Be able to discuss and clarify “pleasure feeding” with patients and their families
Identify ethical issues with continuing or stopping artificial nutrition and hydration
Understand complications of artificial nutrition and hydration that are not ethically justifiable
Be able to discuss issues of self-dehydration and self-starvation
The lecture I gave for the Indiana University Health Joint Transplant Education and Research Lecture Series on palliative care. That's right, palliative care in transplant patients NOT at the end-of-life.
Palliative care is an approach to care which improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness.
Carle General Surgery Grand Rounds presentation on palliative care symptom management, specifically pain, nausea, constipation, and malignant bowel obstruction.
The lecture I gave for the Indiana University Health Joint Transplant Education and Research Lecture Series on palliative care. That's right, palliative care in transplant patients NOT at the end-of-life.
Palliative care is an approach to care which improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness.
Carle General Surgery Grand Rounds presentation on palliative care symptom management, specifically pain, nausea, constipation, and malignant bowel obstruction.
Dr. Elizabeth Paulk gives an excellent review of palliative care topics including end of life discussions, hospice, pain management, and family counseling.
Palliative Care Interdisciplinary Team model for Clinical Ethics Consultation...Andi Chatburn, DO, MA
Interactive workshop presentation exploring the Palliative Care model for Interdisciplinary Team consultation in an application for Clinical Ethics Consultation. Presented at the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities national conference in San Diego, October 17, 2014.
Basics of palliative care including symptom management: pain, dyspnea, nausea and constipation; family meetings, goals-of-care, end-of-life care, and artificial nutrition.
Children are given palliative care in tertiary hospitals and even at home also. This topic includes which are the pediatric conditions require palliative care and what are the common symptoms children are facing and how to manage these symptoms.
Dr. Elizabeth Paulk gives an excellent review of palliative care topics including end of life discussions, hospice, pain management, and family counseling.
Palliative Care Interdisciplinary Team model for Clinical Ethics Consultation...Andi Chatburn, DO, MA
Interactive workshop presentation exploring the Palliative Care model for Interdisciplinary Team consultation in an application for Clinical Ethics Consultation. Presented at the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities national conference in San Diego, October 17, 2014.
Basics of palliative care including symptom management: pain, dyspnea, nausea and constipation; family meetings, goals-of-care, end-of-life care, and artificial nutrition.
Children are given palliative care in tertiary hospitals and even at home also. This topic includes which are the pediatric conditions require palliative care and what are the common symptoms children are facing and how to manage these symptoms.
45 minutes of suffering (or Anesthesia Grand Rounds on Palliative Care)Mike Aref
Presentation on what palliative care is, comparison with hospice, primary palliative care screening, goals-of-care, definitions of DNR, basics of acute pain management and WHO analgesic ladder.
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order SetsMike Aref
A selection of slides, taken from a series of presentations, showing the evolution of consolidating and developing order sets for delivery of primary palliative care in our healthcare system.
Out-patient Primary and Specialty Palliative CareMike Aref
Presentation on primary and specialty palliative care, covering what is palliative care, basics of primary palliative care including pain and symptom management, and referral criteria for out-patient specialty palliative care.
Scoring Suffering to Address Patient Needs in Palliative Care: The "Maslow Sc...Mike Aref
Introduction
Palliative care patients have been scored by their symptom burden and performance but there is little standardization of their multidimensional suffering, needs, and wants. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a model for describing these needs as physiological, safety, love/ belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The functional pain score is a validated method of scoring pain based on patient report and provider assessment. Using these two frameworks, the “Maslow Score” seeks to use Maslow’s Hierarchy to score the current patient situation based on symptom burden, plan, network, and meaning.
Methods
The scores are four-digit codes describing the patient situation at a given time base on team consensus. Each digit is a score from most secure, 0, to most vulnerable, 5. Both written examples and an algorithmic approach have been provided to obtain each score.
Results
Morning huddle has been expedited by utilizing scores recorded the previous day. Also if sudden changes have been reported they can be compared rapidly against a team standard. This triaging helps direct team resources as to whether patients should be reassessed by the entire team or specific members. The discussion has improved assessment of patients from an interdisciplinary perspective. In general, patients cannot improve their network and meaning scores until symptom and planning scores have been optimized.
Discussion
The “Maslow Score” appears to have improved the quality of care that our service delivers by improving efficiency. Further development and study is needed to standardize and validate our method.
Indiana University Health University Hospital Palliative Care ServicesMike Aref
Introduction
In the past three years, Indiana University Health (IUH) University Hospital Palliative Care Services has expanded its size and scope. Our mission remains to treat the suffering of patients with chronic, progressive illnesses, their families, and their providers through symptom optimization and the search for meaning. While continuing to work with patients near the end-of-life and transitioning to hospice we have increasingly been involved with complex patients whose deaths are not imminent or even expected.
Our Team
The team has transitioned from a part-time to a full-time physician, a new full-time nurse practitioner, a new position in a nurse clinical coordinator, increased time for out part-time social worker, and continued part-time chaplain.
New Opportunities for Palliative Care
IUH University Hospital sees some of the sickest of the sick including advanced liver failure, advanced pulmonary disease, and transplant patients. Our service has become involved in alleviating suffering in pancreatic, liver, renal, and multivisceral transplant patients. Our expertise in opiates has placed us in a unique position to assist with patients having pain due to opioid-hyperalgesia and narcotic bowel syndrome. In addition we have started seeing more hepatology, oncology, hematology, and pulmonary patients earlier in their disease.
Out-Patient Services
We have expanded our service to now include out-patient, currently by embedding within other clinics at University Hospital including seeing patient in the multidisciplinary oncology clinic, hematology, digestive and liver disease clinic, and surgical out-patient clinic. In the near future we hope to have dedicated clinic space within the geriatrics clinic.
The goal of this webinar was to help hospice and healthcare professionals understand the ethics and application of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients near the end of life.
The goal of this webinar was to help hospice and healthcare professionals understand the ethics and application of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients near the end of life.
Hospice care and palliative care: Is there a difference between the two, and if so, what?
Many people still think that palliative care means hospice care. But today, hospice is only a small part of palliative care.
The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat the symptoms and side effects of a disease; and it should be part of the picture from the first day a serious illness is diagnosed.
Dr. Jim Meadows, Director of Hospice and Palliative Care at Tennessee Oncology, will discuss this important topic. How does a family and a health care team best work together to guide a patient through a terminal illness? How does everyone continue to support quality, patient-centered, end-of-life care?
I didn't know this option of Palliative care existed prior to my mother's passing earlier this year of colorectal cancer. However, I do now know about it and want to share it with all of you
The goal of this webinar was to help hospice and healthcare professionals understand the ethics and application of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients near the end of life.
This PPT is all about Something that we want to lear an discover new things in life which might be very useful and essential to do something so you can figure out and work on it so you will be able to do it simply great and awesome in life. After downlading the ppt please do not forget to reshare it with your friends families and morel
Dr Catherine Hayle - Regional ELC - Complex decision making Innovation Agency
Presentation by Dr Catherine Hayle - Arrowe Park Hospital - Regional Emergency Laparotomy Collaborative - Complex decision making collaborative at Arrowe Park Hospital on 24 January 2020
Inpatient Plant Based Nutrition: Review of the History and Challenges for Ap...EsserHealth
Plant Based nutrition has been show to be one of the most powerful methods to revers and prevent many of the most common cardiometabolic diseases today. In this talk learn about the long history of plant based nutrition in the inpatient setting and about clinics still functioning today. Also review some of the most common challenges keeping it from application in the inpatient setting in most health care settings.
Presented at Kansas City University of Osteopathic Medicine 10/27/15 in Lecture Series in Bioethics. See live presentation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dr3g3PeVKeo
Carle Palliative Care Journal Club 1/15/2020Mike Aref
A journal club review and criticism of J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Dec 17. pii: djz233. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djz233 Emergency Department Visits for Opioid Overdoses Among Patients with Cancer by Jairam V, Yang DX, Yu JB, Park HS.
Palliative care is about providing well-being and the highest quality of life to patients with serious, progressive, chronic life-limiting illness, including during the dying process.
Carle Palliative Care Journal Club for 7/3/18Mike Aref
Journal club review of "Effect of Lorazepam With Haloperidol vs Haloperidol Alone on Agitated Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial" by D. Hui et. al. in JAMA. 2017 Sep 19;318(11):1047-1056.
Three hour slide deck for basics of palliative care including what is palliative care, symptom management (pain, dyspnea, nausea, constipation), goals-of-care, family meetings, comfort care, and issues around artificial nutrition.
The Family Meeting: The Procedure of Patient-Centered CareMike Aref
University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign Internal Medicine Grand Rounds presentation on the elements, techniques, and tools of high-quality family meetings.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ethical Issues Regarding Nutrition and Hydration in Advanced Illness
1. 1
Ethical Issues Regarding
Nutrition in Advanced Illness
Michael Aref, MD, PhD, FACP, FHM
Assistant Medical Director of Palliative Medicine
Carle Hospital and Physician Group
3. 3
Objectives
• Understand complications of artificial nutrition and
hydration that are not ethically justifiable.
• Identify ethical issues with continuing or stopping
artificial nutrition and hydration.
• Be able to discuss and clarify “pleasure feeding” with
patients and their families.
• Be able to discuss issues of self-dehydration and self-
starvation.
8. 8
Nutrition Dependent Disease And Disease Independent of Nutrition
Malnutrition
• Malnutrition or malnourishment
is a condition that results from
eating a diet in which nutrients
are either not enough or are too
much such that the diet causes
health problems.
Cachexia
• Cachexia or wasting syndrome is
loss of weight, muscle atrophy,
fatigue, weakness, and significant
loss of appetite in someone who
is not actively trying to lose
weight.
9. 9
Benefits of Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
• Physiological support for temporary inability to swallow or
to use their gastrointestinal tract due to otherwise
reversible conditions.
• Artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) may prolong life
and allow a more accurate assessment of the patient's
chance of recovery.
• For patients with chronic disabilities who are unable to take
in adequate nutrition by mouth and who enjoy the life they
lead, ANH is physiologically and qualitatively useful.
Nutr Clin Pract. 2006 ;21:118-125
10. 10
Supportive NOT Curative
• ANH alone, while sometimes supportive, does not
cure or reverse any terminal or irreversible disease
or injury.
• Multiple studies have consistently failed to show
meaningful clinical benefit from ANH in terminally
ill patients.
Nutr Clin Pract. 2006 ;21:118-125
Nutr Clin Pract.1994;9:91– 100
11. 11
System Shut Down
• Terminal illness is a biochemical and metabolic
process = slowing of bodily function.
– Loss of appetite and thirst.
– Difficulty swallowing.
– Simultaneous inability to utilize nutrients.
• Few symptoms from dehydration or lack of
nutrition.
ANH is “counterpalliative”
Palliat Support Care. 2006;4:135–43.
NEJM. 2004;350:2582–90.
Medsurg Nurs. 2000;9:233–44.
12. 12
Little Quantity-of-Life, Less Quality-of-Life
• ANH support by either the enteral or parenteral route
to terminally ill patients suggests increased suffering
without improved outcome.
• ANH, whether provided by “feeding tube” or vein, is
often associated with significant complications,
including bleeding, infection, physical restraints such as
tying the patient down, and in some cases a more
rapid death.
• TPN does not alleviate hunger.
JAMA.1999 ;282:1365– 1370
J Gerontol.1998 ;53:M207– M213
Lancet.1997 ;349:496– 498
Appetite. 1989;13(2):129-41
13. 13
Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
– Improves quality of life in patients with the bulbar form of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• Cancer
– A review of 70 published, prospective, randomized trials of ANH
among cancer patients failed to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of
nutrition support for such patients.
• Dementia
– Tube feeding does not increase life expectancy and worsens quality
of life in end-stage dementia, i.e. when dysphagia develops due to
dementia.
End-of-Life Indications and Contraindications
Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):330-60
Nutr Clin Pract. 2006 ;21:118-125
15. 15
Emotional Perspective
• Family members
– Unwillingness to accept terminal prognosis.
– Belief in cruelty of dying process if ANH not administered.
– Need to demand interventions to avoid guilt.
– Would not ask for themselves, but do ask for family members.
• Physicians
– Lack of familiarity with palliative care techniques and evidence.
– Length of time required to educate families on true facts of ANH.
– Reimbursement for insertion of PEG tube, etc.
– Desire to avoid controversial discussions.
– Fears of litigation.
• Administrators
– Reimbursement for tube feedings, etc.
– Fear of regulatory sanctions if ANH not administered (nursing homes).
– Extra time and staff needed to assist with oral feedings in weakened or demented patients.
– Fears of litigation.
• Withholding ≠ Withdrawal
Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;35(3):545-56
J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Sep;26(9):1053-8
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8:224–28.
16. 16
Ethical Perspective
• Prerequisites of artificial nutrition and hydration
are:
1. an indication for a medical treatment, and
2. the definition of a therapeutic goal to be achieved, and
3. the will of the patient and his or her informed consent.
In all cases however the treating physician has to take the
final decision and responsibility.
• Withholding = Withdrawal
Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;35(3):545-56
J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Sep;26(9):1053-8
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8:224–28.
17. 17
C for Critical or Comfort
Critical Care
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Vasopressors
• Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
– D5 or D10 is not nutritional
support
Comfort Care
• Supplemental oxygen for comfort
• Symptom management
• Pleasure feeding
19. 19
Talk Early. Talk Often.
• Anticipate trajectory of disease so that you can
have continuing conversations about goals-of-care
and advance directives.
• Making decisions empowers patients and
decreases burden on family because these
conversations have already occurred.
20. 20
REMAP Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
Step What you say or do
Reframe why the artificial nutrition
and hydration aren’t appropriate.
You may need to discuss dysphagia or why artificial nutrition and hydration will not be helpful “Given this news, it
seems like a good time to talk about what to do now.”
Expect emotion and empathize.
“It’s hard to deal with all this.” “I can see you are really concerned about [x].” “Tell me more about that—what are
you worried about?” “Is it OK for us to talk about what this means?” “It is human nature to worry about feeding our
loved ones.”
Map the future.
“Given this situation, what’s most important for you?” “When you think about the future, are there things you
want to do?” “As you think towards the future, what concerns you?”
Align with the patient’s values. “As I listen to you, it sounds the most important things are [x,y,z]."
Plan medical treatments that match
patient values.
“Here’s what I can do now that will help you do those important things. What do you think about it?“ “Trying to
force calories down a tube won’t make you feel any better or live any longer. What do you think about talking about
things that we can do that will help you going forward?”
Expect questions about more
artificial nutrition and hydration
“Here are the pros and cons of what you are asking about. Overall, the studies of artificial nutrition and hydration in
advanced illness tells me that trying it would do more harm than good at this point.“ “’Pleasure feeding’ or ‘comfort
feeding’ focuses on the humanness of enjoying the taste of favorite foods in the company of those we most enjoy. If
calories won’t fix their disease trying to push them will likely do more harm than good.”
Talk about continuing to provide
aggressive care but now focused on
comfort rather than cure.
“We can help your [x] have as much good time as they can going forward. We’ll focus on the joy of being able to
taste food and be around family. Does that sound like a good plan?”
vitaltalk.org
22. 22
Voluntary Stopping Eating and Drinking (VSED)
• Why?
– To preserve patient autonomy.
– To retain control.
– To hasten death because of unacceptable suffering without
infringing on fundamental ethical principles of Western
society.
– “Being tired of life” or “having it done”.
– Viewing themselves as a burden to their family members.
23. 23
Voluntary Stopping Eating and Drinking (VSED)
• Variant of stopping life-sustaining treatment.
• Not physician assisted suicide (PSA):
– Provider must assess decision making capacity.
– Provider need only agree not to interfere.
– Provider should be prepared to address symptom
burden.
• VSED usually leads to death in 1-3 weeks.
“The desire for a hastened death regularly occurs, but such thoughts are frequently kept secret by patients
unless clinicians specifically inquire.”
BMC Palliat Care. 2014 Jan 8;13(1)
Ann Intern Med. 2000 Mar 21;132(6):488-93
Widener Law Rev. 2011, 17: 351-361
25. 25
Case Study
A 49-year-old male came into the cardiac care unit with an inferior wall myocardial
infarction, and shortly thereafter coded. Resuscitation attempts succeeded;
however, over the course of a few days he went into multisystem failure. On a
respirator, receiving multiple medications to support life, and unable to eat anything
by mouth or to tolerate tube feedings, the nursing staff were concerned with his
nutritional status. An ongoing debate occurred between the physicians and nurses,
with the physicians maintaining that he was not “viable enough” for total parenteral
nutrition (TPN) but if his condition were to stabilize he would be a candidate. The
nurses argued that without adequate nutrition the patient would never stabilize
and heal; they felt that he was being starved to death. The intense emotional
response of the nurses led the physicians to rethink their approach to care. After 10
days without food and still in multisystem failure, the patient was started on TPN.
Regardless, he died several days later.
Life support is life support
www.practicalbioethics.org/files/case-study/artificial-nutrition-and-hydration.pdf
26. 26
Case Study
Mrs. J is an 85-year-old woman with advanced dementia and Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), being
cared for at home. Her daughter was distressed that her mother was no longer able to eat and drink “sufficient
quantities to sustain life.” Feeding her had become a battle—she spat out her food, turned her head away, and
struck out whenever attempts were made to feed her. The daughter asked about placement of a feeding tube so
that her mother could be fed “passively” without the “stress” of attempted oral feeding. She expressed that this
seemed such a “minor procedure” with the potential for great benefit to her mother. The daughter described her
mother as a fiercely independent woman whose husband (her father) had died shortly after her birth. She had
never remarried and had worked two minimum wage jobs to support her daughter, as well as attending evening
classes in a community college. She was described as a woman who rarely asked for help for herself but had always
extended a helping hand to others. The Catholic Church was reported as a place of comfort for her.
This elderly and much-loved woman did not have advance directives and had become increasingly withdrawn and
uncommunicative over the past decade. Earlier conversations between the daughter and her mother did not reflect
what she would want if she was no longer able to eat and drink independently, although she had expressed
throughout her life a dread of being dependent on others. Independence and self-sufficiency were fundamental
values for her and ones on which she prided herself. This daughter cared deeply for her mother, acknowledging the
sacrifices her mother had made so that she could have a good education and opportunities in life that she herself
never had. When Mrs. J was no longer able to care for herself her daughter had taken her into her own home, and
had recently taken a leave of absence from work to care for her. Her husband and children were supportive.
Artificial Nutrition in Terminal Illness
www.practicalbioethics.org/files/case-study/artificial-nutrition-and-hydration.pdf