2. Classical or Traditional Grammar - Not all the developments in Linguistics have had pedagogic applications. - We shall give a brief outline of the various ideas about language that have influenced ESP in some way.
3. Description of English and other languages Greek Latin Based on an analysis of the role played by each word in the sentence.
4. “Teachers who wish to maintain a balanced view of linguistics should not overlook the fact that traditional grammar has many useful virtues. The traditional handbooks provided an array of terms and distinctions which most of us used in learning to talk about our own language, and which many people continue to find serviceable throughout their lives” Allen and Widdowson
6. Structural Linguistics Peculiarities: 1. The grammar of the language is described in terms of syntagmatic structures which carry the fundamental propositions( statement, interrogative, negative, imperative) and notions ( time, number, gender). By varying words within these structural frameworks, sentences with different meaning can be generated. 2. With the help of the structural linguistic the structural syllabus was created. In such syllabus , items are graded so that simpler and more immediately useable structures precede the more complex ones. Example: ESP syllabus based on structural principals 1. Simple present active 2. Simple present passive 3. Simple present passive and active 4. -ing forms 5. Present Perfect; Present Continuous 6. Infinitives 7. Anomalous Finites 8. Past Perfect
7. Transformational Generative (TG) grammar 1. John is easy to please. John is eager to please. The City Bank has taken over Acme Holdings. Acme Holdings has been taken over by the City Bank.
8. In the language there must be two levels of meaning: A deep level A surface level
21. The Type of ESP Register Analysis The Concept of Language Variation
22. Functional/Notional Grammar Functions Notions Concerned with social behaviour and represent the intention of the speaker or writer. Reflect the way in which the other man thinks
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25. Discourse (Rhetorical) analysis Dialogues example: “It is raining” Can I go out to play? It’s raining. Have you cut the grass yet? It’s raining. I think I’ll go out for a walk. It’s raining.
26. Discourse Analysis 2 key ways: Establishing contact Finding out what the person wants Giving information Arguing the point Taking down details in writing Conclusion and thanks
28. Complete the following table to summarize the paragraph properties When suitable Materials are available… …against the material properties Figure 8: Text-diagramming
30. 3 lessons which must be borne in mind: A) The various developments are not separate entities; B) Describing a language for the purposes of linguistic analysis does not necessarily carry any implications for language learning; C) Describing a language we must make a distinction between what a person does (performance) and what enables them to do (competence)
