The document summarizes the evolution and current state of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It traces the CFSP from its origins in the 1970 European Political Cooperation, through important treaties like Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, and Lisbon. It describes the key institutions and policies that comprise the modern CFSP, including the High Representative, European External Action Service, Common Security and Defense Policy, and relationships with external partners. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development and structure of the EU's foreign and security policy apparatus.

1. FOREIGN AND FOREIGN TRADE
A C Ramana Reddy
M Siddhardha

2. FOREIGN POLICY-CFSP
• Organised and agreed foreign policy of EU
• EU’s defence agreed as responsibility of NATO
according to CFSP
• CFSP deals with international issues of political or
diplomatic nature, including issues with a security or
military orientation

3. CFSP-GENERAL STRUCTURE
Common Foreign And Security Policy
• Institutions involved and acting bodies
• Common Security and Defence Policy(CSDP)
• Common Commercial Policy
• Humanitarian aid and Development assistance
• Neighbourhood policy
• Relations with US, NATO etc.

4. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH
TREATIES
• 1970 European Political Cooperation
• 1992 Maastricht Treaty
• Common Foreign and Security Policy
• 1997 Amsterdam Treaty
• High Representative for CFSP
• 2000 Nice Treaty
• 2009 Lisbon Treaty

5. EUROPEAN POLITICAL
CO-OPERATION(EPC)
• Established in 1970 through Luxembourg Report
• Intergovernmental forum, outside European community
• Copenhagen Summit in 1973, London report in 1981
strengthened the EPC
• The Single European Act (SEA) of February 1986
institutionalised the EPC and established a small
permanent secretariat in Brussels to assist the Presidency

6. MAASTRICHT TREATY
• Maastricht Treaty replaced EPC with the Common
Foreign and Security Policy.
• The Treaty introduced the ‘three-pillar system’, with
the CFSP as the second pillar which involves an
intergovernmental decision-making process which
largely relies on unanimity.
• The Council of foreign ministers will decide Common
Positions and Joint Actions, and QMV can be used
to implement the latter.
• The Commission can initiate proposals and the
Court of Justice has no say in this area.

7. AMSTERDAM TREATY
• A security and defence policy dimension was
added to the “second pillar”.
• A new foreign policy instrument namely common
strategies was added to the existing ones.
• “Petersburg tasks” of the WEU were integrated into
the Treaty on European Union .
• The position of a High Representative for CFSP and
Secretary General of the Council was established;
to contribute to the formulation, preparation, and
implementation of foreign policy decisions as well as
to act on behalf of the Council in the international
affairs.
• The High Representative also heads a new Policy
Planning and Early Warning Unit.

8. TREATY OF NICE
• security and defence policy provisions were
transformed into an independent policy, the so-
called “European Security and Defence Policy”
(ESDP).
• The EU thus fulfilled the institutional prerequisites to
execute the “Petersburg tasks” on its own and
conduct both civil and military crisis management.
• Political and Security Committee (PSC), the Military
Committee (EUMC) and the Military Staff (EUMS),
and the Politico-Military Group (PMG), the
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis
Management (CIVCOM).
• introduced the possibility of establishing enhanced
cooperation

9. LISBON TREATY
• Two major innovations:
• the creation of the High Representative of the Union
for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the
European External Action Service;
• the development of the Common Security and
Defence Policy.
• Abolition of the 2nd pillar of the old EU Structure
• Instruments of the CFSP replaced
• Role of the court of justice
• Financing the CFSP

10. CFSP-CURRENT SCENARIO

11. CFSP CURRENT OBJECTIVES
• Safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence
and integrity of the EU in conformity with the principles of the Charter of
UN
• Strengthen the security of the Union in all ways
• Preserve peace and strengthen international security, in accordance
with the principles of the Charter of UN, as well as the principles of
the Helsinki Final Act and the objectives of the Paris Charter including
those on external borders
• Promote international co-operation
• Develop and consolidate Democracy and Nomocracy and respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms

12. CFSP-MAIN ELEMENTS
• High Representative
• European External Affairs Service(EEAS)
• Common Security and Defence policy(CSDP)
• Policies like ENP, EuropeAid etc.
• Other entities like FAC,PSC,EUMC etc.

13. CFSP-POLICY TYPES
• Principles, general guidelines and common
strategies of CFSP defined by the European Council
• Joint actions and Common positions taken by
Council of Ministers
• Joint actions are situation specific and address
circumstances where EU actions are obligatory
• Common positions define the approach of EU in
matters of thematic nature and define general
guidelines to which national policies ought to
comply with in the abstract of CFSP

14. HIGH REPRESENTATIVE
• Authority additional to the President of European
Council
• Made distinct from the Secretary General of COM
from Lisbon Treaty
• Addresses on behalf of EU in agreed foreign policy
matters of EU with other countries

15. HIGH REPRESENTATIVE
• Holds various responsibilities within EU
- Head of EEAS and delegations
- President of FAC and EDA
- Responsible for European Union
Special Representatives
- Chairperson of board of EUISS
• Reporting authority of bodies related to CFSP and also
articulates ambiguous policy positions created by
disagreements among member states

16. EUROPEAN EXTERNAL ACTION
SERVICE(EEAS)
• Also established following the Lisbon Treaty and
formally launched after one year(2010)
• Serves as foreign ministry and ‘corps diplomatique’
for EU aiding to implement CFSP and EU’s external
representation
• Under the authority of HR for assistance

17. EEAS-STRUCTURE
• Functionally autonomous from other EU bodies but is
responsible for consistency of its policies with those
of other EU bodies in merging areas
• Staff include members from Council and
Commission and diplomatic services of member
states taken directly by the HR

18. FLOW CHART-EEAS

19. COMMON SECURITY AND
DEFENCE POLICY(CSDP)
• Major element of CFSP
• Domain of EU’s policies covering defence and
military aspects and civilian crisis management
• Formed and developed by the European Council
formally
• Currently handled by the High Representative and
EEAS with inputs from others

20. CSDP-ACTIONS
• Operations carried out by organisations such as
EDA, PSC,EUMS and CMPD etc.
• Several ongoing civilian missions and military
operations in various parts of world curbing threat to
EU and its interests.

21. CURRENT MISSIONS AND
OPERATIONS

22. EUROPEAN SECURITY
STRATERGY
• Provides conceptual framework for enaction of
CSDP
• Titled ‘A secure Europe in a better world’, ESS was
adopted to enunciate five key challenges faced by
EU viz. Terrorism, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass
Destruction, Regional conflicts, State failure and
organised crime
• Several strategies formed and adopted for taking
measures against the challenges

23. OTHER BODIES INVOLVED
• The Foreign Affairs Council(FAC)
Advisive body for policy proposal for enaction by the
HR and EEAS
• The Political and Security Committee(PSC)
Monitory of international situation in the areas covered
by the CFSP and implementation of agreed policies
Also contributes in delivering opinions to the COM, either
at its request or its own initiative
• European Defence Agency(EDA)
Takes care of military research, international market
for military and weapons technology and encourages
the defence capabilities

24. OTHER BODIES INVOLVED
• European Union Military Service(EUMC)
Highest military body within the council comprising
of Chiefs of Defence of each member state acting
as advisory on all military matters within the EU
• Crisis Management & Planning Directorate(CMPD)
Political-strategic planner of CSDP civilian missions
and military operations

25. OTHER BODIES INVOLVED
• European Union Institute of Security Studies(EUISS)
and European Union Satellite Centre(EUSC) are
institutions of research and development with a
mission to find common security culture of EU
• The former researches security issues of relevance to
EU and provides a form of debate and the latter
provides input in the form of satellite imagery and
collateral data

26. ADDITIONAL POLICIES AND
INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS
• European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP)
• Development and Co-operation-EuropeAid
• Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid
• Conflict Prevention, Peace building and Mediation
• Non-proliferation, disarmament and export control
• Global Challenges

27. EuropeAid
• Directorate-General in the Commission, unified in
2011, aimed for extending development and co-
operation to countries in need
• Thematic classification of areas to offer support
using several financial and assistive instruments

28. INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS
• Human rights are treated universal and indivisible.
Efforts are made to promote and defend them both
internally as well as while engaging in treaties
• Conflict prevention and mediation by the efforts of
EEAS and following the ideology of promoting
peace

29. INVOLVEMENT IN GLOBAL
CHALLENGES
• Increasing efforts are made
in tackling the global challenges
such as Sustainable energy, Global
warming, Environment conservation etc.

30. FOREIGN TRADE

31. INTRODUCTION

32. EU in World Trade
• EU constitutes the largest trading bloc in the world
accounting for more than a fifth of global imports
and exports.
• World largest exporter and the second largest
importer of goods.
• The EU is the largest economy in the world with a
GDP per head of €25 000 for its 500 million
consumers.
• The EU ranks first in both inbound and outbound
international investments.
• The EU is the top trading partner for 80 countries.

33. 10 major EU export partners
(2012)

34. 10 major EU import partners
(2012)

35. EU's investments in the
world
Sources: Eurostat, converted from US$ / 2011

36. EU Trade Policy
• The EU manages trade and investment relations with
non-EU countries through the EU's trade and
investment policy.
• Trade policy is an exclusive power of the EU
• Trade policy is set down in Article 207 of the Treaty
on the Functioning of the European Union

37. The Common commercial
policy
Part V (Title II) TFEU
• Art.206 TFEU:
• ”By establishing a customs union in accordance with Articles 28 to
32, the Union shall contribute, in the common interest, to the
harmonious development of world trade, the progressive abolition of
restrictions on international trade and on foreign direct investment,
and the lowering of customs and other barriers.”
• Art.207 TFEU:
• “The common commercial policy shall be based on uniform
principles, particularly with regard to changes in tariff rates, the
conclusion of tariff and trade agreements relating to trade in goods
and services, and the commercial aspects of intellectual property,
foreign direct investment, the achievement of uniformity in measures
of liberalisation, export policy and measures to protect trade such as
those to be taken in the event of dumping or subsidies. The common
commercial policy shall be conducted in the context of the
principles and objectives of the Union's external action.

38. EU Trade Policy -
Objectives
• Create a global system for fair and open trade
• Open up markets with key partner countries
• Make sure others play by the rules
• Ensure trade is a force for sustainable development

39. Instruments
• Autonomous EU measures: e.g. Regulation
2603/69/EEC laying down common rules for exports
(import quotas), anti-dumping duties and other
protective measures…
• International agreements: art. 207(3) TFEU attributes
to the EU the competence to conclude treaties in
CCP field with third counties and IOs (art. 218).

40. EU Trade Policy Dimensions
• The multilateral dimension of EU trade policy centres
on the WTO and takes the form of multilateral
rounds of negotiation such as the Doha
Development Agenda.
• Bilateral dimension
• Globally more than 200 FTAs
• Unilateral dimension
• GSP, GSP + and Everything But Arms
• Trade Defense instruments

41. How EU trade policy is
made
• The European Parliament decides jointly with the
Council on the framework of EU trade policy –
through the ordinary legislative procedure.
• While the Commission maintains the right of
initiative, for its proposals to be formally adopted,
agreement has to be reached between the co-
legislators.
• International agreements are adopted by the
Council, after the Parliament has given its consent.

42. How trade agreements are
negotiated
• The Commission negotiates with the trading partner on behalf of
the EU, working closely with the Member States in the Council
and keeping the European Parliament fully informed.

43. Trade defence
• A way of protecting European production against
international trade distortions (Unfair trade practices)
• Anti-dumping Policy
• A company is dumping if it is exporting a product to the EU at
prices lower than the normal value of the product (the domestic
prices of the product or the cost of production) on its own
domestic market.
• The European Commission is responsible for investigating
allegations of dumping by exporting producers in non-EU
countries.
• It usually opens an investigation after receiving a complaint from
the Community producers of the product concerned, but it can
also do so on its own initiative.
• If the investigation finds that the conditions have been met, then
anti dumping measures are imposed on imports of the product
concerned
• The anti dumping duties are paid by the importer in the EU and
collected by the national customs authorities of the EU countries
concerned.

44. Anti-subsidy Policy
• A subsidy is a financial contribution from a government
or public body which, in the case of trade, affects the
pricing of goods imported into the EU.
• The EU may impose duties to neutralise the benefit of
such a subsidy on imported goods when the subsidy is
limited to a specific industry or group of industries.

45. Safeguard measures
• Safeguards are intended for situations in which an EU
industry is affected by an unforeseen, sharp and
sudden increase of imports.
• Unlike anti dumping and anti subsidy measures,
safeguards do not focus on whether trade is fair or not,
so the conditions for imposing them are more stringent.

46. European Neighbourhood
Policy
• In 2004, the EU launched the European
Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) to develop deeper
political and economic ties with neighbouring
countries.
• This ENP framework is proposed to the 16 of EU's
closest neighbours – Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,
Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia
and Ukraine. The ENP is not yet ‘activated’ for
Algeria, Belarus, Libya and Syria. An Action Plan with
Algeria is currently under negotiation. Remaining 12
are currently are already fully participating as
partners in the ENP.

48. How ENP works ?
• The program allows the EU to advocate for the
adoption of common political and economic
values.
• In return, ENP participants may receive enhanced
trade and economic ties with the EU, as well as aid
and technical assistance.
• ENP also encompasses three regional initiatives—the
Eastern Partnership, the Union for the
Mediterranean, and the Black Sea Synergy—
designed to complement the bilateral action plans.

49. • Central to the ENP are the bilateral Action Plans or Association
Agendas between the EU and each ENP partner.
• The ENP action plans (or Association Agendas for Eastern partner
countries)
• set out the partner country's agenda for political and economic
reforms, with short and medium-term priorities of 3 to 5 years
• reflect the country's needs and capacities, as well as its and the
EU’s interests.

50. Implementation &
monitoring
• The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place
between the EU and the partner in question: Partnership
and Cooperation Agreements (PCA) or Association
Agreements (AA).
• Implementation of the ENP is jointly promoted and
monitored through the Committees and sub-Committees
established in the frame of these agreements.
• The European External Action Service and the European
Commission publish each year the ENP Progress Reports.
The assessments and recommendations contained in the
Progress Reports form the basis for EU policy towards
each ENP partner under the "more for more" principle.

51. The Benefits of ENP
• Under the ENP, the EU works together with its partners to
develop democratic, socially equitable and inclusive
societies, and offers its neighbours economic integration,
improved circulation of people across borders, financial
assistance and technical cooperation toward
approximation with EU standards.
• The EU supports the achievement of these objectives.
• financial support – grants worth €12 bn were given to ENP-
related projects from 2007 to 2013
• economic integration and access to EU markets – in 2011
trade between the EU and its ENP partners totalled
€230bn
• easier travel to the EU – 3.2 m Schengen visas were issued
to citizens, and in particular to students from ENP countries
in 2012
• technical and policy support