resulting in faster convergence to global maximum. Finally, simulation results of our localization method are presented
A combined spectrum sensing method based DCT for cognitive radio system IJECEIAES
In this paper a new hybrid blind spectrum sensing method is proposed. The method is designed to enhance the detection performance of Conventional Energy Detector (CED) through combining it with a proposed sensing module based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficient’s relationship as operation mode at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. In the proposed sensing module a certain factor called Average Ratio (AR) represent the ratio of energy in DCT coefficients is utilized to identify the presence of the Primary User (PU) signal. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves PU detection especially at low SNR values.
In mmWave massive MIMO systems, the lens antenna array and beam selection by beamspace MIMO are employed to target the number of required RF chains reduced without obvious performance loss. For cost – effective, the number of RF chain is an allowable limitation, however, to obtain the near-optimal capacity efficiently, beam selection must require the exact information of the wide size of beamspace channel. Solution to this problem, in this paper we suggest analyzing whole beamspace based on maximal SINR. More specicfically, it is confirmed that the proposed beam selection algorithms achieve higher power efficiencies than a full system where all beams are employed.
Brainstorming: Thinking - Problem Solving StrategyIJERA Editor
Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative answers to a problem. It is mainly useful when you want to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. The aforementioned also helps you overcome many of the concerns that can make collection problemsolving a sterile and substandard process. Though group brainstorming is often more effective at generating ideas than normal group problem-solving, study after study has revealed that when individuals brainstorm on their own, they come up with more ideas and often better quality ideas than groups of people who brainstorm together.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Backtracking Search Optimization for Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Se...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to energy limitation and constraint in communication capabilities, the undesirable high
battery power consumption has become one of the major issues in wireless sensor network (WSN).
Therefore, a collaborative beamforming (CB) method was introduced with the aim to improve the radiation
beampattern in order to compensate the power consumption. A CB is a technique which can increase the
sensor node gain and performance by aiming at the desired objectives through intelligent capabilities. The
sensor nodes were located randomly in WSN environment. The nodes were designed to cooperate among
each other and act as a collaborative antenna array. The configuration of the collaborative nodes was
modeled in circular array formation. The position of array nodes was determined by obtaining the optimum
parameters pertaining to the antenna array which implemented by using Backtracking Search Optimization
Algorithm (BSA). The parameter considered in the project was the side-lobe level minimization. It was
observed that, the suppression of side-lobe level for BSA was better compared to the radiation
beampattern obtained for conventional uniform circular array.
Eigen Subspace based Direction of Arrival Estimation for Coherent SourcesINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation technology plays an important role in enhancing the performance of the adaptive arrays for mobile communication. In this paper comparative performance analysis of eigen subspace based DOA estimation for coherent sources is presented. A number of DOA estimation algorithms based on eigen subspace method have been developed. Among these MUSIC algorithm is considered to have exceptionally good results. The focus of this paper is to unveil the performance characteristics of MUSIC algorithm and its improved version for coherent sources. The simulation results show that the improved MUSIC algorithm is the best. Also it can be observed that the resolution of DOA estimation improves as the number of snapshots and signal to noise ratio increases.
Transmission spectra of single ring coupled-waveguide resonator configuration...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Development of optical waveguide resonators have greatly expanded and continues to grow since they have kinds potential applications such as wavelength filtering, switching, coupling and multiplexing. One of resonators, coupled waveguides, ring resonators are designed and operated using various coupling configurations. Ring resonators can be particularly used as wavelength filter if the wavelength can fit a whole multiple time in the circumference of the ring. This article proposes to investigate the transmission spectra from the power source and amplify it in linearized ring resonator configurations and varies the input amplitude on five different wavelengths. With finite difference time domain method, the geometry and power source are simulated to obtain the better result and configuration. The results show the intensity phenomena of filtering in optical circuit.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Comparitive analysis of doa and beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systemseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper revolves around the implementation of Direction of arrival and Adaptive beam-forming algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems. This paper also investigates the implementation of algorithms on various planner array geometries viz. circular and rectangular. Music algorithm is primarily finds the possible location of desired user and adaptive beam-forming algorithms such as LMS, RLS and CMA algorithms adapts the weights of the array. DOA estimation gives the maximum peak of spectrum with respect to angle of arrival where the desired user is supposed to exist. After DOA estimation weights of array antenna are changed with the changing received signal. This methodology is called as Spectral estimation, which allows the antenna pattern to steer in desired direction estimated by DOA and simultaneously null out the interfering signals. Rate of convergence is the major criterion for comparison for adaptive beam-forming algorithms. Keywords: DOA, MUSIC, LMS, RLS, CMA, SAS.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Localization of Objects using Stochastic TunnelingRana Basheer
A novel wireless localization scheme in the three dimensional domain that employs stochastic optimization with tunneling transformation to recursively estimate the location of wireless tags in a network from pair wise signal strength measurements. Spatially co-located wireless tags, receiving signals from a common transmitter, exhibit correlation in their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. Hence in a network of wireless tags, with pair wise correlation coefficients available, posterior distribution of the unknown tag separation is used to relatively localize them using maximum a posteriori (MAP) Estimator. However, due to the non-convex/non-tractable nature of this posterior distribution, deterministic optimization methods will end in one of the many local maxima unless the initial guess is close to the region of attraction of the global maximum. In this paper, a novel stochastic localization method called LOCalization Using Stochastic Tunneling (LOCUST) is proposed which utilizes constrained simulated annealing with tunneling transformation to solve this non-tractable posterior distribution. The tunneling transformation allows the optimization search operation to circumvent or “tunnel” through ill-shaped regions in the posterior distribution resulting in faster convergence to global maximum. Finally, simulation results of our localization method are presented
A combined spectrum sensing method based DCT for cognitive radio system IJECEIAES
In this paper a new hybrid blind spectrum sensing method is proposed. The method is designed to enhance the detection performance of Conventional Energy Detector (CED) through combining it with a proposed sensing module based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficient’s relationship as operation mode at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. In the proposed sensing module a certain factor called Average Ratio (AR) represent the ratio of energy in DCT coefficients is utilized to identify the presence of the Primary User (PU) signal. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves PU detection especially at low SNR values.
In mmWave massive MIMO systems, the lens antenna array and beam selection by beamspace MIMO are employed to target the number of required RF chains reduced without obvious performance loss. For cost – effective, the number of RF chain is an allowable limitation, however, to obtain the near-optimal capacity efficiently, beam selection must require the exact information of the wide size of beamspace channel. Solution to this problem, in this paper we suggest analyzing whole beamspace based on maximal SINR. More specicfically, it is confirmed that the proposed beam selection algorithms achieve higher power efficiencies than a full system where all beams are employed.
Brainstorming: Thinking - Problem Solving StrategyIJERA Editor
Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative answers to a problem. It is mainly useful when you want to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. The aforementioned also helps you overcome many of the concerns that can make collection problemsolving a sterile and substandard process. Though group brainstorming is often more effective at generating ideas than normal group problem-solving, study after study has revealed that when individuals brainstorm on their own, they come up with more ideas and often better quality ideas than groups of people who brainstorm together.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
Design of Low Power Vedic Multiplier Based on Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
Reversible logic is a new technique to reduce the power dissipation. There is no loss of information in reversible logic and produces unique output for specified inputs and vice-versa. There is no loss of bits so the power dissipation is reduced. In this paper new design for high speed, low power and area efficient 8-bit Vedic multiplier using Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Sutra (ancient methodology of Indian mathematics) is introduced and implemented using Reversible logic to generate products with low power dissipation. UT Sutra generates partial product and sum in single step with less number of adders unit when compare to conventional booth and array multipliers which will reduce the delay and area utilized, Reversible logic will reduce the power dissipation. An 8-bit Vedic multiplier is realized using a 4-bit Vedic multiplier and modified ripple carry adders. The proposed logic blocks are implemented using Verilog HDL programming language, simulation using Xilinx ISE software
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
In this paper, we introduce intense subgraphs and feeble subgraphs based on their densities and discuss mild balanced IFG and equally balanced intuitionistic fuzzy subgraphs and their properties. The operations “sum” and “union” of subgraphs of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs (IFG) are analyzed. As an application of equally balanced IF subgraphs, curriculum and syllabus formation in higher educational system is discussed. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C72, 03E72, 03F55.
A Singular Spectrum Analysis Technique to Electricity Consumption ForecastingIJERA Editor
Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) is a relatively new and powerful nonparametric tool for analyzing and forecasting economic data. SSA is capable of decomposing the main time series into independent components like trends, oscillatory manner and noise. This paper focuses on employing the performance of SSA approach to the monthly electricity consumption of the Middle Province in Gaza Strip\Palestine. The forecasting results are compared with the results of exponential smoothing state space (ETS) and ARIMA models. The three techniques do similarly well in forecasting process. However, SSA outperforms the ETS and ARIMA techniques according to forecasting error accuracy measures.
Comparing Speech Recognition Systems (Microsoft API, Google API And CMU Sphinx)IJERA Editor
The idea of this paper is to design a tool that will be used to test and compare commercial speech recognition systems, such as Microsoft Speech API and Google Speech API, with open-source speech recognition systems such as Sphinx-4. The best way to compare automatic speech recognition systems in different environments is by using some audio recordings that were selected from different sources and calculating the word error rate (WER). Although the WER of the three aforementioned systems were acceptable, it was observed that the Google API is superior
Study On The External Gas-Assisted Mold Temperature Control For Thin Wall Inj...IJERA Editor
Dynamic mold surface temperature control (DMTC) has many advantages in micro-injection molding as well as thin-wall molding product. In this paper, DMTC will be applied for the thin-wall molding part with the observation of the weldline appearance and the weldline strength. The heating step of DMTC will be achieved by the hot air flow directly to the weldline area. The results show that the heating rate could be reached to 4.5C/s, which could raising the mold surface from 30C to over 120C within 15 s. The melt filling was operated with high temperature at the weldline area; therefore, the weldline appearance was eliminated. In addition, the weldline strength was also improved. The results show that the thinner part had the higher strength of the weldline.
An Intelligent Healthcare Serviceto Monitor Vital Signs in Daily Life – A Cas...IJERA Editor
Vital signs monitoring for elderly in daily life environment is a promising concept that efficiently can provide medical services to people at home. However, make the system self-served and functioning as personalized provision makes the challenge even larger. This paper presents a case study on a Health-IoT system where an intelligent healthcare service is developed to monitor vital signs in daily life. Here, a generic Health-IoT framework with a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is presented. The generic framework is mainly focused on the supporting sensors, communication media, secure and safe data communication, cloud-based storage, and remote accesses of the data. The CDSS is used to provide a personalized report on persons‟ health condition based on daily basis observation on vital signs. Six participants, from Spain (n=3) and Slovenia (n=3) have been using the proposed healthcare system for eight weeks (e.g. 300+ health measurements) in their home environments to monitor their health. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the DSS‟s classification are achieved as 90%, 97% and 96% respectively while k=2 i.e., top 2 most similar retrieved cases are considered. The initial user evaluation resultdemonstrates the feasibility and performance of the implemented system through the proposed framework.
“Electricity Generation by Universal Neodymium Permanent Magnetic Rotor by Re...IJERA Editor
In this paper construction of universal neodymium permanent magnetic rotor without any electromagnetic core, due to this we will reduce 38% of core losses and increase the stability of the system efficiency. Now a day’s electricity generation from various sources like hydro, steam, solar, nuclear etc. but these sources have some merits & demerits. By these sources have more demerits as well as its have more losses, so we not fulfill the costumer/industrial requirements. For alternate arrangement we have been innovated this system
The Equation Based on the Rotational and Orbital Motion of the PlanetsIJERA Editor
Equations of dependence of rotational and orbital motions of planets are given, their rotation angles are calculated. Wave principles of direct and reverse rotation of planets are established. The established dependencies are demonstrated at different scale levels of structural interactions, in biosystems as well. The accuracy of calculations corresponds to the accuracy of experimental data
Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, GhanaIJERA Editor
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the increase in the number of cars on its roads over the past decade. This has resulted in progressive increase in traffic congestion on the roads and could lead to deterioration in the air quality. Exhaust gas emissions from a total of 104 vehicles were tested with an exhaust gas analyzer. Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured and compared with EU standards for gasoline vehicles and Auto Data Technical information. A series of algorithms developed using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze the data collected. Out of the total number of cars tested, 74 and 80 cars passed the HC and CO tests respectively. 10 cars out of the total were rated as good under CO2 test. In total, 69.5% of the cars tested passed the various tests conducted and about 73 cars representing 70.2% of the cars tested were over 10 years and the emission standards for those years were flexible.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Defects, Root Causes in Casting Process and Their Remedies: ReviewIJERA Editor
Many industry aims to improve quality as well as productivity of manufacturing product. So need to number of process parameter to must controlled while casting process, so there are no of uncertainty and defects are face by organizations. In casting process industries are need to technical solution to minimize the uncertainty and defects. In this review paper to represent various casting defects and root causes for engine parts while casting process. Also provide preventive action to improve quality as well as productivity an industrial level.
Some common Fixed Point Theorems for compatible - contractions in G-metric ...IJERA Editor
We prove some common fixed point theorems for compatible self mappings satisfying some kind of contractive type conditions on complete G-metric spaces and obtain results of Kumara Swamy and Phaneendra[6] and Sushanta Kumar Mohanta[16] as corollaries. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification.47H10, 54H25
Numerical Model and Experimental Validation of the Hydrodynamics in an Indust...IJERA Editor
This paper describes a development of a numerical model and experimental validation of the hydrodynamics in industrial-scale sewage sludge bubbling fluidized bed incinerator. The numerical model and simulations are performed using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. The complex geometry of the developed numerical model represents the actual industrial-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. The gassolid flow behaviour inside the bed was described using the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model. The momentum exchange coefficients between the gas phase and solid particles were described by the Syamlal and O’Brien drag model equations. The CFD transient simulations were run for 350 seconds at the optimum operating conditions of the used fluidized bed with bed temperature of 850°C. The experiments were carried out using quartz sand with three different particle sizes having a diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm and a density of 2650 kg/m³. The industrial-scale furnace was filled with bed material to a bed height of 0.85 m. The same operating parameters have been applied for both experimental and numerical studies. The hydrodynamics of the gas-solid industrial-scale bubbling fluidized bed at operating conditions are investigated in the CFD numerical model and simulations of this three-dimensional (3D) complex geometry. To estimate the prediction quality of the simulations based on the developed numerical model, the minimum fluidization gas velocity and pressure drop results obtained from the CFD simulations are validated with the experimental measurements. The generated simulation results of the pressure drop and minimum fluidization gas velocity of the industrial-scale sewage sludge incinerator based the Eulerian-Eulerian method and Syamlal and O’Brien drag model are in good agreement with the experimental measured data.
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A Proposed Method for Safe Disposal of Consumed Photovoltaic ModulesIJERA Editor
The growth of domestic and large-scale applications of solar energy, especially photovoltaic (PV) cells which reaches annually up to 40 % worldwide since 2000, means that the technology has stepped out from demonstration phase to large-scale deployment. Several countries have started to exploit this huge potential as part of their future energy supply. Photovoltaic cells are manufactured from various semiconductors; materials that are moderately good conductors for electricity but harmful to the environment. End-of-life disposal of PV modules can be an environmental issue. However, due to the long lifespan of PV modules (25 to 30 years), currently most PV modules have not reached the disposal stage. As a result, there is very little experience and knowledge with the disposal and/or recycling techniques of PV modules. This paper proposes a method for safe disposal of solar panels after the end of their life by burying the PV cells into concrete blocks that may be used in different civil applications. Two types of PV cells (mono-crystalline & multi-crystalline) are selected to be mixed with concrete components to investigate their effect on properties of concrete. The experimental results showed that the PV cells have an effect on the concrete properties. Reduction of concrete compressive strength and density, while an increase in the concrete porosity were observed. In General, this study showed the validity of the proposed method to be further investigated for safe disposal of consumed photovoltaic modules
POWER CONSUMING SYSTEM USING WSN IN HEMSIJERA Editor
Today’s buildings account for a large fraction of our energy consumption. In an effort to economize scarce fossil fuels on earth, sensor networks are a valuable tool to increase the energy efficiency of buildings without severely reducing our quality of life. Within a smart building many sensors and actuators are interconnected to form a control system. Nowadays, the deployment of a building control system is complicated because of different communication standards. Here we present a web services-based approach to integrate resource constrained sensor and actuator nodes into IP-based networks. A key feature of our approach is its capability for automatic service discovery. The design and development of an intelligent monitoring and controlling system for home appliances in a real time system is reported in this paper. This system principally monitors the electrical parameters such as voltage and current and subsequently calculates the power consumption of the home appliances that are need to be monitored. The innovation of this system is controlling mechanism implementation in so many ways. Also the proposed system is an economical and easily operable. Due to these intelligent characteristics it become an electricity expense reducer and people friendly.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an autonomous and self-organizing network without any pre-established
infrastructure which offers many advantages in military applications and emergency areas. Source Localization is one of the important monitoring tasks of the WSN. It provides the accurate position of the source using various positioning technologies. In this paper an Impulse Radio Ultra wideband (IR-UWB) positioning system with a two-antenna receiver is used to estimate the Time of arrival (TOA) and Direction of arrival (DOA) positioning parameters. A two dimensional (2D) multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is used to estimate these parameters but it has much higher computational
complexity and also requires 2D spectral peak search. A Successive Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is proposed in this paper which estimates the parameters jointly and gets paired automatically. It avoids the two dimensional peak searches and reduces the complexity compared to the existing methods 2D-MUSIC, Root-MUSIC, Matrix Pencil algorithm, Propagator method and Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm.
Keywords--Time of arrival (TOA), Direction of arrival (DOA), Impulse Radio Ultra Wideband (IR-UWB), Multiple
Signal Classification (MUSIC).
performance analysis of MUSIC and ESPRIT DOA estimation used in adaptive arra...CSCJournals
MUSIC and ESPRIT DOA Estimaion algorithms are widely used in adaptive array to locate the desired desired signal.MUSIC is found to be more stable and accurate and widely used inthe design of adaptive array.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Direction of arrival estimation using music algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract The performance of smart antenna greatly depends on the effectiveness of DOA estimation algorithm. This paper analyzed the performance of MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm for DOA estimation. simulation results shows that MUSIC provide better angular resolution for increasing number of array element, distance between array element and number of samples. All the simulations are carried out using MATLAB. Keywords: DOA (Direction of arrival), MUSIC (Multiple signal classification), ULA(Uniform linear array)
Smart Antenna is a device with signal processing
capability combining multiple antenna elements to optimize its
radiation and reception patterns as per designed specifications.
Smart antennas basically comprise of two functionalities, i.e.,
Direction of Arrival and Beamforming. This paper explains the
estimation of Direction of Arrival using MLM method and a
novel approach called MUltiple Signal Classification which takes
advantage of orthogonal property and performs subspace
computation. With a comparative study of both the algorithms,
we shall prove the advantages of MUltiple Signal Classification
over the MLM method with the aid of MATLAB
Adaptive array smart antenna involves the array
processing to manipulate the signals induced on various antenna elements in such way that the main beam directing towards the desired signal and forming the nulls towards the interferers. Such smart antennas are widely used in wireless mobile communications as they can increase the channel capacity and coverage range. In adaptive array smart antenna, to locate the
desired signal, various direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms are used. This paper investigates Novel Snapshot Based approach using Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique. ESPRIT algorithms provide high angular resolution and hence they are explored much in detail by varying various parameters of smart antenna system.
Index Terms—Smart antenna, ESPIRT, DOA, AOA
Author: S.M.Shashidhara
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
A Novel Algorithm to Estimate Closely Spaced Source DOA IJECEIAES
In order to improve resolution and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of two closely spaced sources, in context of array processing, a new algorithm is presented. However, the proposed algorithm combines both spatial sampling technic to widen the resolution and a high resolution method which is the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) to estimate the DOA of two closely spaced sources impinging on the far-field of Uniform Linear Array (ULA). Simulations examples are discussed to demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed approach (referred as Spatial sampling MUSIC SS-MUSIC) compared to the classical MUSIC method when it’s used alone in this context.
False Peaks Occuring at Direction-Finding Via Cylindrical Antenna Array with ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the problem of DOA estimation methods for cylindrical antenna arrays is considered. The performances are estimated in various noise environments and for various geometries of the antenna arrays. Additionally the problem of false peaks occurring in spatial spectrum is closely considered. Probability of occurring false peaks after computer simulations is presented.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In communication between planes and satellites, Optical Beamforming Networks (OBFNs), which rely on many small and flat Phased Array Antennas (PAAs), need to be tuned in order to receive signals from specific angles. In this paper, we develop a deep neural network representation of tuning OBFNs. The problem of tuning an OBFN is in many aspects similar to training a deep neural network. We present a way to exploit the special structure of OBFNs into deep neural network and an algorithm for tuning OBFNs based on feedback that can be easily measured in real system. Training data, which consists of full signals, can be measured, and therefore is used in this paper. For pilot signals, the desired signal is known explicitly. Given the configuration of OBFNs and all nominal parameters required, it was verified in simulation that the deep neural network can be used to tune large scale OBFNs for any desired delays.
3D METALLIC PLATE LENS ANTENNA BASED BEAMSPACE CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE F...ijwmn
Beamspace channel estimation mechanism for massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) antenna
system presents a major process to compensate the 5G spectrum challenges caused by the proliferation of
information from mobile devices. However, this estimation is required to ensure the perfect channel state
information (CSI) for lower amount of Radio Frequency (RF) chains for each beam. In addition, phase
shifter (PS) components used in this estimation need high power to select the beam in the desired direction.
To overcome these limitations, in this work, we propose Regular Scanning Support Detection (RSSD)
based channel estimation mechanism. Moreover, we utilise a 3D lens antenna array having metallic plate
and a switch in our model which compensates the limitation of phase shifters. Simulation results show that
the proposed RSSD based channel estimation surpasses traditional technique and SD based channel
estimation even in lower SNR area which is highly desirable in the millimeter wave (mmWave) massive
MIMO systems.
3D METALLIC PLATE LENS ANTENNA BASED BEAMSPACE CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE F...ijwmn
Beamspace channel estimation mechanism for massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) antenna
system presents a major process to compensate the 5G spectrum challenges caused by the proliferation of
information from mobile devices. However, this estimation is required to ensure the perfect channel state
information (CSI) for lower amount of Radio Frequency (RF) chains for each beam. In addition, phase
shifter (PS) components used in this estimation need high power to select the beam in the desired direction.
To overcome these limitations, in this work, we propose Regular Scanning Support Detection (RSSD)
based channel estimation mechanism. Moreover, we utilise a 3D lens antenna array having metallic plate
and a switch in our model which compensates the limitation of phase shifters. Simulation results show that
the proposed RSSD based channel estimation surpasses traditional technique and SD based channel
estimation even in lower SNR area which is highly desirable in the millimeter wave (mmWave) massive
MIMO systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on MUSIC Algorithm Using Uniform and Non-Uniform Linear Arrays
1. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -2) March 2017, pp.51-58
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0703025158 51 | P a g e
sw
Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on MUSIC Algorithm
Using Uniform and Non-Uniform Linear Arrays
Eva Kwizera1
, Elijah Mwangi2
and Dominic B.O. Konditi3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pan African University, Kenya, P.O. Box 62000-002000, Nairobi-Kenya
2
School of Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197–00100, Nairobi-Kenya
3
Department of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box
52428-00200, Nairobi-Kenya
ABSTRACT
In signal processing, the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation denotes the direction from which a propagating
wave arrives at a point, where a set of antennas is located. Using the array antenna has an advantage over the
single antenna in achieving an improved performance by applying Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC)
algorithm. This paper focuses on estimating the DOA using uniform linear array (ULA) and non-uniform linear
array (NLA)of antennas to analyze the performance factors that affect the accuracy and resolution of the system
based on MUSIC algorithm. The direction of arrival estimation is simulated on a MATLAB platform with a set
of input parameters such as array elements, signal to noise ratio, number of snapshots and number of signal
sources. An extensive simulation has been conducted and the results show that the NLA with DOA estimation
for co-prime array can achieve an accurate and efficient DOA estimation.
Keywords: Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), Root-MUSIC,
Non-Uniform Linear Array (NLA), Uniform Linear Array (ULA).
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past decades, many array models
such as the uniform linear array (ULA), uniform
circular array, uniform rectangular array, and non-
uniform linear array (NLA) have been utilized
towards the achievement of the direction of arrival
(DOA) estimation[1]. To get an accurate DOA
estimation of the narrowband signal sent from a far
field source to a receiving array antenna can
increase the wireless communication systems
capacity [2]. Therefore, putting effort on improving
DOA estimation methods isa key to developing the
quality of wireless networks.
Many methods have been employedto
solve such problems among them the maximum
likelihood (ML) method of Capon (1969) and
Burg's maximum entropy (ME) method which are
among the non-subspace techniques [3], [4].
Although they have been often successful and
widely used, these methods have certain
fundamental limitations especially the bias and
sensitivity in parameter estimates, largely because
they use an incorrect model of the measurements
[5]. Then, Schmidt in1979[6]corrected the
measurement model in the case of sensor arrays of
arbitrary form and proposes the subspace technique
termed Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC)
algorithm. It is based on exploiting the eigen
structure of the input covariance matrix. The DOA
of multiple source signals can be easily estimated
by identifying the peaks of a MUSIC spatial
spectrum. Thereafter, for reduction of
computational complexity of MUSIC, Root-
MUSIC algorithm was developed by Bara bell in
1983[7]. It is based on polynomial rooting giving
higher resolution, but it is possible to use it when
only a uniform linear array is present. For the small
number of array elements with also small value of
signal to noise ratio, the Root- MUSIC is more
accurate compared to MUSIC.
Recently, a non-uniform linear array in a
form of co-prime array has been proposed[8]. Its
most remarkable property is that it increases the
degrees of freedom. In addition, the autocorrelation
of signals can be estimated in a much denser
spacing other than the physically sparse sampling
spacing, and sinusoids in noise can be estimated in
a more effective way. Due to the useful properties
of the NLA, its importance has been realized and
has been the object of research in the last few
years. Some researchers such as Paland
Vaidyanathan in [9], [10] proposed a new method
for a super resolution spectral estimation from the
perspective of degree of freedom increase. Further
to these efforts, Wengand Petar in [11]proposed a
search-free DOA algorithm for co-prime arrays by
using a projection-like method to eliminate the
phase ambiguities for obtaining the unique
estimation of DOA.
In this paper, a method of estimation of
DOA by comparing the performance analysis using
uniform and non-uniform linear array antennas is
proposed. It underlies the factors that affect the
accuracy and resolution of the system based on
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -2) March 2017, pp.51-58
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0703024650 52 | P a g e
multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and root-
MUSIC algorithms. The performance evaluation of
the MUSIC algorithm under ULA and NLA is
given.
The remainder of this paper is organized
as follows. In Section 2, the signal model of the
uniform linear array is presented. In Section 3, the
description of a detailed MUSIC algorithm
implementation is given. Section 4, shows a non-
uniform linear array with combined MUSIC
algorithm. Simulation and discussion of the results
are presented in Section 5. Finally, conclusion and
recommendation for future work is highlighted in
Section 6.
II. SIGNAL MODEL OF UNIFORM
LINEAR ARRAY
Consider a linear array antenna with M
antenna elements that are equally spaced with a
distanced that is strictly equal to a half
wavelength( ).Assume that there are
narrowband signal sources ( ) located at
with signal powers . The
incident signals and the noise are uncorrelated. In
addition the incident signals are themselves
uncorrelated. Let the number of signal sources be
less than the number of antenna elements .
The steering vector for source located at is
with with element
, where is the antennas location
and is the wavelength as shown in the fig. 1.
Fig.1. A plane wave incident on a uniform linear
array antenna
The signal collected by all antennas at
time can be expressed as
Where is a
vector received by the array antenna,
is a steering
vector. Its expression is shown in (2), is the
signal vector generated by the
source, and is the
additive white Gaussian noise.
(2)
The narrowband signal from (1) can be expressed
as:
Where is the complex envelope of
and is the angular frequency of .
As assumed all signals have the same
center frequency, therefore:
Where is the speed of the light and is
the wavelength of the signal.
According to the narrowband assumption,
the following approximation is valid:
The delayed wavefront signal is:
The output signal of the mth
element is:
From (6) the output steering array vector is:
III. MUSIC ALGORITHM
IMPLEMENTATION
Multiple signal classification is a subspace
technique based on exploiting the eigenstructure of
input covariance matrix [12]. Through a set of
input parameters such as number of array elements,
number of snapshots, element spacing, angular
3. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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separation, signal-to-noise ratio and MUSIC
algorithm, the DOA is estimated with high
resolution. This leads to high quality of wireless
communication.
The autocorrelation of the received signal is:
Where is the conjugate transpose
matrix. The noise is assumed to be zero mean and
additive white Gaussian and is uncorrelated to the
signal.
Replacing (1) into(9), the covariance
matrix is obtained:
Where is called source
signal correlation matrix, is a noise
correlation matrix.
If are eigenvalues of
spatial correlation matrix ; Then the performance
of eigenvalue associated with a particular
eigenvector is given as:
Therefore, eigenvectors of are obtained
using (14);
The eigenvalues are sorted accordingto
their magnitudes . The
larger eigenvalues correspond to signal subspace,
while small eigenvalues corresponds to noise. The
largest eigenvalues are all values greater than Kthat
is , and the rest are all valuesthat are less
than .Thus, MUSIC “Spatial spectrum” in [12]is
defined as:
IV. NON-UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY
WITH COMBINED MUSIC
ALGORITHM
A system with the array antennas linearly
spaced,the different array elements spacing and the
signal phase differencesis considered. In this
case,one non-uniform linear arraycan be
decomposed into two uniform linear arrays as
shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3 respectively. The
direction of arrival is estimated by combining
MUSIC results from the two co-prime arrays.
Fig. 2.Co-prime non-uniform linear array
Fig.3.Two co-prime uniform linear arrays
The received signal vector of each sub-array at the
t-th time slot can be defined as:
The array output vector of the co-prime array is
given by:
According to the far-field assumption, the steering
vector corresponding to the kth
source is:
(19)
Where
Steering arrays of each linear array are given by:
By obtaining each sample of covariance matrices
from(16) and (17),the two decomposed uniform
linear sub-arrays give:
Replacing the received signal vector of each sub-
array(16) and (17) by their values,the following is
obtained:
4. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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Where and
are source signal correlation
matrices of subarrays and respectively,
is a noise correlation matrix for each
subarray.
If and are
eigenvalues of the spatial correlation
matrix and , then the performance of
eigenvalue associated with a particular eigenvector
for each sub-array is given as:
The eigenvectors of and
from (24) and (25) are obtained using (36) whereby
is:
Therefore applying eigen-decomposition to the
sample covariance matrices in (24) and (25) yields:
Then, according to the orthogonality between the
signalsubspace and the noise subspace of each sub-
array, the MUSIC spatial pseudo-spectrum of the
two decomposed linear subarrays and
respectively, are:
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
In this session, computer simulations are
provided to substantiate the performance analysis
of uniform and non-uniform linear arrays. In all
cases, the impinging source signals are narrowband
signals operating at the same center frequency
2.4GHz the similar to the one used in wireless
communication (wi-fi), with the azimuth arrival
angle interval in the range: [-π/2,π/2]. These signals
are uncorrelated with themselves and with the noise
as well. The additive background noise is assumed
to be spatially and temporarily uncorrelated white
complex Gaussian with the zero-mean.
These simulations are subdivided into
three parts. Firstly the validation of the results
using existing data in the literature was given, then
the variations of the direction of arrival with
number of snapshots and with number of array
elements, for both ULA and NLA are simulated.
This is to study the performance evaluation and the
accuracy of the direction of arrival estimation for
each array arrangement.
a. Validation of results
The simulation results were justified by
using existing data in the literature.The dashed
lines in fig.4 are results represented by Dhering[7]
and the continuous lines are the present work with
the increased signal to noise ratio. As observed,
there is a good agreement between the simulated
results and the published data by Dhering.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
DOA in degree
MUSICspectrum
DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm
SNR=15
SNR=25
SNR=35
SNR=20
SNR=30
SNR=40
Fig. 4: variation of DOA estimation with SNR
b. Experiment 1: Variation of DOA with the
snapshots
In experiment 1, the variation of the DOA
estimation with the number of snapshots is
simulated. For uniform linear array, the number of
snapshots was varied from N=100 to N=1000
snapshots in steps of 100 snapshots. The results of
the DOA for N=100,500 and 1000 snapshots are
given in fig 5. This simulation is based on MUSIC
algorithm. During the simulation of this
experiment, the following signal and array
parameters are kept constant:
True DOA: 60° and 68°,signal frequency:
Freq=2.4GHz,SNR=-5dB,Array size:M=11.
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-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA (degree)
MUSICspectrum
DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm
N=100
N=500
N=1000
Fig. 5: Variation of DOA estimation with
snapshots
The results from fig 5 can be summarized
in Table 1. It can be noted that with
snapshots, the estimated DOA is and
respectively; Also, with snapshots the
estimated DOA is and respectively; with
snapshots the estimated DOA is
and respectively.
Table 1: Estimated DOA with snapshots for ULA
No of snapshots
100 60.5 67
500 59.5 68
1000 60 69
The simulation for the non - uniform
linear array with DECOM (7,5), the number of
snapshots was varied from to
snapshots in steps of 100 snapshots. The results of
the DOA for snapshots
are given in fig. 6, fig. 7 and fig. 8respectively.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=7
J=5
Fig. 6: DOA estimation with 100 snapshots using
DECOM (7,5)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=7
J=5
Fig. 7: DOA estimation with 500 snapshots using
DECOM (7,5)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=7
J=5
Fig.8: DOA estimation with 1000 snapshots using
DECOM (7,5)
The results from fig. 6, fig. 7 and fig. 8can
be summarized in Table 2. It can be noted that with
snapshots, the estimated DOA is and
respectively; Also, with snapshots
the estimated DOA is and respectively;
with snapshots the estimated DOA is
and respectively.
Table 2: Estimated DOA with snapshots for
DECOM
No of snapshots
100 60 68
500 60 68
1000 60 68
c. Experiment 2: Variation of DOA with array
elements
In experiment 2, the variation of the DOA
estimation with the number of array size is
simulated. For uniform linear array, the number of
array element was varied from elements to
elements in steps of 2 elements. The
results of the DOA for elements
are given in fig 4.10. This simulation is based on
6. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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MUSIC algorithm. During the simulation of this
experiment, the following signal and array
parameters are kept constant:
.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
DOA (degree)
MUSICspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm
M=3
M=6
M=11
Fig. 9: DOA estimation with array elements
variation
The results from fig. 9 can be summarized
in Table 5. It can be noted that with
elements, the estimated DOA is and
respectively; Also, with elements the
estimated DOA is and respectively; with
the estimated DOA is and
respectively.
Table 3: Estimated DOA with the array elements
for ULA
3 61 66
6 60 68.5
11 60 68
The simulation for the non -uniform linear
array, the array size was varied. The results of the
DOA for DECOM
(11,5)are given are in fig. 10, fig. 11, fig. 12
respectively.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=4
J=3
Fig. 10: Variation of DOA estimation with
DECOM (4,3)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=9
J=4
Fig. 11: Variation of DOA estimation with
DECOM (9,4)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
DOA(degree)
DECOMspectrumfunction
DOA estimation based on combined MUSIC algorithm
L=11
J=5
Fig. 12: Variation of DOA estimation with
DECOM (11,5)
7. Eva Kwizera.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -2) March 2017, pp.51-58
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The results from fig. 10, fig. 11, fig. 12
can be summarized in Table 6. It can be noted that
with , the estimated DOA for 4
elements is and , for 3 elements is
and respectively; Also, with the
estimated DOA for 9 elements is and , for
4 elements is and respectively; with
the estimated DOA for 11 elements
is and , for 5 elements is and
respectively.
Table 4: Estimated DOA with signal to noise ratio
for DECOM
59.5 67.5 60 69
60 68 60 68
60 68 60 68
d. Discussion
A comparative study has been made
between uniform linear array and non-uniform
linear array. The computer simulation are depicted
to show the performance evaluation of MUSIC and
Root-MUSIC algorithms based on variation of
DOA estimation with number of snapshots, signal
to noise ratio, number of array elements and
number of signal sources. The simulation results
were divided into five experiments.
The experiment 1 shows the variation of
DOA with the number of snapshots. It is noted that
the results from fig. 5 show that the more the
snapshots the narrower is the beam width of the
signal. Although the higher the number of
snapshots the more accurate is the DOA estimation
for the uniform linear array, the non-uniform linear
array has better performance as shown in fig. 6, fig.
7 and fig. 8.
The experiment 2 shows the variation of
DOA with the number of array elements. For the
smart antennas to obtain a reasonable gain, an array
antenna with many elements is necessary. As
observed in fig 4.9 the beam width becomes
narrower as the number of array elements keeps on
increasing. But the performance is better when
using non-uniform linear array as observed in fig.
10, fig. 11 and fig. 12. Although a very big number
of sensors lead to much computational complexity
which demands more time for processing, also it
may lead to a mutual coupling and may occupy a
big space which makes it to be more expensive.
Therefore, choosing a reasonable number of array
elements is necessary to avoid problems stated
above.
VI. CONCLUSION
The direction of arrival (DOA) plays a
very big important role in wireless communication
systems particularly in array signal processing. It
has many application in engineering fields such as
radar, sonar, weather forecasting, tracking targets,
ocean and geological exploration, seismic survey
and biomedical, and communications in general.
From the simulation results, it is clear that
the MUSIC algorithm is more accurate and has a
higher resolution. This occurs especially when
there is large size of antenna array, more SNR and
a high number of snapshots for the ULA. In
addition, when comparing the uniform linear array
to the non-uniform linear array, the latter shows a
higher accuracy and higher resolution. The NLA
has more degree of freedom and allow a larger
inter-element spacing than a half wavelength
( ) which is not the case for ULA. In addition,
the autocorrelation of signals can be estimated in a
much denser spacing other than the physically
sparse sampling spacing, and sinusoids in noise can
be estimated in a more effective way when using
non-uniform linear array. The Non-uniform linear
array is thus more advantageous than a uniform
linear array.
Finally, the answer to some accuracy and
directivity problems of direction of arrival
estimation by using the MUSIC algorithm was
given. The simulation experiments are given to
perform some of those problems.
Briefly, this paper described what DOA
estimation is, and give a mathematical model of
DOA estimation. Then, the analysis of the
performance for uniform linear array (ULA) and
non-uniform linear array (NLA) were given. The
estimation DOA based on the multiple
classification signal (MUSIC) algorithm was
provided. An extensive simulation has been
conducted in MATLAB and the results show that
the NLA for co-prime array can achieve an
accurate and efficient DOA estimation.
In the future, the application of the two
dimensions of NLA in form of DOA estimation for
co-prime array is recommended in more
accordance with the real time environments.
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