The document discusses industrial ergonomics, focusing on the relationship between biomechanics, work physiology, and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) caused by repetitive motions and poor posture. It highlights the prevalence of back pain and shoulder issues among workers, outlining causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies such as exercise, proper lifting techniques, and ergonomic adjustments. Additionally, it describes the types of muscle tissue and their roles in human movement, concluding with the importance of understanding biomechanics in preventing MSD.

1. Industrial Ergonomics…..[EMM 5710 ]
Lecturer : DR. Eris Elianddy Bin Supeni
Presented by
Group No.5
Name Matric No.
1) Ghassan Maan Salim……………………GS42930
2) Zaid Kh. Saadon………..…………………GS40746
Biomechanics and Work Physiology

2. 61% of all occupational illnesses
are associated with repetitive
motions
15 to 20% of workers in key
industries are at potential risk for
MSD.
Because of the slow onset and
relatively mild nature of the
trauma, the condition is often
ignored until the symptoms
become chronic and more severe
injury occurs

3. Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
The Back and Material Handling Issues
The Spinal Column

4. BACK PAIN
• Back pain is a common problem that
affects most people at some point in
their life. It usually feels like an ache,
tension or stiffness in your back.
• Back ache is more prevalent between
the age of 35 and 55.

5. Causes
The most frequently cause of our back pain
are:
1. Heavy physical work,
2. Frequent bending,
3. Twisting,
4. Lifting,
5. Pulling and pushing,
6. Repetitive work,
7. Static postures,
8. Vibrations.

6. Example:
Labour work
Pick and place from low
to higher place
Office work
Working in lath machine
for a long period
Causes:-
• Heavy work
• Many repetitive task that need
bending the body
• Sitting for a very long time
• Working in an uncomfortable
posture

7. If persistent for more than a week it might result in :
• tension, soreness or stiffness of back muscles.
• pain may aggravate with slightest of movement
or even with coughing and sneezing.
• numbness and tingling in the arms or legs.
Signs & Symptoms
• Structurally backache (these includes muscles, cartilage, bones
or spinal cord.)
• Psychosocial risk factors -includes stress, depression, pain
threshold, job dissatisfaction, and mental stress at work.

8. Example of the symptoms that the person will face are:-
 Feel pain in the spinal cord when the person stands for
long time.
 When the person in the same posture for long period of
hour the person will feel the pain in the spinal cord
 The person will not be able to walk or jog for long time
He/She might not even able to walk a short distance
Person will feel pain in his back when he bend his body
Feel pain when the person carry heavy things
The person will be stressed and have strong migraine

9. How to Prevent?
Exercise. Regular low-impact aerobic activities
Build muscle strength and
flexibility. Abdominal and back muscle
exercises
Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight
puts strain on your back muscles.
Stand smart. Maintain a neutral pelvic
position.

10. Sit smart.
-good lower back support, arm rests and a
swivel base.
-a pillow
-keep your knees and hips level
Lift smart. Let your legs do the work. Move
straight up and down. Keep your back straight
and bend only at the knees. Hold the load
close to your body.

11. Do not stand for a long time
Do not sit for a long time
Do not carry things
When carry heavy things, you must do in correct posture
Do not walk for a long time
Swimming
Go to physiotherapy for proper exercise counseling
Lay down on the hard ground
While sleeping put a pillow between the legs
Use pillow and mattress which is comfortable for the person
Advices

12. Joint System
Joints known as articulations, are strong
connections that join the bones, teeth and
cartilage of the body to one another.
 Each joint is specialized in its shape and
structural components to control the
range of motion between parts that it
connects.

13. • A joint that permits no movement is known as a
synarthrosis. The sutures of the skull and the
gomphoses that connect the teeth to the skull are
examples of synarthroses.
• An amphiarthrosis allows a slight amount of
movement at the joint. Examples include the
intervertebral disks of the spine and the pubic
symphysis of the hips.
• The third functional class of joints is the freely
movable diarthrosis joints. Diarthroses have the
highest range of motion of any joint and include the
elbow, knee, shoulder, and wrist.
Types of joint
Joints may be classified functionally based upon how much movement
they allow.

14. Types of shoulder pain
• Pain that worsens when arm is moved.
• Pain that doesn’t worsen when arm is moved.
Example of Joint Problem

15. Symptoms
• Stiffness
• Experiencing slight pain when arm is moved
• Bruises around shoulder area
• Usual full motion of arm is limited

16. TYPES OF SHOULDER PAIN
Frozen shoulder
Rotator cuff disorder
Shoulder instability
Broken bone (fracture)

17. Frozen shoulder - a painful condition that reduces normal movement in the joint
and can sometimes prevent movement in the shoulder.
Rotator cuff disorders – the rotator cuff is a
group of muscles and tendons that surround
the shoulder joint and help to keep it stable

18. Shoulder instability – where the
shoulder is unstable and has an
unusually large range of movement
(hypermobility)
Broken bone (fracture) - Shoulder fractures
commonly involve the clavicle (collarbone),
humerus (upper arm bone), and scapula
(shoulder blade).
Fractures often cause severe pain, swelling, and
bruising about the shoulder.

19. SYMPTOMS /SIGNS OF SHOULDER PAIN
Frozen shoulder - the joint becomes
so tight and stiff that it is nearly
impossible to carry out simple
movements, such as raising the arm.
Rotator cuff disorder - pain will
occur in the front or side of the
shoulder and may travel down to
the elbow and forearm. Pain may
also occur when the arm is forcefully
pushed upward overhead.

20. SYMPTOMS /SIGNS OF SHOULDER PAIN
Broken bone (fracture) - A shoulder
fracture that occurs after a major
injury is usually accompanied by
severe pain. Within a short time,
there may be redness and bruising
around the area.

21. HOW TO PREVENT?
 Vary your activities to change your posture and the muscles you are using
Perform simple stretching exercises to reduce muscular discomfort

22. Muscular System
 The muscular system is responsible for the
movement of the human body.
 Attached to the bones of the skeletal system
are about 700 named muscles that make up
roughly half of a person’s body weight.

23. Muscle Types
There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and
skeletal.
 Visceral Muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach,
intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral
muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ.
Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it
is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the
conscious mind.

24.  Cardiac Muscle. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for
pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be
controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and
signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates
itself to contract.

25.  Skeletal Muscle. Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the
human body—it is controlled consciously. Every physical action that a person
consciously performs (e.g. speaking, walking, or writing) requires skeletal muscle.

26. Conclusion
Biomechanics is generally the study of the biological structure of
human body.
Includes things related to Muscuskeletal.
Muscuskeletal disorder (MSD) was explained with examples.
Backbone, Joint system, and muscle system is muscuskeletal.