The document is an OECD economic survey of Estonia that makes the following key points: 1. Estonia has a strong business climate and fiscal position but growth is held back by insufficient knowledge transfer, infrastructure gaps, emigration, and skill shortages. 2. Recommendations include using budget funds to boost education, jobs programs, and infrastructure, lowering taxes on labor, strengthening collaboration between businesses and schools, and gradually taxing energy sources by carbon emissions. 3. Estonia has high carbon emissions due to low energy efficiency and can reduce them by processing oil shale into lighter products and taxing energy sources based on emissions. Skill shortages are significant and labor taxes are high, especially

1. www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm
OECD
OECD Economics
2014 OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY
OF ESTONIA
Revitalising growth
Tallinn, 28 January 2015

2. Main Findings
1. The business climate is favourable for economic growth
and the fiscal position is strong.
2. But growth is held back by insufficient knowledge
transfer, gaps in infrastructure, emigration and skill
shortages.
3. CO2 emissions are high because energy efficiency is low.
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3. Key Recommendations
1. Use budgetary space to raise spending on education, active labour market
policies and infrastructure as well as to lower labour taxes.
2. - Strengthen knowledge transfers to domestic firms.
- Further reduce the tax burden on labour earnings, in particular of low
earnings.
- To reduce skill shortages, strengthen collaboration of businesses and
vocational schools at the local level.
3. Gradually align and raise tax rates on energy sources according to their
CO2 emission content.
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4. The business climate is strong (1)
Product market regulation
Note: OECD refers to the simple average.
Source: OECD (2013), Product Market Regulation Indicators.
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5. The business climate is strong (2)
• Product and labour market regulation are business-friendly
• Governance is transparent and law enforcement is efficient
• Low and simple corporate taxation support entrepreneurship
• Education outcomes are strong
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6. The fiscal position is strong
• Estonia is one of few OECD economies with almost no government debt.
• Resources from the government’s budget are needed to improve skills and
infrastructure and to lower the tax burden on labour.
General government gross debt
Source: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections database.
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7. Raising productivity and benefitting more
from openness
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8. Productivity growth is weak
• The productivity gap with respect to high-income countries is large and currently
diminishing only slowly.
Convergence in GDP per capita and productivity
1. Percentage gap with respect to the simple average of the highest 17 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita, GDP per hour
worked (in constant 2005 PPPs).
Source: OECD National Accounts Database and OECD Productivity Databases.
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9. Promoting transfer of knowledge
• Strengthen collaboration among firms, applied research institutes and
universities.
• Promote international management skills.
Collaboration of firms on innovation with higher education or public research
Source: OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard.
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10. Eliminating remaining infrastructure gaps
• Estonia has made considerable progress in upgrading its infrastructure.
• A number of cross-border and domestic infrastructure bottlenecks remain.
– Implement plans to connect to the European high-speed railway network
swiftly.
– Better integrate electricity and gas networks with the EU to enhance security of
supply.
– Raise efforts to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of infrastructure
spending.
– Better link different transport modes.
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11. Reviewing corporate bankruptcy procedures
• Shorten corporate insolvency procedures and improve their efficiency.
• Strengthen expertise to deal with complex insolvency cases, for instance, by giving
courts the power to require the creditor to pay for experts.
• Review the need for a specialised bankruptcy court.
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12. Raising energy efficiency (1)
Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption
1. Data refer to gross direct emissions including emissions from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Removals/sequestration of
greenhouse gas through LULUCF are deducted.
2. It refers to total primary energy supply and equals production plus net trade minus international bunkers plus or minus stock changes.
Source: OECD/IEA (2013), Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics Database
and OECD Economic Outlook; and IEA (2013), Energy Balances of OECD Countries. 12

13. Raising energy efficiency (2)
• CO2 emissions can be reduced by two thirds by processing oil shale into
lighter oil products.
• Raise and harmonize the taxation of the various energy sources
according to their CO2 emission content.
• Strengthen incentives to invest in energy efficiency of buildings.
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14. Making the most of human capital
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15. • Emigration mostly of young, employed workers has contributed to falling
labour supply.
Labour supply is declining
Migration and population trends
Source: Statistics Estonia.
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16. • Skill shortages are particularly high in skill-intensive sectors. The most skilled
workers have by far the lowest unemployment rates.
• Wage growth has been particularly strong in the innovative ICT services
sector, where vacancy rates are high.
Skill shortages
Unemployment rates by educational level
Source: Eurostat.
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17. The tax burden on labour is high especially
for low-pay workers
Labour tax wedges
1. Working full-time and receiving average gross earnings.
Source: OECD (2014), Taxing Wages 2014.
• Reduce social security contributions on low wage earners. Raise more
revenue from real estate taxes.
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18. Workers pay high fees to pension funds
Pension funds' operating expenses as a share of assets under management
Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics and Finance Ministry of Estonia.
• Reduce fees further.
• Consider a fundamental reform of the compulsory private pension system,
including the introduction of a low-cost fund.
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19. The pay gap between men and women is large (1)
• This is not explained by differences in education or experience. Women’s career
prospects are particularly poor in managerial posts.
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20. The pay gap between men and women is large (2)
• Encourage equal pay.
• Require both parents to take up parental leave to qualify for the full leave
entitlement.
• Identify and address barriers to female entrepreneurship.
• Consider requiring firms to identify and address pay inequalities.
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21. Too few young people obtain professional
qualifications (1)
• About 30% of young people leave school with a general upper secondary (high
school) degree or a lower degree. These do not prepare for labour market entry.
Share of young adults with at most lower secondary or with general upper secondary qualifications
Source: OECD (2013), Education at a Glance 2013.
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22. Too few young people obtain professional
qualifications (2)
• Strengthen collaboration of businesses and schools at the local level.
• Introduce a tax-free lower minimum wage for apprenticeships in firms which
meet accredited training standards.
• Improve financial support for students.
• Provide independent and professional career guidance at the end of lower
secondary education.
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23. More Information…
www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm
OECD
OECD Economics
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