This document analyzes social exclusion and ethnic assertions in Northeast India. It discusses how social exclusion can lead to identity crises and ethnic mobilization as marginalized groups seek to protect their culture, language, and political power. In Northeast India specifically, many ethnic groups feel excluded from political and economic opportunities, threatened by migration from other parts of India, and worried their identities will be lost. This sense of exclusion and marginalization has contributed to the rise of ethnic extremism and separatist movements in the region that demand more autonomy or independence. The document examines how social exclusion relates to issues like access to resources, representation in government institutions, and participation in the national identity.
Nationalism is the belief that the nation should be the central principle of political organization and that nations have the right to self-determination and independent statehood. There are different forms of nationalism including political, cultural, ethnic, liberal, conservative, expansionist, and anticolonial nationalism. While nationalism can promote social cohesion and independence, it is also seen by some as inherently divisive and a potential source of conflict between groups.
Theory of Society by Karl marx, Mode of Production, Social Formation, Stages of history . very much helpful to the student to learn more about the Marx & his theory.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses various types of inequality in different countries. In India, it describes gender inequality and how cultural factors like patriarchy and dowry system contribute. It also discusses economic inequality in India and how growth, asset distribution, employment, and regional differences impact inequality. In the US, it outlines gender pay gaps, lack of women in management, and differences in maternity leave policies. It also discusses growing wealth inequality in the US since the 1970s. In China, it summarizes gender income inequalities, higher unemployment rates for women, and discriminatory hiring practices against women. For Bangladesh, it outlines wealth inequality between the rich and poor, causes and impacts of poverty, and gender disparities in education.
Dialectical materialism by Man Bahadur ShahiMBSHAHI
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that holds matter as the only reality and ideas as products of material practices. It views history and society as determined by the means of production rather than ideas. Dialectical materialism uses a dialectic method to understand how contradictions within social systems cause them to evolve through qualitative changes. It aims to scientifically explain reality through analyzing the material conditions of human societies.
Nationalism is a political ideology that promotes a national identity based on shared characteristics. It holds that a nation should govern itself independently and maintain its unique culture and national symbols. There are different types of nationalism such as civic nationalism which defines the nation based on shared political values rather than ethnicity, and ethnic nationalism which ties national identity to a shared heritage and ancestry. Nationalism is seen by some as a way for a threatened nation to unite against external threats but others criticize it as an artificial construct that can marginalize minorities and increase conflict.
Nationalism is the belief that the nation should be the central principle of political organization and that nations have the right to self-determination and independent statehood. There are different forms of nationalism including political, cultural, ethnic, liberal, conservative, expansionist, and anticolonial nationalism. While nationalism can promote social cohesion and independence, it is also seen by some as inherently divisive and a potential source of conflict between groups.
Theory of Society by Karl marx, Mode of Production, Social Formation, Stages of history . very much helpful to the student to learn more about the Marx & his theory.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses various types of inequality in different countries. In India, it describes gender inequality and how cultural factors like patriarchy and dowry system contribute. It also discusses economic inequality in India and how growth, asset distribution, employment, and regional differences impact inequality. In the US, it outlines gender pay gaps, lack of women in management, and differences in maternity leave policies. It also discusses growing wealth inequality in the US since the 1970s. In China, it summarizes gender income inequalities, higher unemployment rates for women, and discriminatory hiring practices against women. For Bangladesh, it outlines wealth inequality between the rich and poor, causes and impacts of poverty, and gender disparities in education.
Dialectical materialism by Man Bahadur ShahiMBSHAHI
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that holds matter as the only reality and ideas as products of material practices. It views history and society as determined by the means of production rather than ideas. Dialectical materialism uses a dialectic method to understand how contradictions within social systems cause them to evolve through qualitative changes. It aims to scientifically explain reality through analyzing the material conditions of human societies.
Nationalism is a political ideology that promotes a national identity based on shared characteristics. It holds that a nation should govern itself independently and maintain its unique culture and national symbols. There are different types of nationalism such as civic nationalism which defines the nation based on shared political values rather than ethnicity, and ethnic nationalism which ties national identity to a shared heritage and ancestry. Nationalism is seen by some as a way for a threatened nation to unite against external threats but others criticize it as an artificial construct that can marginalize minorities and increase conflict.
The document discusses the three main categories of backward classes in India:
1) Scheduled Castes, who occupy the lowest rung of the social ladder and face social, economic, educational, and political problems due to the caste system.
2) Scheduled Tribes, who lead isolated existences and face problems related to geographic separation, exploitation, lack of education, health issues, and loss of land and forest rights.
3) Other Backward Classes, which is a mixed category comprising groups that are educationally and economically backward. The government has undertaken various constitutional and welfare measures to promote the development of backward classes.
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of human rights. It provides several definitions of human rights from different organizations that describe them as inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity, and self-development. The document outlines that human rights are universal and belong equally to all people without discrimination. It lists categories of human rights and their basic characteristics of being inalienable, inherent, indivisible, fundamental, universal, and interdependent. The document discusses the modern perspective of human rights emerging after World War 2 and the principles of universality, inalienability, and the rule of law in resolving conflicts between rights.
This document defines and discusses various concepts related to nationalism. It begins by defining a nation as a cultural, political, and psychological community bound together by common language, religion, history and traditions. Nationalism is then defined as the political belief that nations should govern themselves independently.
It goes on to discuss different types of nationalism like liberal nationalism, which supports national self-determination, versus expansionist nationalism, which is more exclusive and chauvinistic. Civic nationalism is defined as being inclusive and based on citizenship, while ethno-cultural nationalism is exclusive and based on descent. Conservative nationalism promotes social cohesion over liberal principles. Anticolonial nationalism emerged in opposition to Western imperialism.
The document discusses the theory of constructivism in international relations. It provides three key points about constructivism: 1) It focuses on how social interaction shapes agents and actors in world politics. 2) International institutions and actors condition each other mutually. 3) International institutions have both regulatory and constitutive functions according to constructivists. The document also provides background on the origins and key principles of constructivism.
According to the National Integration Committee, national integration involves developing feelings of unity, solidarity, and cohesion among citizens to create a sense of common citizenship and national loyalty. The document outlines that national integration is needed to strengthen the nation, protect constitutional values, prevent conflicts, remove social injustices, generate economic growth, preserve democracy, and protect the country from foreign aggression. Some obstacles to national integration include communalism, religionalism, linguism, casteism, and poverty. Educational programs that can promote national integration include merit-based admission, uniformity in school uniforms, curriculum focused on democratic and secular values of modern India, co-curricular activities, celebration of important national dates, and educational tours and film exhibitions.
NATIONALINTEREST AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYTANKO AHMED fwc
National policies, strategies and programmes are grounded on national interests tied to social, political, economic, and humanitarian processes.
We seek to understand ‘national interest’ in general, in specific relationship with ‘national security’
Issues or elements and events in national interest and national security are reflected in a nation’s security strategy
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
This document discusses the concepts of social justice and human rights in mental health settings. It defines social justice as promoting a just society through challenging injustice and valuing diversity. The document outlines several principles of social justice including human dignity, respect for human life, rights and responsibilities, the common good, priority for the poor and vulnerable, solidarity, and participation. It also discusses the importance of civil rights, human rights, social defense, and social security in mental health settings. Finally, it summarizes key principles from the UN on human rights and mental health, including the right to treatment, non-discrimination, and informed consent.
This presentation is for Standard XI (FYJC), Maharashtra Board Political Science students. Please read the Std. XI Political Science book sanctioned by the Maharashtra Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education for further information.
G.S. Ghurye was a pioneering Indian sociologist who made immense contributions to developing the fields of sociology and anthropology in India. He wrote 32 books and numerous papers covering diverse topics. As the first head of the Department of Sociology at Bombay University from 1924-1959, he played a key role in professionalizing sociology. He founded the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, training many talented students who advanced research. Ghurye studied caste, tribe, culture, religion and more, providing new theoretical perspectives. He analyzed Indian society from both textual and empirical perspectives in a methodologically pluralistic way.
Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Ralf Dahrendorf, and C. Wright Mills are compared regarding their contemporary sociological theories. Parsons proposed the action frame of reference to understand social structure and action. Merton advocated for middle-range theories to guide empirical inquiry between minor and grand theories. Dahrendorf analyzed Marx's class model and emphasized both integrative and coercive forces in society. Mills examined the power elite in society. Their concepts, methodologies, and theoretical orientations are divergent in some ways but also show convergence regarding sociological analysis.
This document discusses the struggle of Dalit women in India to gain land rights and ownership. It notes that historically, Dalits have been denied access to land and education under the Hindu social order. Today, over 260 million Dalits live in underdeveloped areas, with less than 10% having access to basic amenities. Dalit women in particular face extreme discrimination and threats of violence. They have very little control over land, which is mostly owned by dominant castes. The document calls for specific policies and legal protections to guarantee Dalit women's equal rights to land inheritance, ownership, and protection from eviction. It emphasizes the need for education, research, and advocacy efforts to empower Dalit women and address this ongoing social justice issue
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Natural inequalities arise from differences in natural resources, while social inequalities stem from differences in social resources like gender, caste, religion, or financial position. Social inequality refers to unequal distribution of goods and burdens in society and can be perpetuated by societal factors, customs, or poverty. Rousseau distinguished between natural inequality emerging from unequal physical and mental abilities, and social inequality arising from unequal access to wealth, power, and status regardless of individual abilities. The report found that inequality in India is very high, with the top 10% of the population holding 57% of the total national income and owning 65% of the total wealth, while the bottom 50% own almost nothing.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
Human rights movement in india vibhuti patelVIBHUTI PATEL
The document summarizes the history and key issues of the human rights movement in India. It discusses (1) the emergence of human rights organizations in response to the Emergency Rule of 1975-1977, (2) the various social issues and populations they advocate for including women, Dalits, farmers, and religious minorities, and (3) the major campaigns around rights to information, displacement, communalism, and prison reforms.
Unit iv Inequality, Discrimination and Marginalisation in EducationThanavathi C
1) Education plays a critical role in reducing social inequalities by providing vocational training, developing skilled regional workers, and advancing research and partnerships. However, ensuring equal access to education remains a challenge.
2) Social inequalities exist in the form of gender, racial, ethnic, and caste-based discrimination. Caste systems in particular assign hereditary social statuses that determine life opportunities.
3) Marginalized groups face socioeconomic exclusion and lack access to resources and participation. Discrimination stems from a lack of appreciation for diversity and prejudice against perceived differences.
Multiculturalism in a global society minority rights and justiceAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses multiculturalism and minority rights in a global society. It defines multiculturalism as ensuring citizens can maintain their identities while having a sense of belonging in society.
2. Minority rights go beyond basic civil/political rights to recognize distinct identities/needs of ethnic groups. However, most minorities seek full participation in modern liberal societies, not isolation.
3. A just, multicultural society requires measures like group rights, culturally sensitive policies, and affirmative action to remedy disadvantages minorities face and foster a shared sense of belonging.
The document discusses the three main categories of backward classes in India:
1) Scheduled Castes, who occupy the lowest rung of the social ladder and face social, economic, educational, and political problems due to the caste system.
2) Scheduled Tribes, who lead isolated existences and face problems related to geographic separation, exploitation, lack of education, health issues, and loss of land and forest rights.
3) Other Backward Classes, which is a mixed category comprising groups that are educationally and economically backward. The government has undertaken various constitutional and welfare measures to promote the development of backward classes.
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of human rights. It provides several definitions of human rights from different organizations that describe them as inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity, and self-development. The document outlines that human rights are universal and belong equally to all people without discrimination. It lists categories of human rights and their basic characteristics of being inalienable, inherent, indivisible, fundamental, universal, and interdependent. The document discusses the modern perspective of human rights emerging after World War 2 and the principles of universality, inalienability, and the rule of law in resolving conflicts between rights.
This document defines and discusses various concepts related to nationalism. It begins by defining a nation as a cultural, political, and psychological community bound together by common language, religion, history and traditions. Nationalism is then defined as the political belief that nations should govern themselves independently.
It goes on to discuss different types of nationalism like liberal nationalism, which supports national self-determination, versus expansionist nationalism, which is more exclusive and chauvinistic. Civic nationalism is defined as being inclusive and based on citizenship, while ethno-cultural nationalism is exclusive and based on descent. Conservative nationalism promotes social cohesion over liberal principles. Anticolonial nationalism emerged in opposition to Western imperialism.
The document discusses the theory of constructivism in international relations. It provides three key points about constructivism: 1) It focuses on how social interaction shapes agents and actors in world politics. 2) International institutions and actors condition each other mutually. 3) International institutions have both regulatory and constitutive functions according to constructivists. The document also provides background on the origins and key principles of constructivism.
According to the National Integration Committee, national integration involves developing feelings of unity, solidarity, and cohesion among citizens to create a sense of common citizenship and national loyalty. The document outlines that national integration is needed to strengthen the nation, protect constitutional values, prevent conflicts, remove social injustices, generate economic growth, preserve democracy, and protect the country from foreign aggression. Some obstacles to national integration include communalism, religionalism, linguism, casteism, and poverty. Educational programs that can promote national integration include merit-based admission, uniformity in school uniforms, curriculum focused on democratic and secular values of modern India, co-curricular activities, celebration of important national dates, and educational tours and film exhibitions.
NATIONALINTEREST AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYTANKO AHMED fwc
National policies, strategies and programmes are grounded on national interests tied to social, political, economic, and humanitarian processes.
We seek to understand ‘national interest’ in general, in specific relationship with ‘national security’
Issues or elements and events in national interest and national security are reflected in a nation’s security strategy
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
This document discusses the concepts of social justice and human rights in mental health settings. It defines social justice as promoting a just society through challenging injustice and valuing diversity. The document outlines several principles of social justice including human dignity, respect for human life, rights and responsibilities, the common good, priority for the poor and vulnerable, solidarity, and participation. It also discusses the importance of civil rights, human rights, social defense, and social security in mental health settings. Finally, it summarizes key principles from the UN on human rights and mental health, including the right to treatment, non-discrimination, and informed consent.
This presentation is for Standard XI (FYJC), Maharashtra Board Political Science students. Please read the Std. XI Political Science book sanctioned by the Maharashtra Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education for further information.
G.S. Ghurye was a pioneering Indian sociologist who made immense contributions to developing the fields of sociology and anthropology in India. He wrote 32 books and numerous papers covering diverse topics. As the first head of the Department of Sociology at Bombay University from 1924-1959, he played a key role in professionalizing sociology. He founded the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, training many talented students who advanced research. Ghurye studied caste, tribe, culture, religion and more, providing new theoretical perspectives. He analyzed Indian society from both textual and empirical perspectives in a methodologically pluralistic way.
Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Ralf Dahrendorf, and C. Wright Mills are compared regarding their contemporary sociological theories. Parsons proposed the action frame of reference to understand social structure and action. Merton advocated for middle-range theories to guide empirical inquiry between minor and grand theories. Dahrendorf analyzed Marx's class model and emphasized both integrative and coercive forces in society. Mills examined the power elite in society. Their concepts, methodologies, and theoretical orientations are divergent in some ways but also show convergence regarding sociological analysis.
This document discusses the struggle of Dalit women in India to gain land rights and ownership. It notes that historically, Dalits have been denied access to land and education under the Hindu social order. Today, over 260 million Dalits live in underdeveloped areas, with less than 10% having access to basic amenities. Dalit women in particular face extreme discrimination and threats of violence. They have very little control over land, which is mostly owned by dominant castes. The document calls for specific policies and legal protections to guarantee Dalit women's equal rights to land inheritance, ownership, and protection from eviction. It emphasizes the need for education, research, and advocacy efforts to empower Dalit women and address this ongoing social justice issue
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Natural inequalities arise from differences in natural resources, while social inequalities stem from differences in social resources like gender, caste, religion, or financial position. Social inequality refers to unequal distribution of goods and burdens in society and can be perpetuated by societal factors, customs, or poverty. Rousseau distinguished between natural inequality emerging from unequal physical and mental abilities, and social inequality arising from unequal access to wealth, power, and status regardless of individual abilities. The report found that inequality in India is very high, with the top 10% of the population holding 57% of the total national income and owning 65% of the total wealth, while the bottom 50% own almost nothing.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
Human rights movement in india vibhuti patelVIBHUTI PATEL
The document summarizes the history and key issues of the human rights movement in India. It discusses (1) the emergence of human rights organizations in response to the Emergency Rule of 1975-1977, (2) the various social issues and populations they advocate for including women, Dalits, farmers, and religious minorities, and (3) the major campaigns around rights to information, displacement, communalism, and prison reforms.
Unit iv Inequality, Discrimination and Marginalisation in EducationThanavathi C
1) Education plays a critical role in reducing social inequalities by providing vocational training, developing skilled regional workers, and advancing research and partnerships. However, ensuring equal access to education remains a challenge.
2) Social inequalities exist in the form of gender, racial, ethnic, and caste-based discrimination. Caste systems in particular assign hereditary social statuses that determine life opportunities.
3) Marginalized groups face socioeconomic exclusion and lack access to resources and participation. Discrimination stems from a lack of appreciation for diversity and prejudice against perceived differences.
Multiculturalism in a global society minority rights and justiceAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses multiculturalism and minority rights in a global society. It defines multiculturalism as ensuring citizens can maintain their identities while having a sense of belonging in society.
2. Minority rights go beyond basic civil/political rights to recognize distinct identities/needs of ethnic groups. However, most minorities seek full participation in modern liberal societies, not isolation.
3. A just, multicultural society requires measures like group rights, culturally sensitive policies, and affirmative action to remedy disadvantages minorities face and foster a shared sense of belonging.
11.multiculturalism in a global society minority rights and justiceAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses multiculturalism and minority rights in a global society. It defines multiculturalism as ensuring citizens can maintain their identities while having a sense of belonging in society.
2. It explores issues like whether cultures should be isolated or interact, and debates around balancing shared culture with diversity. The role of the state in fostering justice and belonging is also examined.
3. Minority rights are discussed, differentiating between types that go beyond individual rights to accommodate group identities and needs. The document analyzes arguments that minority rights can promote fairness by remedying disadvantages within mainstream institutions.
This document examines the causes of the 2011 Arab uprisings by testing the relationship between economic grievances, social fragmentation, and mass movement in the Arab world. It analyzes how class-based (horizontal) cleavages related to economic factors like corruption and unemployment compare to group-based (vertical) cleavages along ethnic, tribal and religious lines in predicting popular uprisings. The document reviews literature on the impact of both types of social divisions, finding that only perceptions of corruption were significantly linked to the Arab uprisings, while both high and low levels of ethnic fragmentation were also correlated with mass movement. Tribalism was found to negatively impact protests but it is unclear if this is due to regime type.
This document discusses the concept of "identity economics" and how identity affects economic activity. It provides some context on identity issues in northern Sudan. It then summarizes that identity can be thought of as a set of visible markers that define individuals and collective groups. Collective identities like ethnicity are especially important in structuring economic transactions in northern Sudan. Identity is also "sticky" and costly to change, which has economic effects, as people base their equilibrium strategies and norms on shared identities within their groups. Violating these identity-based norms can have social and psychological consequences.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
This article analyzes how the 1947 Partition of India led to the development of a pathological political system in India and Pakistan characterized by communal animosity and hostility. The Partition involved massive violence, population transfers, and trauma that have endured over decades and worsened relations between the countries. The author argues that the Partition epitomizes negative identity politics when fear, mistrust, and insecurity reign. It set in motion processes that legitimized pathological, ethnicized political behavior focused on rejection, exclusion, and the use of force. This paradigm has informed politics in both countries and contributed to their current potential for nuclear conflict, making South Asia the most dangerous nuclear flashpoint.
Xinjiang article by Dr. A.R.M. Imtiyaz.doc for 11122013A.R.M. Imtiyaz
This document summarizes theories on ethnic conflict and examines tensions between Uyghurs and Han Chinese in China's Xinjiang region. It argues that Chinese policies promoting assimilation, known as "Chinesization", have fueled ethnic conflict and violence. While both Uyghurs and Han Chinese have engaged in violence, each side's violent actions increase distrust between the groups. The document discusses historical factors contributing to tensions and suggests political solutions like partition or power-sharing could help resolve the protracted conflict.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses Indian culture and society. It defines culture and describes India as highly multicultural due to the coexistence of many ethnic and religious groups over generations. India has over 20 official languages and hundreds of other languages spoken. While multiculturalism has enriched Indian society, it has also led to some linguistic conflicts over representation and economic/political issues. However, India's diversity remains fundamental to its heritage and identity.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a discussion paper on federalism and conflict management in Ethiopia. It begins with definitions of key concepts such as ethnicity, social identity, prejudice, discrimination, conflict, and federalism. It then outlines the objectives and methodology of the study. The introduction provides background on Ethiopia's ethnic composition and religious demographics. It describes Ethiopia's adoption of an ethnic-federal system in 1991 and how the country is divided into ethnic-based regions. In closing, it states that the paper will analyze constitutional provisions, causes of conflicts, conflict management strategies, and provide concluding remarks.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to citizenship, society, and the state. It defines ethnic identity and national identity, and differentiates between them. Citizenship is defined as an individual's relationship to the state, which can lead to patriotism. Nationalism is differentiated from patriotism. Social cleavages like class, ethnicity, and religion are explained as divisions that impact policymaking. Social movements are defined as organized efforts to create or resist change, while civil society refers to voluntary organizations that allow people to define their own interests outside of the state. The document also briefly discusses global civil society and cosmopolitanism.
Towards national integration in nigeria jumping the hurdlesAlexander Decker
This document discusses national integration in Nigeria. It outlines several policies and programs that Nigerian governments have implemented to promote national integration since independence, such as adopting federalism, creating new states, and establishing the Land Use Decree. However, Nigeria's unity remains threatened by socio-cultural, religious, and political divisions between its many ethnic groups. The document argues that achieving true national integration requires overcoming challenges like ethnicity, corruption, weak institutions, and an ineffective political leadership. It concludes that national integration will only be realized through open dialogue and consensus between Nigeria's diverse ethnicities on the future of their country.
Ran Greenstein Race highlights 2023.docxjudithnhlapo1
This document discusses the concept of race from a sociological perspective. It begins by defining race as a social construct rather than a biological one, noting that physical differences between human groups have been used to justify unequal treatment and access to resources throughout history. The emergence of race as a systematic concept is traced to the rise of European colonialism, capitalism, and the development of modern science from the 16th century onward. While early philosophers like Kant acknowledged both shared human descent and the consolidation of racial differences over time in response to environment, their work was open to misinterpretation and helped spread Eurocentric views of racial hierarchies. The document examines the historical and social forces that have shaped racial identities and meanings over time.
- Ethnicity is defined and understood in various ways by scholars. Primordialists see it as innate and ascribed at birth, instrumentalists see it as constructed for political and economic goals, and constructivists see it as negotiated and changing through social interaction.
- Barth defined ethnicity as based on the boundaries and interactions between groups, not their internal cultural characteristics. Ethnicity depends on how groups define themselves and others through social processes.
- Key aspects of ethnic identity include a shared name, ancestry, history, culture, language, and attachment to a homeland, but these aspects are negotiated and changing rather than fixed. Ethnic identity involves both objective behaviors and subjective attitudes that are fluid.
The document discusses social work and marginalized populations. It defines social work as a practice-based profession that promotes social change, empowerment, and human rights. The history of social work involves assisting marginalized groups. Marginalization can occur through social, economic, and political exclusion and is multidimensional. It discusses the main types of marginalization and provides examples of marginalized groups such as people with disabilities, ethnic minorities, women, the elderly, children, and the long-term ill.
Communal riots are an indicator of socio-cultural difference existing between the communities
An event is identified as a communal riot if:
1) There is a violence.
2) Two or more communally different groups confront each other or members of the group at some point during the violence.
The document discusses various aspects of marginalization. It defines marginalization as denying opportunities and outcomes to those on the margins while enhancing opportunities for those at the center. It marginalizes groups through discrimination and social exclusion. The document then examines how marginalization manifests in social, economic, political, and other contexts for various groups like women, ethnic minorities, castes, tribes, disabled people, and the elderly. Globalization is noted as both enhancing and worsening marginalization in different settings and countries.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Similar to ETHNIC ASSERTIONS AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN NORTHEAST INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Ethnic Assertions and Social Exclusion in Northeast India: An Analytical Perspective
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 1922 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Northeast India is known to other parts of India and world as the hotpot of ethnic violence,
extremism and insurgency. The region witnessed the emergence of a number of extremist
organizations challenging the sovereignty and integrity of the Indian state. These include United
Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), National Democratic Front of Bodoland, National Socialist
Council of Nagalim, Kuki National Army, Garo Liberation Front, Bru National Liberation
Front, National Liberation Front of Tripura, Hmar People’s Convention (Democratic), Zomi
Revolutionary Army, All Tripura Tigers Force, Liberation Tigers of Arunachal, National
Liberation Army of Arunachal, United Liberation Tigers of Arunachal, Revolutionary Army of
Arunachal Pradesh, etc. The demands of these extremist groups vary from autonomy to
secessionism and sovereignty. Since independence, this region witnessed the emergence of
number of movements which mobilized the people on ethnic lines. For instance, the Assam
Movement of 1979-84 was against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the
Naga movement can be seen in the context of crisis of Naga identity and the Mizo movement
was the outcome of the neglect of Central and state governments during the famine. Though
India adopted liberal democracy with inherent institutional safeguards for the protection of the
interest of various communities and groups, extremist tendencies based on ethnicity is taking
roots in recent past. In this context, it is pertinent to ask the question as to why extremist trends
are developing in a liberal democracy.
The ethnic mobilization often leads to virulent form of extremism and violence in a society.
Extremism is a tactic adopted by a group or individual to achieve their goals which are not
reflected or achieved through normal channels of liberal democracy. In the present world, no
society is free from extremist challenges of one or the other forms. Ted Gurr views that violent
or extremist acts pose a threat to the political system in two senses: “they challenge the
monopoly of force imparted to the state in political theory; and, in functional terms, they are
likely to interfere with and, if severe, to destroy normal political processes” (Gurr, 1970: 4).
2. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Exclusion is a multidimensional process covering social, economic, cultural and political
domains. Exclusion is linked to the recognition of social identities, resource allocations and
power relations. Marshall Wolfe talks about various kinds of social exclusion – exclusion from
livelihood, exclusion from social services, welfare and security networks, exclusion from
political choice, exclusion from popular organization and solidarity, and exclusion from
understanding of what is happening (Wolf, 1995: 81-101). Social exclusion refers to both
individual exclusion and group exclusion from society, other groups or individuals. It results in
the denial of access to opportunities, public goods, public offices and institutions and self-
respect in the public spheres. It is argued that “social exclusion is about the inability of our
society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society . . . or to
release their full potentials” (Power and Wilson, 2000:27). The socially excluded is deprived
of social recognition, self-respect and social values. The basis of exclusion can be race,
ethnicity, gender, religion, language, region, or caste. Each form of exclusion has its nature and
manifestation.
The issue of social exclusion is usually related to the problem of equal opportunity. Though
modern liberal democracies formally recognize full citizenship, very often it create unequal
citizenship in actual practice, as the structural accommodation through citizenship and
affirmative action policies fail to bring about the desired change. Charles Taylor argues that
there is an inbuilt tendency towards exclusion in liberal democratic states “arising from the fact
that democracies work well when people know one another, trust one another, and feel a sense
of commitment toward one another” (Taylor, 1998: 147). Human history is a history of struggle
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for equal share in public resources and equal opportunity for occupying public institutions.
Social exclusion results in injustice to certain communities as it denies the access to public
offices and primary goods. Rawls, for instance, in his celebrated theory of justice viewed that
opening of institutions and distribution of primary goods as means to ensure social justice
(Rawls, 1971).
3. CONCEPTUALIZING ETHNICITY
After having explained social exclusion, it is pertinent to understand the concept of ethnicity.
Ethnicity is often identified with the ideas of primordialism based on descent, race, kinship,
territory, language, history, etc. It is also related to the memory of a golden age which is closely
linked to a sense of collective destiny. Ethnicity is defined as “the sense of collective belonging
to a named community of common myths or origin and shared memories, associated with an
historic homeland” (Smith, 1999: 262). Ethnicity also refers to some form of group identity
related to a group of persons who accept and define themselves by a consciousness of common
descent or origin, shared historical memories and connections (Chazan, Mortimer, Ravenhall
and Rothchild, 1988: 35). Ethnicity can be classified into two groups - instrumental ethnicity
which emanates from material deprivation – and symbolic ethnicity based on one’s anxiety to
preserve one’s cultural identity (Noyoo, 2000: 57).
Ethnicity entails a subjective belief in common ancestry. Ethnic membership is based on
group identity and often identities would be invented or constructed. In certain cases, ethnic
identity is intrinsically connected with language. Language is very often becomes a maker of
cultural differences. Ethnicity is often considered as the outward expression of discrimination
– discrimination in access to resources and opportunities. Such “discrimination is built into the
normal operating procedures of institutions” (Yinger, 1997: 169). T.K. Oommen identifies six
reasons for the process of ethnification. First, a nation may continue to be in its ancestral or
adopted homeland and yet it may be ethnified by the colonizing or native dominant collectivity.
That is, the link between territory and culture should not be viewed merely as a physical
phenomenon. Second, the denial of full-fledged participation in the economy and polity to an
immigrant collectivity which had adopted a new land as its homeland. Thirdly, the tendency on
the part of a settler collectivity to identify with its ancestral homeland even after several
decades, sometimes even after centuries, of immigration. Fourthly, ethnification also occurs
when a state attempts to ‘integrate’ and homogenize the different nations in its territory into a
common people. Fifthly, if those who migrate to alien lands are denied basic human and
citizenship rights even when they become eligible for them, they are ethnified in that they are
treated as strangers and outsiders. Finally, even when immigrants are accepted as co-nationals
by the host society, the former may not want that identity and might wish to return to their
homeland (Oommen, 1997: 13-15). Thus, one can see that Oommen’s analysis of ethnification
is more related to the process of social exclusion.
4. SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND ETHNIC IDENTITY FORMATION
Social exclusion, in many cases, leads to identity assertion which in turn causes conflict,
sometimes violent. Social exclusion leads to crisis at individual level, societal level, national
level and international level. Individual self cannot be located within the community which is
facing some level of identity crisis. Identity crisis, in turn, problematize political boundary and
national imagination of the nation state. Social exclusion is closely linked with material
exclusion – exclusion from land, from other productive assets or from market for good. In his
study on ethnicity Paul Brass identified that ethnic identity formation involves three processes.
Firstly, “within the ethnic group itself for control over its material and symbolic resources”,
secondly, “between ethnic groups as a competition for rights, privileges, and available
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resources”, and thirdly, “between the state and the groups that dominate it, on the one hand, and
the populations that inhabit its territory on the other” (Brass, 1991: 247).
Social exclusion is a process and state that prevents groups from full participation in social,
economic and political life and from asserting their rights. (Beall and Piron, 2005) It is viewed
that “ethnicity or ethnic identity also involves, in addition to subjective self-consciousness, a
claim to status and recognition, either as a superior group or as a group at least equal to other
groups” (Brass, 1991: 19). The civic nationalism championed by modern nation state has
bearing on the emergence of ethnic cleavages in a multicultural society. It is argued that
“although not always as conflict prone as ethnic nationalism, civic nationalism may be
discriminatory as well, if only in the sense that it does not acknowledge ethnic differences and
thus potentially deprives members of ethnic communities other than a country’s dominant
group from opportunities to preserve, express, and develop their distinct identities” (Wolf,
2006: 32).
Amartya Sen says that sense of one’s identity creates a sense of exclusion from mainstream
and in “many cases carry with it the perception of distance and divergence from other groups”
(Sen, 2006: 2) Constructing a national identity and in the process ignoring the specificities of
smaller communities further creates exclusionary tendencies. In liberal democracies,
governance diffuses tensions between the state and the people. Democratic institutions are not
merely the instruments for running the affairs of the government, but are also the agents of
mediating the interests between various social classes. Institutions are expected to respond to
the democratic needs of the people.
Raphael Zariski while analyzing ethnic extremism among the ethno territorial minorities in
Western Europe analyses three dimensions of ethnic extremism - willingness to resort to
violence, ethnic exclusiveness and separatism. First dimension, according to him, was “the
readiness of a political actor to resort to the use of violence to achieve proclaimed objectives,
even when there are legal avenues available for pursuing these goals”. The second dimension
of ethnic extremism is cultural and political exclusiveness. According to Raphael, “members of
some ethnic minorities are very reluctant to seek political support from other ethnic groups or
to make any effort to admit willing recruits from such groups to their ranks”. The third
dimension is creating a feeling of separatism and leading to separatist movements (Zariski,
1989: 253-254).
5. THE CASE OF NORTHEAST INDIA
The northeastern region of India is often described as the cultural mosaic of India consisting of
diverse tribal communities, linguistic, and ethnic identities. Often these identities transcend the
territorial and social boundaries drawn by the Indian state and the larger community
respectively. The region, connected to the mainland India with the 22 k. m. long “ChickenNeck
Corridor”, consists of eight states and has international border with neighbouring countries,
namely Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, China, and Bhutan. In the international scene, it is a
strategic location linked to South and South-East Asia. From internal security point of view,
the region is known for the ‘problem states’, experiencing law and order problems, inter and
intra tribal conflicts and human rights violations by the security forces.
The politics of northeast India is marked by ethnicity and extremism for a long time. The
assertion of various ethnic identities and the attitude of the state in containing ethnic extremism
make the region distinct from the rest of India. The root cause of ethnic assertion can be found
in the identity crisis of various tribal communities who extend over the territorial boundaries
drawn by the Indian nation state. Most of the ethnic assertions are due to ethnic groups’
desperate attempts to protect their identity, culture and language. For instance, it is argued that
“claims to ethno-nationalism of the Bodos can be interpreted as closely intertwined with issues
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of institutional and social exclusion based on language politics” (Saikia, 2011: 60). In other
words, the basis of ethnic assertion can be seen in two contexts. Firstly, the tribal communities’
subjective consciousness of being excluded, oppressed and marginalized. Secondly, the process
of development failed to address the legitimate concerns of the people. Though after
independence the Indian state tried to integrate and assimilate various ethnic communities in
the mainstream national identity, the development process generated a feeling of alienation
among them. Moreover, development led to the unequal distribution of resources across the
communities and regions. Thus, both non-economic (subjective consciousness) and economic
(material) factors created a sense of exclusion among the some ethnic communities.
In northeast India, the fear of exclusion started even before Independence. The Nagas
foresaw the possibility of exclusion in postcolonial India in the event of their integration with
Indian Union, andstarted mobilizing Nagas for a separate nation free from the clutches of the
Indian state. Moreover, they also felt that their community life and values would be threatened
with the increasing number of the majority communities from other parts of India. The sense of
social exclusion in the northeast was articulated with the emergence of new social forces –
educated elite, students and youth groups, etc. The reasons for the emergence of social forces
in the northeast include: the impact of Christianity on the socio-cultural life of the people,
spread of education, etc. Oommen identified three major agents of change among the tribes of
northeast India – the state, the civil society (of which the Church is the major element) and the
market forces. (Oommen, 2009: 10). Ethnic identity provided the grouping ground for their
mobilization. Like Dalit mobilization started among the educated sections of Mahars in
Maharashtra, these social forces articulated the grievances of the communities. It is argues that
the Youth who feel alienated from society and excluded from job opportunities and decision
making may turn to ethnic mobilization. Karna argued that the process of ethnic identity
formation in the northeast region was based on the idea of large group formation (Karna, 1991).
Moreover, the social exclusion of ethnic communities has a dialectical link with psychological
exclusion of the tribal communities of the region. These include exclusion from deliberative
institutions due to their lack of cognitive orientation and the epistemological inequality due to
lack of access to epistemological resources. The impersonization of their social, cultural,
economic and political life by people from other communities or modern state further
accelerated this process.
6. ETHNIC EXCLUSION AND NATION-BUILDING PROCESS
Among the various actors involved in the exclusionary practices, nation-states constitute the
major instrument. In other words, the nationstate itself often creates exclusion of certain ethnic
communities. This exclusionary strategy is best depicted by Andres Wimmer who argued that
“in many cases, minorities are meant to remain permanently outside of the sphere of national
imagination but inside the state’s territory” (Wimmer, 2006: 339). While endorsing this view
in a different context, Stefan Wolf states that neither ethnicity nor nationalism in itself causes
ethnic conflict and, however, when state or government ignore the legitimate political, social,
and economic grievances of disadvantaged ethnic groups contribute to ethnic conflict. (Wolf,
2006: 5).
In India, freedom from the British did not bring any solace to the communities of the region
as the dominant nationality suppressed the smaller nationalities. The major factors that
contributed to the social exclusion and subsequent emergence of ethnic mobilization are the
pitfalls of nation-building process, the faulty modernization process, and the nature of the
nation-state. The nation-building process undermined the specificities of ethnic minorities of
the region generated fears among them. The modernization, especially the capitalist
modernization weaned away the traditional values, norms and practices which are inherent in
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the tribal communities. Moreover, the modern nation state erected arbitrary territorial
boundaries, in place of traditional ethnic boundaries.
After independence, India’s constitutional democracy instead of adopting a confrontationist
approach followed a policy of accommodation and assimilation. The Constitution of India
provides institutional accommodation for tribal communities of northeast India through various
measures like protective discrimination policies. In some states in the region, the interests of
tribal communities are protected by invoking Inner Line Permit (for instance, Arunachal
Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram) and special provisions. The Sixth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution gives special status to the traditional institutions and makes provisions for the
creation of autonomous district councils. In spite of all these accommodations, the tribal
communities are confronting with multiple kinds of exclusion. Moreover, all these institutional
mechanisms proved to be futile when the State and its institutions indulge in human rights’
violations.
In the process of nation-building some communities were left out either because of their
low numerical strength or due to low bargaining power with the power structure. Though the
postcolonial states initiated a number of policies to ensure ‘inclusiveness’ for the discontented
communities, the efforts did not yield much result. Initially most of the discontent was
manifested in a more peaceful manner and latter it assumed extremist posture. The Naga
movement first began in 1947 as a peaceful movement and when the Indian state undertook
counter insurgency activities, it took a violent turn affecting the life and property of the
individual. In the western context, nation created state, while in India the states is in the process
of constructing the nation and instilling national consciousness among the people. When the
state with its all-powerful authority constructs nation and wider national identity it often meets
with a problem. Sometimes in this process the state imposes its will and authority on the people.
In other words, while the state is engaging in nation-building through the construction of
national identity, smaller identities move in the opposite direction, when they feel that they are
about to lose their identity. In this context, various ethnic groups are seeking larger space in
state and are trying to protect their peculiar identity. The state initiative to integrate all
communities and groups proved to be counter-productive. As Roy argues that the “formation
of a rebel consciousness in the ethnic formation is an obvious corollary of this hegemonic goal
of the Indian state. The ‘rebel consciousness’ has found articulation in the formation of ‘nations
from below’ which, by nature, contests the state-centric Indian nation” (Roy, 2005: 2176).
The postcolonial development process tried to integrate and assimilate ethnic communities
towards the mainstream development process while ignoring their cultural and economic
specificities. The centralized planning and the capitalist modernization further lead to the
exclusion of various tribal communities from mainstream. Biswas and Suklabaidya view that
“the tribal life-world suffered heavily owing to the introduction of the state sponsored agencies
to govern development” (Biswas and Suklabaidya, 2008: 124). It is argued that “the
governmental machinery created only a top down administration within which the local self-
governance and traditional institutions of various tribes could retain a nominal presence. Rather
it gave rise to intense conflict between traditional institutions and state government leading to
an unaccountable condition of development” (Ahmed and Biswas, 2004: 5). Though, not in
largescale, the capitalist development strains the relationship between culture and nature. The
indigenous way of development was disturbed by the penetration of the capitalist development
leading to underdevelopment, displacement of communities from their settlement and
livelihood and erosion of community life.
The postcolonial modernization initiated by the newly independent India generated some
kind of discontent among the communities leading towards violence. As Gurr observes, “if
discontented people have or get constructive means to attain their social and material goals, few
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will resort to violence. Only men who are enraged are likely to prefer violence despite the
availability of effective nonviolent means for satisfying their expectations” (Gurr, 1970: 317).
While analyzing ethnic unrest in Assam, Hiren Gohain identifies two possible factors
responsible for the transition of ethnic movements to armed militancy. Firstly, “the naxalite
theory in the late 1960s identified the Indian state as a ‘prison-home of nationalities’ and
encouraged armed revolt among such oppressed tribal groups against the Indian state”.
Secondly, “as with the determined armed opposition of the state to the most overwhelming mass
movements, tribal leaders came to the end of their tether” (Gohain, 1997: 391).
The Indian state and the governmental machinery often treat extremist activities as a mere
law and order problem. The state, in this context, became more repressive often invoking the
Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958. The state government, under the provisions of the
Act, can declare any areas as disturbed and give a free hand to the armed forces to arrest a
person on the basis of mere suspicion. The state repression in the name of counter insurgency
leads to human rights violations. When the state considers extremism a law and order problem,
the response was the invocation of draconian laws on the innocent civilians who mostly belong
to tribal communities. Apart from perceiving ethnicity and extremism as mere law and order
problem and firmly deal with it through army, police and other paramilitary forces, at times the
state also opens up the door for dialogue and negotiation with the extremists groups.
7. INSIDER VS OUTSIDER PHENOMENON
In some parts of the northeast, the issue of ethnic identity assertion is related to migration that
resulted in a sense of exclusion. This region since Independence witnessed migration of
Bangladeshis, Nepalese and migrant workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The ‘insider’ and
‘outsider’ syndrome crippled the social, political, economic and cultural life of the tribal
communities. In Tripura, the indigenous tribal population became landless and land alienation
of tribal to Bengali migration. The tribal community was reduced to minority and the migrant
Bengalis emerged as the dominant force. The threat to their survival due to illegal migration
created further social exclusion. Apart from creating a feeling of ‘us’ and ‘them’, it led to the
alienation of natural resources and cultural specificities of ethnic groups leading to identity
crisis. As Fernandes argues that “given their symbiotic relationship with the land and the close
link between natural resources and culture, the affected ethnic groups view the land shortages
also as an attack on their identity” (Fernandes, 2004:4610). The material existence of tribal
communities was threatened by the influx of migration, occupation of key government jobs by
non-tribals leading to their further exclusion. The phenomenon of ethnic extremism is further
activated by declining jobs opportunities in the government sector.
Ethnic communities feel in terms of “us” and “them” in the process of generating ethnic
consciousness. This feeling emerges out of one group or community realizes its relative
deprivation in comparison with others. Ethnicity, in this context, is the “phenomenon of an
ethnic group coming to self-awareness that enables it to reaffirm its identity and pursue its
interests” (Heredia, 1997: 1011). The frustration of the unemployed youth was utilized by the
extremist organizations to serve their interests. The demands of the extremist groups are varying
from autonomy to secessionism. They often challenge the sovereignty and integrity of the
nation-state. The assertion of ethnic identity and the accompanying extremist tendencies are
related to the feeling of losing one’s own identity, marginalization and exploitation by others.
8. ELITE FORMATION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MIDDLE CLASS
The problem of ethnicity and extremism is further aggregated by the regional consciousness
aroused by elites, especially the middle class (Singh, 1998; Baruah, 1991; Sharma, 1990). Both
in the western context and India in general, the middle class is viewed as the champion of liberal
democracy promoting democratic values such as toleration, liberty, equality and justice.
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However, in the northeast, the middle class can be seen as the promoter of ethnic extremist
movements. For instance, the Assam movement emerged as Assamese middle class movements
whose interest was mostly affected by the migration of outsiders (Baruah, 1991).
Another dimension of the elite formation in the tribal communities is that the dominant
communities allied with state power exclude certain groups from accessing resources,
institutions and opportunities, generating a feeling of exclusion of other groups. In such
situation, smaller ethnic communities assert for resources and opportunities. The assertion of
marginalized identities and its extremist posture are giving a new direction to state politics. In
this context, democratic politics is overshadowed by ethnic politics. The elite within the ethnic
communities mobilize people in ethnic manner to realize its goals. As Brass argues, “the
cultural norms, values, and practices of ethnic groups become political resources for elites in
competition for political power and economic advantage” (Brass, 1991: 15). The assertion of
Hmars in Mizoram against the domination of Mizos and the assertion of Garos against Khasis
in Meghalaya is a self-evident factor to prove this argument.
9. FROM ETHNICITY TO ETHNIC POLITICS
The ethnic demand for homeland created a number of smaller states in the northeast. For
instance, the greater Assam was balkanized into Nagaland (1963), Meghalaya (1972),
Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram (1987) to meet the demands of these ethnic groups. However,
mere making of territorial boundary did not solve the problem; on the contrary, it further
aggregated it. It is argued that the creation of separate state further fanned the fire when “various
smaller and bigger communities started to demand establishment of more states; on the other
hand, the state showed their inability to deliver the basic goods” (Madhab, 1999: 320). The
denial of basic goods to various communities can be seen in the larger contest of denial of social
justice for the communities. John Rawls, the contemporary American philosopher, in fact, states
that the discrimination of primary goods such as basic rights and liberties and selfrespect,
income and wealth, etc. as the precondition for ensuring justice in a society (Rawls, 1971). In
the context of India, Ambrose Pinto states that “the competition for power among different
social and ethnic groups was legitimized on the premise that all social and ethnic groups will
have equal space and opportunities. However, with the majoritarian groups or the dominant
social group gradually aspiring for power; the attempt was to create a national culture. In the
process the ethnic groups have felt marginalized and rejected. The culture of ethnic groups
remains restricted to private expression within the group with no attempts to include it, in spite
of the constitutional slogan of ‘unity in diversity” (Pinto, 2000: 189). Moreover, it is viewed
that, “when the state fails as the principal agent of socio-economic transformation and cannot
ensure distributive justice to its citizens, it tends to become increasingly coercive” (Misra, 2002:
3784). Further, the creation of smaller territorial units acceding to the demands of the dominant
ethnic community in a region often threaten the existence and survival of numerically less
ethnic communities as the positions and jobs and resources were monopolized the dominant
ethnic group. The Hmar problem in Mizoram and the Garos disadvantageous positions in
accessing resources and positions in Meghalaya are such examples forcing them to arouse
ethnic feeling and violent mobilization. While the making of territorial boundary satisfied the
dominant ethnic community, it created despair for the minority ethnic economic communities.
As a result, the level of extremist activities percolated from one level to another.
The ethnic mobilization assumes an extremist posture when various ethnic movement
arousing emotive issues to expand its mass base among the society. The Mizo National Famine
Front formed under the leadership of Laldenga used the famine situation of 1959 to arouse
ethnic consciousness and later turned it into an underground movement. The Assam Language
Movement (1960-70) raised the issue of making the Assamiya language as the medium of
instruction up to graduation level in addition to existing English language. As Srikanth argues,
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“by provoking national and ethnic identities, the Assam agitation has prepared the ground for
the rise of militancy in Assam” (Srikanth, 2000: 4122). The emergence of ULFA as a militant
extremist organization was a radical offshoot of the Assam movement. When Assam Gana
Parishad (AGP) turned to a political party after the Assam Accord of 1985, ULFA continued
its extremist path.
Another kind of social exclusion visible is in the area of language. The introduction of alien
language over local language also created ethnic mobilization. The early movements in
Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland is due to the domination of Assamese. The Assam Official
Language Act 1960, had its repercussion on the Mizos, Khasis, Garos and Bodos, and it further
rekindled the regional consciousness among the divergent ethnic groups in the United Assam.
For instance, the people of Khasis Hills, Jaintia Hills and the Garo Hills under the leadership of
the All Party Hill Leaders Conference demanded separate state. There are criticisms against
popularizing Hindi in Arunachal Pradesh.
10. ETHNICITY TO ETHNIC COFLICTS
In the debate on social exclusion and ethnicity it is pertinent to examine reasons behind the
extremist positions taken by some extremist groups when they are moving away from normal
democratic process provided by constitutions and other institutions. The multidimensional
manifestation of social exclusion is articulated by the emerging social forces leading to ethnic
based conflict in a society. According to Marshall Wolf, ethnicity is not the ultimate, irreducible
source of violent conflict. In other words, violence does not spontaneously erupt between
otherwise peacefully coexisting ethnic groups. Power and material gain can be equally strong
motivations, for leaders and followers alike, to choose conflict over cooperation, violence over
negotiations” (Wolf, 2006: 3). Most ethnic movements emerged initially within the
Constitutional framework and peaceful manner. In course of time, they turned violent when the
state used its repressive machinery and resorted violence while engaging in peace negotiations.
The state viewed that it can suppress the ethnic mobilization by invoking force. The assertion
of ethnic identity, in course of time, percolated to the realm of politics. The state often
conveniently uses one group against another, at times extending patronage to one ethnic group,
as in Naga-Kuki conflict in Manipur.
11. CONCLUSION
In NEI, social exclusion and ethnicity reinforce each other in many contexts. The prevailing
exclusionary tendencies show that most of the institutional means of accommodation such as
granting autonomy to particular ethnic groups in a particular region and even the formation of
separate state for some communities would not yield desired results. The exclusionary
tendencies created by both the state and the dominant community lead to the ethnic assertion
of specific ethnic communities. However, such exclusionary practices cannot be tackled by
mobilization of ethnic communities and identity politics but ‘recognizing’ the specificities and
material needs of community through the mechanism of the state. The state needs to adopt more
conciliatory path and bring the alienated sections into the mainstream.
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