Letter word phrase clause and sentence

Letter, word,
phrase, clause,
sentence
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI

Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Letter
Word
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Letter
Word

A character representing one or
more of the sounds used in speech;
any of the symbols of an alphabet.
A B C D...Z
1. CONSONANTS (21)
2. VOWELS (5) (a, e, i, o, u)
LETTERS

A word is the smallest unit
of grammar that can stand alone as
a complete utterance, separated by
spaces in written language and
potentially by pauses in speech. It
is the combination of letters.
I go well rare
alone Peter beautiful
WORD

1.Verb
2.Noun
3.Pronoun
4.Adjective
5.Adverb
6.Preposition
7.Conjunction
8.Interjection
Word
class

A group of words that:
 stands together as a single
grammatical unit.
 Does not contain a subject and
verb
Once in a blue moon
Writing a letter
On the wall
PHRASE

Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Types

My two wonderful dogs
The tallest building in the world
Noun Phrase

Couldn’t go
Will be working
Verb Phrase

Very friendly
Afraid of the dark
Adjective Phrase

really fast
much quicker
Adverb Phrase

near the school
on the wall
Preposition
Phrase

Clauses are units of grammar that
contain at least one verb and a
subject.
Subject Verb combination
Abi played cricket.
Until the sun sets
CLAUSE

Independent Clauses
An independent clause is a group of
words that contains both a subject
and a Verb. It expresses a complete
thought and can stand alone as a
sentence.
I love opening the windows while the
warm breeze blows.
She walked to the grocery store to buy
a bouquet of flowers.
TYPES OF CLAUSES

Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause is a group of
words with a subject and a verb. It
does not express a complete thought
so it is not a sentence and can't
stand alone.
When the president arrives
Until the sun sets
If you can work on Sundays
TYPES OF CLAUSES

Independent Clauses
He ate dinner.
Dependent Clauses
When John got home,
Dependent Clauses + Independent
Clauses
When John got home, he ate dinner.
Please send me the report today if you
can.

When
While
Whenever
Before
After
Because
If
unless

Say whether each of the following is
a phrase or a clause
1. in the garden
2. while Charlie was reading the newspaper
3. Kevin works at a restaurant.
4. the big green box
5. We don’t live in Dallas anymore.
6. extremely hungry right now
7. had been waiting
8. If you see Mr Ram tomorrow
9. slowly and steadily
10. Whenever I play a video game, it reminds
me of my child

Dependent
Clause
Noun Adjective Adverb

NOUN CLAUSE
Group of words Subject and Verb
ACTS AS A NOUN
I fear that I will fail
That you have come pleases me

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ACTS AS AN ADJECTIVE
(describes noun)
The umbrella which has a broken handle
is mine
He met a girl whose eyes were blue

ADVERB CLAUSE
ACTS AS AN ADVERB
(Modifies verb, adjective and adverb)
They rested when the evening came
I will give you a map so that you can find
a way

A set of words that is complete in
itself, typically containing a subject
and predicate, conveying a
statement, question, exclamation,
or command, and consisting of a
main clause and sometimes one or
more subordinate clauses.
SENTENCE

1
• Declarative Sentence
2
• Imperative Sentence
3
• Interrogative Sentence
4
• Exclamatory Sentence

Sentence
Simple Compound Complex

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A sentence that has a single subject and a
single predicate is called a simple
sentence. (only one finite verb)
I am a teacher.
She took a cab to the airport.
We are having pizza for dinner tonight.
A simple sentence is also known as an
independent clause.

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two or more
independent clauses.
I am a teacher. My brother is a doctor.
I am a teacher, and my brother is a doctor.
She tried to lift the box. The box was too heavy.
She tried to lift the box, but it was too heavy.
He didn’t have enough cash. He paid by credit card.
He didn’t have enough cash, so he paid by credit card.
Words like and, but and so are called
coordinating conjunctions.

The clause in a compound sentences are also known as
co-ordinate clauses because they are connected by co-
ordinating conjunctions like
And
But
Yet
Nor
Either
Neither
Still
Therefore
So
Otherwise
Either...or
Neither...nor Fr Sujith Mathew CMI

THERE ARE CORRECT WAYS TO LINK
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
Solving equations is useful, but studying
grammar is fun.
(The linking word is "but." A comma
precedes the linking word.)
Simple sentences contain one clause, and
compound sentences contain at least two.
(The linking word is "and." A comma
precedes the linking word.)

THE SHORT LINKERS ARE: seven of them.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Note that if you arrange these guys right, the first
letters spell "fanboys."
These linking words have names. They are
called coordinating conjunctions.
We can call them short linkers. There are only

Rule
When two independent clauses are joined
by a short linker,
put a comma in front of that linker.

HOWEVER, SOMETIMES INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES ARE JOINED BY LONGER
LINKING WORDS.
Some students can remember the coordinating
conjunctions; however, others can only remember
their favorite pizza toppings.
(The linking word is "however." Note that a
semicolon precedes it and a comma follows it.)

Grading tests is depressing; consequently, some
teachers drink heavily before doing it.
(Again, note the semicolon before the linking
word and the comma after it.)
These long linking words are
called conjunctive adverbs. we can call
them "long linkers."

Some common long linkers are:
Consequently
Therefore
However
Nevertheless
Thus
Hence
Henceforth
In fact

Rule
When two independent clauses are
joined by a long linker, put a semicolon
in front of that linker and a comma
behind it.

THERE IS A THIRD WAY TO PUNCTUATE
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
To study math is a treat; to study grammar is a
thrill.
I like to read; my wife likes to talk.
(Note the absence of a linking word and the use
of a semicolon.)

Rule
Two independent clauses may be
linked only by a semicolon.
Helpful Hint
When only a semicolon is used to
link independent clauses, make
sure the clauses are thoroughly
parallel in structure and word
choice. Fr Sujith Mathew CMI

October days are often beautiful; November
days often aren’t.
(Note that these clauses contain the same
verbs ("are") and the same subjects ("days").
They also contain the adverb "often." These
create symmetry and justify the use of a
semicolon.)

The colon is used to separate two
independent clauses when the second
explains or illustrates the first.
I have very little time to learn the language:
my new job starts in five weeks.
All three of their children are involved in
the arts: Richard is a sculptor, Diane is a
pianist, and Julie is a theatre director.

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has a dependent clause
and an independent clauses.
When I got home from work yesterday, I watched TV
for an hour.
Let me know if you need any help.
You can’t go out and play until you’ve finished your
work.
Words like when, if and until are called
subordinating conjunctions.

The subordinate clauses of a complex sentences are
connected with the main clause by means of any of the
subordinating conjunctions
When before
Where if
While even if
Who which as if
How unless
Although what
Though that
Even though
As since
Because
That
After

Dependent clause in a complex
sentence is known as Subordinate
Clause.
If the dependent clause comes
first, we put a comma after it, and
the we write the independent
clause.

RELATIVE CLAUSE
A relative clause uses a relative pronoun like
who, that, which etc.
I know a guy who plays guitar in a rock band.
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings.
The boss wants me to give a speech at the event,
which is tomorrow.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence has more
than one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
If it rains tomorrow, bring your umbrella ,
or you might catch a cold.

THANK YOU

Letter word phrase clause and sentence

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