The document provides guidance on essay structure, including introducing topics with a funnel or attention-grabbing introduction, crafting a clear thesis statement that indicates the scope and organization of the essay, and using logical paragraph divisions and transitions between ideas. A good thesis states the main topic and previews subtopics to be discussed in each paragraph in a concise, specific manner rather than making broad announcements or stating obvious facts. Proper structure helps guide the reader through the argument.

1. Essay Structure
(Introduction and Outline)

2. Basic Essay Structure
(Logical Division of Ideas)
Introduction
Body Paragraphs
Conclusion

3. The Introduction
An introductory paragraph has 2 parts:
General statement
• Introduce the general topic of the essay.
• Capture the reader’s interest.
Thesis statement
• States the specific topic.
• May list subtopics or subdivisions.
• May indicate the pattern of organization.
• Is normally the last sentence in the introductory
paragraph.

4. Types of Introductions
Funnel Introduction:
Begins with one or two general sentences
about the topic.
Sentences become increasingly focused on
the topic.
Ends with your thesis statement.

5. Types of Introductions
Funnel Introduction:

6. Types of Introductions
Attention Getting Introductions:
Dramatic, Interesting, or Funny Story
Surprising Statistics or Facts
Historical Background

7. Thesis Statement
The Thesis Statement:
is the most important sentence in the
introduction.
states the specific topic of the essay.
sometimes lists the subtopics that will be
discussed in the body.
sometimes indicates the pattern of
organization that the essay will follow.

8. Thesis Statement:
Is the most important sentence in the
introduction.
Native Americans have made many valuable
contributions to modern U.S. culture.
The large movement of people from rural to
urban areas has major effects on cities.

9. Thesis Statement:
Sometimes lists the subtopics that will be
discussed in the body.
Native Americans have made many valuable
contributions to modern U.S. culture,
particularly in the areas of language, art,
food, and government.
The large movement of people from rural to
urban areas has major effects on a city’s
ability to provide housing, employment, and
adequate sanitation services.

10. Thesis Statement:
Sometimes indicates the pattern of
organization that the essay will follow.
When buying a used car, use these four
strategies to get the best price.
There are several differences between a
nurse practitioner and a physician’s
assistant.

11. Thesis Statement:
Common Thesis Statement Pitfalls.
Problem 1: The thesis is too general.
Problem 2: The thesis makes a simple
announcement.
Problem 3: The thesis states the obvious

12. Thesis Statement:
The thesis is too general.
Too general: A college education is a good
investment.
Improved: A college education is a good
investment for four reasons.
Too general: Lasers are very useful.
Improved: Lasers have several
applications in industry and
medicine.

13. Thesis Statement:
The thesis makes a simple announcement.
Announcement:
I am going to write about sports injuries.
Improved:
Avoid sports injuries by taking a few simple
precautions.

14. Thesis Statement:
The thesis states an obvious fact.
Obvious fact:
The internet is a communication
superhighway.
Improved:
The explosion of the internet has had both
positive and negative consequences.

15. Logical Division of Ideas
Keys to a logical division of ideas:
Divide your topic into subtopics and discuss
each subtopic in a separate paragraph.
Write a thesis statement that indicates a
logical division.
Use transitions between paragraphs to guide
your reader from one paragraph to the next.

16. Logical Division of Ideas
Good Thesis Statements:
Native Americans have made valuable
contributions to modern U.S. culture in
four main areas.
Native Americans have made valuable
contributions to modern U.S. culture,
particularly in the areas of language, art, food
and government.

17. Transitions Between
Paragraphs
Linking paragraphs with transitions helps
your reader to see how subtopics are
related. Transitions may be:
A single word
A phrase
A dependent clause that repeats or
summarizes the preceding paragraph.

18. Transitions Between
Paragraphs
Transition Words
One way an angry driver may react is to
cut off another motorist. (+ supporting
sentences)
Another way is to tailgate the other car.
(+supporting sentences)

19. Transitions Between
Paragraphs
Transition Phrases
In addition to cutting off and tailgating
other cars, aggressive drivers often use
rude language or gestures to show their
anger. (+ supporting sentences)

20. Transitions Between
Paragraphs
Transition Clauses
Although law enforcement authorities warn
motorists against aggressive driving, the
number who act out their angry impulses has
not declined. (+ supporting sentences)