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Epistaxis- Nose Bleed Overview and Managment
1.
2. Introduction and History
Acute hemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or
nasopharynx
5-10% of the population experience an episode of
epistaxis each year. 10% of those will see a physician.
1% of those seeking medical care will need a specialist.
3. REASONS FOR EXCESSIVE
BLEEDING
Vascularity of nose
Both external and internal carotids.
Anastomsis between arteries and veins.
Blood vessels run just under the mucosa-
unprotected.
Larger vessels on the turbinate run in bony
canals- cannot contract.
3
6. Kiesselbach‘s Plexus a.k.a
Little’s area
1/2 inch from the caudal border of the septum
antero-inferiorly.
Vessels anastomosing are; Anterior ethmoid,
greater palatine, and sphenopalatine, and
septal branch of superior labial.
Bleeding may be arterial or venous.
6
12. Local Factors –
Dessication
Cold, dry air—more common in wintertime
Dry heat—Phoenix and Death valley
Nasal oxygen
Anatomic abnormalities
Atrophic rhinitis
Nasal septal deviation
Nasal septal perforation
16. Basic Treatment
Make the patient sit up, pinch nose, open
mouth and breath.
Ice on fore head and or gargle ice water
16
17. Ask the Patient
Patients will almost always tell you the side of
bleeding
Which side did it start on
Was in coming out the front or draining down
the throat
Nosebleeds rarely have bilateral sources
18. Anterior or Posterior
Anterior
Bright red blood from front of nose
Posterior
Nausea, hematemesis, anemia, hemoptysis or
melena.
No visualized anterior source of bleeding
Post nasal drip of blood
28. Epistaxis - Complications
Sinusitis
Possibility of airway obstruction
Toxic shock syndrome
Septal hematoma or abscess
Septal perforation
Loose pack obstructing the airway
Nasal scarring or stenosis
Alar necrosis
29. Treatment after Packing
Removed as soon as possible
Typically 3-5 days
Antibiotics
Posterior or bilateral packing requires
admission
Transfuse
Continue treatment of underlying condtions
Oxygen
ICU Admit
30. Surgery / embolization
Indications
Continued bleeding with packing
Required transfusion
Nasal anomaly precluding packing
Patient intolerance to packing
Posterior bleed vs. failed medical mgmt
after >72hrs
Other Treatments
32. Transmaxillary IMA ligation
Waters view
Caldwell-Luc
Electrocautery of posterior wall before removal
Microscopic dissection and ligation of IMA
--descending palatine & sphenopalantine most
important
Recurrence rate (failure rate) of 10-15%
Complication rate of 25-30% (oa fistula,dental, n)
Imax ligation now done commonly through
endoscopic approach
33.
34. Ant./Post. Ethmoidal ligation
Patients s/p IMAX ligation still bleeding, superior
nasal cavity epistaxis, or in conjunction when source
unclear
Lynch incision
Fronto-ethmoid
suture line
12-24-6
(14-18, 8-10, 4-6)
35. Transnasal Endoscopic
Sphenopalatine Artery ligation
Follow Middle Turbinate to posteriormost aspect
Vertical mucoperiosteal incision 7-8mm anterior to
post middle turb (between mid. and inf. turbs)
Elevation of flap—ID neurovascular bundle at
foramen
Ligation with titanium clip
Reapproximate flap
Complications –few, Failures—0-13%
38. Selective
Angiography/embolization
Helps identify location of bleeding
Embolization most effective in patients who
Still bleeding after surgical arterial ligation
Bleeding site difficult to reach surgically
Comorbidities prohibit general anesthetic
Effective only when bleeding is >.5 ml/min
90+% success rate, complication rate of 0.1%
Only able to embolize external carotid & branches
Complications: minor (18-45%)/major (0-2%)
Contraindicated in bad atherosclerosis, Ethmoid
bleed