The document provides an overview of various linguistic theories and their implications for language teaching, including: 1. Classical/traditional grammar focuses on the role of words in sentences, while structural linguistics describes grammar through sentence structures. 2. Transformational generative grammar examines deep and surface language structures and meanings. 3. Functional/notional approaches analyze language in terms of social functions and intentions rather than form. 4. Discourse analysis looks at language use beyond the sentence level and how meaning is constructed between sentences. 5. Different linguistic theories may be more relevant for describing certain features of specific languages.

1. Language Descriptions

5. Structural Linguistics Was founded in 1930 th By Leonardo Bloomfield

8. In the language there must be two levels of meaning: A deep level A surface level

12. The Type of ESP The Concept of Language Variation Register Analysis

13. Functions Notions Concerned with social behaviour and represent the intention of the speaker or writer. Reflect the way in which the other man thinks Functional/Notional Grammar

15. The student of German The gender/case endings of articles, nouns and adjectives. The learner of English The spelling, the simple/continious tense distinction or the countable/uncountable distinction.

18. Text-diagramming type of exercise Example: Generalizing and Exemplifying

19. properties … against the material properties Figure 8: Text-diagramming When suitable Materials are available… Complete the following table to summarize the paragraph

20. The approach establishes patterns, but does not account for how these patterns create meaning