1. The document outlines various theories and approaches to describing language, including classical/traditional grammar, structural linguistics, transformational generative grammar, functional/notional grammar, register analysis, discourse analysis, and text-diagramming. 2. It notes that traditional grammar provides useful terms for discussing language, while structural linguistics describes grammar through syntagmatic structures and notions of time, number, and gender. 3. Transformational generative grammar examines two levels of meaning - deep and surface structures - and how language can be viewed in terms of form and function.

1. Language Descriptions

2. Classical or Traditional Grammar - Not all the developments in Linguistics have had pedagogic applications. - We shall give a brief outline of the various ideas about language that have influenced ESP in some way.

3. Description of English and other languagesGreek Latin Based on an analysis of the role played by each word in the sentence.

4. “Teachers who wish to maintain a balanced view of linguistics should not overlook the fact that traditional grammar has many useful virtues. The traditional handbooks provided an array of terms and distinctions which most of us used in learning to talk about our own language, and which many people continue to find serviceable throughout their lives” Allen and Widdowson

5. Structural LinguisticsWas founded in 1930thBy Leonardo Bloomfield

6. Structural Linguistics Peculiarities: 1. The grammar of the language is described in terms of syntagmatic structures which carry the fundamental propositions( statement, interrogative, negative, imperative) and notions ( time, number, gender). By varying words within these structural frameworks, sentences with different meaning can be generated. 2. With the help of the structural linguistic the structural syllabus was created. In such syllabus , items are graded so that simpler and more immediately useable structures precede the more complex ones. Example: ESP syllabus based on structural principals 1. Simple present active 2. Simple present passive 3. Simple present passive and active 4. -ing forms 5. Present Perfect; Present Continuous 6. Infinitives 7. Anomalous Finites 8. Past Perfect

7. Transformational Generative (TG) grammar1. John is easy to please. John is eager to please.The City Bank has taken over Acme Holdings. Acme Holdings has been taken over by the City Bank.

8. In the language there must be two levels of meaning:A deep levelA surface level

9. Language can be looked at from the point of view:Of formOf functionWhy does language exist? People do things with it:they give information

10. they promise

11. they threaten

12. they make excuses

13. they seek information

14. they identify

15. they classify

16. they reportCommunicative competence consists of:A set of rules for formulating grammatically correct sentences

17. A knowledge of when to speak, when not, what to talk about, with whom, when where, in what mannerThe ingredients of communication:non-verbal communication

18. the medium and channel of communication

19. role relationships between participants

20. the topic and purpose of communicationText AText BNow I have to change to the final size drill I require, which is three-quarters of an inch diameter, and this is called a morse-taper sleeve.A slower speed for a larger drill.Nice even feed should give a reasonable finish to the hole.Applying coolant periodically. This is mainly for lubrication rather than cooling.Almost to depth now.Right. Withdrawing the drill.That`s fine.Select required drill.Mount drill in tailstock. Use taper sleeves as necessary.Set speed and start machine spindle.Position tailstock to workpiece.Apply firm even pressure to tailstock hand wheel to feed drill into workpiece.Apply coolant frequently.Drill hole to depth.Withdraw drill.Stop machine.

21. The Type of ESPRegister AnalysisThe Concept of Language Variation

22. Functional/Notional GrammarFunctionsNotionsConcerned with social behaviour and represent the intention of the speaker or writer.Reflect the way in which theother man thinks

23. The Functional View of Language have an influence on language teaching in the 1970s

24. to establish some kind of equivalence in the syllabuses for learning various languages. difficult to divide up the learning tasks into units of equivalent value across the various languages on the basis of formal grammar.The student of GermanThe learner of EnglishThe spelling, the simple/continious tense distinction or the countable/uncountable distinction.The gender/case endings of articles,nouns and adjectives.

25. Discourse (Rhetorical) analysisDialogues example: “It is raining”Can I go out to play? It’s raining.Have you cut the grass yet? It’s raining.I think I’ll go out for a walk. It’s raining.

26. Discourse Analysis2 key ways: Establishing contact Finding out what the person wants Giving information Arguing the point Taking down details in writing Conclusion and thanks

27. Text-diagramming type of exerciseExample: Generalizing and Exemplifying

28. Complete the following table to summarize the paragraphpropertiesWhen suitableMaterials are available……against the material propertiesFigure 8: Text-diagramming

29. The approach establishes patterns, but does not account for how these patterns create meaning

30. 3 lessons which must be borne in mind: A) The various developments are not separate entities;B) Describing a language for the purposes of linguistic analysis does not necessarily carry any implications for language learning;C) Describing a language we must make a distinction between what a person does (performance) and what enables them to do (competence)