These slides where created as part of the European Union Course taught by Franziska Lindhout at Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

1. Formation of EU (1951-1957)
Hemanth T
Naveen Nikamanth A B

2. Treaty of Paris (1951)
• Between France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the
Netherlands and Luxemburg
• Formation of ECSC

3. Initial resistance

4. ECSC
• Objective : organizing free movement of coal and
steel and free access to sources of production
• Why ? This choice was not only economic but
also political, as these two raw materials were
the basis of the industry and power of the two
countries. The underlying political objective was
to strengthen Franco-German solidarity, banish
the spectre of war and open the way to European
integration

5. Impact of ECSC
• Other Institutions established - a High Authority, an
Assembly, a Council of Ministers and a Court of Justice
• Impact
– Neither changed the pattern of production nor the pattern
of trade
– Served its primary purpose : Assuring that Germany would
not again become a dominant force in the continent
– Once the threat of German dominance of coal and steel
was over there was no impetus for integration of the
industries
– The HA did not set European steel policy and the ECJ did
not serve as a force for integration

6. Failure of EDC

7. Failure of EDC
• The French fear as a consequence of the U.S.
decision to rearm Germany was, perhaps, the
driving factor for the French Prime Minister
• The primary aim of the U.S. was to create a stable
Europe so that the U.S. private sector could
operate and make business in the Continent
• Germany was a reliable and predictable partner
for the U.S. to promote its liberal policies on the
Continent, whereas France was resisting the plan

8. Western European Union (1955)
• the integration of the Federal Republic of
Germany into the Atlantic Alliance;
• the restoration of confidence among Western
European countries by assuming responsibilities
for arms control;
• consultation between the European Community
founding Member States and the United Kingdom

9. Re-Unification of Saarland
• After World War II, the Saarland
came under French occupation
• In 1954, France and the Federal Republic of Germany
(West Germany) developed a detailed plan called the
Saarstatut to establish an independent Saarland.
However the Referendum was rejected.
• On 27 October 1956 the Saar Treaty declared that
Saarland should be allowed to join the Federal Republic
of Germany, which it did on 1 January 1957

10. Council of Europe – Flag (1955)
Symbolises the ideals of unity,
solidarity and harmony among the
people of Europe
The number of stars has nothing to do with the
number of member countries, though the circle is a
symbol of unity

11. Treaties of Rome

12. Treaties of Rome (contd.)
• Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands
and West Germany
• Founding of European Economic Community and
EURATOM
• Initially, the Common Assembly proposed extending
the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of
energy
• The Benelux states and Germany were also keen on
creating a general common market, although it was
opposed by France due to its protectionism
• Two separate communties proposed by Paul Henri
Spaak – EEC and Euratom

13. EEC
Objectives
• to transform the conditions of trade and
manufacture on the territory of the Community
• EEC as a contribution towards the functional
construction of a political Europe and constituted
a step towards the closer unification of Europe.
Contributions
• Establishment of a common market
• Establishment of a customs union
• Development of common policies

14. Euratom
• The original members were Belgium, France, West
Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
• a nuclear-energy industry on a European rather than a
national scale
• coordinate research in atomic energy, encourage the
construction of nuclear-power installations, establish
safety and health regulations, encourage the free flow
of information and the free movement of personnel,
and establish a common market for trade in nuclear
equipment and materials

15. European Community (1957)

16. References
• http://www.cvce.eu/obj/cartoon_by_cesar_on_the_consequences_
of_the_failure_of_the_edc_22_september_1954-en-077577bc-
7a6c-4120-a6ea-31b72613e0b9.html
• http://www.cvce.eu/obj/cartoon_by_carrier_on_the_risks_involved
_in_the_schuman_plan_5_december_1951-en-b9a2d92d-6f10-
44b7-a919-1e071da72e0f.html
• The theory and the reality of the ECSC, K.J.Alter, D. Steinberg
• http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/index_en.htm
• http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-
information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1546631/How-EU-
leaders-signed-a-blank-cheque.html