This lecture discusses international banking and the associated risks. It begins by defining international banking as transactions crossing national boundaries. It then examines reasons for the growth of international banking since the 1960s. The key risks discussed are sovereign risk, risks in the international interbank market, and currency risk. Historical banking crises are reviewed like the Latin American debt crisis in the 1980s and Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 to highlight lessons learned about risks in unregulated international banking.
The slides contain discussion on the global capital market as well as international lending. It also identifies the different bond markets at well as current data on international lending.
The slides contain discussion on the global capital market as well as international lending. It also identifies the different bond markets at well as current data on international lending.
International Banking - presentation involves introduction to IB, Types, Services Offered, Reasons, Features and Benefits, Its Working, Challenges, and Trends in IB
Overview of legal and financial risk-management considerations in financing international business transactions. In other words, "How to Get Paid, or Get what you Pay For in International Business".
explain about techniques for hedging transaction exposure, how to used hedge future, option, money market for payable and receivable, comparing techniques for hedging vs not-hedging
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
International Banking - presentation involves introduction to IB, Types, Services Offered, Reasons, Features and Benefits, Its Working, Challenges, and Trends in IB
Overview of legal and financial risk-management considerations in financing international business transactions. In other words, "How to Get Paid, or Get what you Pay For in International Business".
explain about techniques for hedging transaction exposure, how to used hedge future, option, money market for payable and receivable, comparing techniques for hedging vs not-hedging
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
Current Trends in Selected Industries: BankingEren Ocakverdi
Conceptual introduction to Banking for the first week of the elective course (AD487). Presentation relies heavily on Frederic Mishkin's textbook: The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 9th ed,
Liquidity Crises
A sudden and prolonged evaporation of both market and funding liquidity, with potentially serious consequences for the stability of the financial system and economy.
This study presentation looks at the causes and consequences of different types of financial crisis. It also focuses on the Hyman Minsky theory of financial instability in a capitalist economic system.
Capital flows management in emerging countries: Some lessons from the recent ...Mahmoud Sami Nabi
- International capital flows and economic development
- Rationale for the capital flows management (CFM)
- Impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on capital flows in emerging countries
- Some lessons from the CFM during the COVID-19 crisis
After the storm- Global Financial Crisis 27 aug 2010Gaurav Sharma
Global Financial Order - Reasons for Crisis, Current Status, The BIG Shifts- Public Debt, Global De-leverage, Wealth Concetration & Creation.
Talk Delivered at Fore School Of Management, new Delhi
The Subprime Crisis & Implications for Microfinance (SVMN, 05/18/08)Dave McClure
Presentation on the US Subprime Crisis & Impact / Implications on Microfinance, by Katherine McKee, CGAP, to the Silicon Valley Microfinance Network (SVMN.net).
This is a recording of a revision webinar exploring some of the causes of financial crises in developed and emerging market countries. There are many different types of crises ranging from currency/external debt crises to disturbances in banking systems.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)
International banking
1. Lecture 10: International banking
The sessions so far have focused on
banking in a domestic context. In this
lecture we are going to look at the issues
which arise from the internationalisation
of banking, which has been a growing
trend since the 1960s.After looking at the
nature of international banking and
reasons for its growth, we shall focus on
risks. The most important risks are the
problem of sovereign risk and the
behaviour of the international interbank
market (IIBM), although exchange rate
risk can also pose difficulties.
2. Definition of international banking
Banking transactions crossing national
boundaries
International lending:
• all claims of domestic banks offices
on foreign residents
• claims of foreign bank offices on
local residents
• claims of domestic bank offices on
domestic residents in foreign currency
Deposits similarly classified (by
residence of bank or depositor, or
currency)
Eurocurrency deposits – placed with
banks outside the country whose
currency the deposits are denominated in
(not necessarily in euros!)
3. Features of international banking
Key aspects: currency risk and
complexity of credit risk besides typical
banking risks
Competition for market share among
banks (typically spreads very narrow)
Cyclical nature, with periodic crises
Competition for bank loans from the
international bond market (close
substitutes for loans)
Importance of international interbank
market (IIBM) as source of liquidity and
funding for banks, and risks arising
Role of risk management activities
(swaps, options, futures)
4. Historical evolution:
Origin in Renaissance (lending to kings)
Active international lending and bond
market in the 19th
century (also trade
financing)
Decline in 20s and 30s as governments
restricted international trade and
financing
Growth of trade and multinationals
(MNEs) postwar
Development of euromarkets in the
1960s (owing to regulatory differences)
Abolition of capital controls after
breakdown of Bretton Woods
Waves of lending to EMEs (such as Latin
America in 1970s, Asia in 1990s)
5. Reasons for international banking
Migration of domestic customers,
notably MNEs growing foreign activities
Effects of regulatory differences
(structural and prudential)
Input cost differences (e.g. in cost of
domestic funding) - Japanese in the past
Comparative advantages in retail banking
(Citibank)
Development of major financial centres
offering benefits to banks:
• Business contacts
• Location of customers
• Pool of skilled labour
• Trades and professions
• Liquidity and efficiency of markets
(thick market externalities)
• Interrelation of markets (e.g.
derivatives and underlying)
Potential for increasing returns to scale
and self sustaining growth of centres
6. Main financing activities:
Key feature is nationality of issuer and
investor differs
(1) Syndicated lending – credit facility
offered simultaneously by a number of
banks from more than one country who
sign same loan agreement and stand
equally in right of repayment. Lead
manager does credit assessment and
(delegated) monitoring. Unsecured but
extensive covenants Use in finance of
projects and mergers.
(2) Eurobond issuance and trading –
bearer bonds issued in markets other than
the country of issue. Unsecured and few
covenants except negative pledge (no
future borrowing at higher seniority), and
usually call provisions
(3) Euronotes, international equity,
international interbank market – see
below
7.
8.
9. Sovereign risks 1
Can occur for Eurobonds (Argentina
2001) or Syndicated credits (Latin
America 1982, see below)
Solvency and liquidity concepts blurred –
cannot seize assets “countries don’t go
bankrupt”
Repeated relationship gives borrower
leverage to bargain and restructure
Lesser enforceability due to both
borrower and lender behaviour – lender
dependent on “willingness” and not
“ability” to repay, dependent in turn on:
• Penalties for violation
• Lender’s resolve to impose penalties
• (All) lenders willingness to lend in
future
10. Sovereign risks 2
Information asymmetry (e.g. on overall
indebtedness and susceptibility to
penalties) and hence adverse selection
Moral hazard and rationing – sovereign
forces borrower to extend more credit
than is optimal
Possible international rescues and further
moral hazard
Free rider problems in resolution of
crises – never in individual bank’s
interests to forgive debt. Issue of “hold-
outs” in restructuring a particular
problem when debts are securitised.
11. The LDC debt crisis 1982-
High and volatile inflation and interest
rates in 1970s, and shifts in wealth
holding due to rise in commodity prices
Increase in payment imbalances,
financed by syndicated credits, which
lowered sunk costs of entry to
international bank lending
Rise in public debt and leverage, often in
foreign currency
Wide range of banks participated, with
fine spreads
Short maturity of loans may have
encouraged banks to believe they could
easily exit the market
Some encouragement by authorities
Banks’ focus on balance sheet growth,
possible moral hazard, misunderstanding
of sovereign risks
Oil shock raised needs for financing and
cut ability to service
12. Shock of Mexican default in 1982 led to
cutoff in lending (although interbank
market continued to function with
government support)
After crisis, banks would only lend to
countries which rescheduled and/or seen
as best risks
Resolution took many years – banks
technically insolvent and ldcs suffered
fiscal austerity and slower growth to
correct imbalances and recover credit
standing
Banks lost out to securities markets as
had to rebuild capital
Variety of international efforts (such as
“Brady Plan”) contributed to resolution
14. International interbank market
Market in short term placement of
deposits at fixed rate between banks in
different countries
Initial function liquidity adjustment –
improve allocation of deposits
Additional functions risk management
via derivatives, and funding per se
Encouraged by low capital charges on
lending to banks (Basel 1 set 20%)
Structural current account surplus in
some OECD countries
Link to central banks and belief in
availability of support (Basel concordat),
giving less incentive to monitor
15. Risks in the international interbank
market 1 (Bernard and Bisignano
2001)
Lack of security (collateral) and low
levels of information-gathering
Link to moral hazard due to implicit
guarantees by central banks
Growing need for liquidity owing to
growth in international trading and
transactions (notably OTC derivatives
can give rise to unexpected liquidity
demands)
Increase in backup lines of credit
requiring funding if called
Existence may lead banks to under invest
in liquidity
Range of banks with low credit quality
(e.g. East Asia) so long as lenders believe
in implicit guarantee
16. Risks in the international interbank
market 2
- Subject to quantity and not price
rationing due to low levels of
information on credit risk, unlike even
domestic interbank markets
- Short maturity making withdrawal easy
- Subject to sudden increases in credit
rationing during periods of stress, due to
asymmetric information and resultant
adverse selection and moral hazard
- Potential for contagion and global
transmission of shocks
17. The Asian crisis 1997-
Strong economic growth, profit
opportunities, overinvestment,
diminishing marginal returns, property
booms
Rise in private debt and leverage, often
in foreign currency, notably by local
banks
Belief domestic governments would
protect their own banks allowed them to
operate in IIBM, while Mexican rescue
of 1994 encouraged belief in
international safety net for Asian
countries
Fixed exchange rate regime – and sound
fiscal positions - gave confidence that
such borrowing was sustainable
Regime shift to an open economy may
have led to errors in credit assessment by
domestic banks
Foreign banks (e.g. Japanese and
Continental) may have sought market
18. entry at loss leading prices, while IIBM
saw declining spreads, plentiful liquidity
Growing current account deficits and
inflation made pegs less sustainable
Concentration of risk in few large
borrowers and “crony capitalism”
Potential correlations within and between
countries ignored
Cyclical weakening and speculation led
to collapse of currency pegs, and
monetary tightening to compensate
Domino effect on a range of countries –
like contagious bank run
Reversal of international lending flows,
bank runs, severe macroeconomic effects
Key role of IIBM - $184 bn cut in net
private flows, of which $149 bn from
commercial banks – fall in external
finance to 5 most affected countries
equal to 5% of GDP
IMF rescue operations – and possible
further moral hazard
20. Risks in foreign exchange trading
Cross currency risk
Risks of dealing and taking positions
Losses due to improper employee actions
Risks of default by counterparty
Example of risk of default by
counterparty (Herstatt) 1974
- Regime shift of end of Bretton Woods
led to growth in forex trading
- Accompanied by rapid expansion of
international interbank market
- Inadequate internal controls due to lack
of experience
- Banks caught out by depreciation of
some currencies and tightening of US
monetary policy
- Failure of Franklin National (US) in
May and Herstatt in June
21. - Herstatt Bank was closed abruptly by
German authorities and accounts closed
by Bundesbank when spot Forex
transactions incomplete (“teach
speculators a lesson”)
- Near-collapse of US financial system
and CHIPS payments ceased
- Sharp rise in credit rationing for banks
and non banks, collapse in share prices
- Response of G-10 authorities to declare
willingness to intervene to maintain
stability of international markets (Basel
concordat)
- Long term search for security in
payments systems against “Herstatt risk”
22. Regulation of international banking
Issues arising include:
– cross border supervision of banks
– regulation of foreign banks (by home
or host supervisor)
– need for international agreements to
ensure stability (safety net) without
generating moral hazard (also
prudential regulation)
– need to keep a “level playing field”
e.g. via capital adequacy agreements
– regulation of offshore financial
centres
– regulation of hedge funds and other
offshore vehicles