Kyasanur forest disease was first discovered in 1955 when monkeys died in large numbers in a forest in Karnataka, India. Investigation found the virus was transmitted by ticks to both monkeys and humans. The disease causes sudden onset of fever and severe muscle pain. Prevention focuses on tick control, vaccination, and personal protective measures like tick checks and adequate clothing. Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis spread between animals and humans. It is endemic where livestock are raised and causes intermittent fever and sweating. Prevention centers on controlling the disease in animals through testing, vaccination, and hygiene, as well as pasteurizing milk. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria spread through contact with infected animal urine. It ranges
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Class Presentation of Master of Science in Medical Microbiology 2nd semester at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University.
Brocellosis disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Breculla spp and transmitted to humans by contact with fluids from infected domestic animal (sheep,goats, cattle,pigs and other animals)
Brucellosis also called Bang's disease, malta fever, Mediterranean fever or Undulunt fever
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
Class Presentation of Master of Science in Medical Microbiology 2nd semester at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University.
Brocellosis disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Breculla spp and transmitted to humans by contact with fluids from infected domestic animal (sheep,goats, cattle,pigs and other animals)
Brucellosis also called Bang's disease, malta fever, Mediterranean fever or Undulunt fever
Background of AU-IBAR and brucellosis: Past, present and future in Middle and...ILRI
Presented by Abdelkhalik M. Montasser at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, in India was recognised first in 1942.
It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease.
This presentation is very helpful to the student.Data is based on research and all the content is from renowned book and websites. I included introduction, burden , epidemiological determinants,mode of transmission,prevention and control and required medication .
Background of AU-IBAR and brucellosis: Past, present and future in Middle and...ILRI
Presented by Abdelkhalik M. Montasser at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, in India was recognised first in 1942.
It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease.
This presentation is very helpful to the student.Data is based on research and all the content is from renowned book and websites. I included introduction, burden , epidemiological determinants,mode of transmission,prevention and control and required medication .
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States, a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action.Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. This bacteria naturally infects some animals, such as goats, sheep, and cattle. C. burnetii bacteria are found in the birth products (i.e. placenta, amniotic fluid), urine, feces, and milk of infected animals.
Tick-borne parasitic infections are serious problem in the world as the population of ticks is increasing with people building homes in areas where ticks and their host live. Ticks are second to mosquitoes as an excellent vector for vector-borne diseases. There are only two known tick-borne parasitic infections: Babesiosis and Theileriosis. Babesiosis is due to the tick-borne parasites of the Babesia protozoa genus while Theileriosis is caused by Theilerias species which are obligate protozoan parasites. They are both transmitted by the Ixodid ticks. The symptoms of the infection includes lacrimation, nasal discharge, muscle pains etc. Tick-borne parasitic diseases can be prevented by avoiding places where ticks often live and also by using insect repellents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. HISTORY
Heavy mortality in two species of monkeys in march
1955 in the forested area of Shimoga district of
Karnatka, led to the discovery of the disease.
The mortality in monkeys was followed by high
incidence of acute prostrating febrile illness and few
deaths among the villagers in neighbourhood.
Investigation resulted in the isolation of virus from
monkeys, man and ticks.
The disease was named after the forest name
where it was first discovered and the virus was
named as KFD virus.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Agent: KFD virus, member of group B togaviruses.
Natural hosts or reservoirs: Small mammals
particularly rats and squirrels are main reservoirs.
Birds and bats are less important hosts. Monkeys are
amplifying hosts of the virus.
Cattles provide Haemaphysalis ticks plentiful source
of blood which in turn leads to population explosion
among the ticks.
Man is incidental or dead-end host and plays no
part in virus transmission.
4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Vectors: atleast 15 specie of hard ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis are known to tranmit the disease.
KFD has also been isolated from soft ticks.
Highest no. of human and monkey infections occur in
drier months, particularly from Jan to June.
Host factors: Age- between 20-40 years.
Sex- attack rate is greater in males.
Occupation- cultivators or those accompanying their
cattle or cutting woods.
Human activity- epidemic period correlates with the
greatest period of human activity in the forest.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Modes of transmission: The transmission cycles
involves mainly monkeys and ticks.
The disease is transmitted by the bite of infective
ticks, especially nymphal stages.
No evidence of man to man transmission.
Incubation period: 3 - 8days.
6.
7. CLINICAL FEATURES
Sudden onset of fever, headache and severe
myalgia with prostration in some patients. Acute
phase lasts about 2 weeks.
Gastrointestinal disturbances and hemorrhages
from nose, gums, stomach and intestine may occur
in severe cases.
In several cases, mild meningoencephalitis after an
afebrile period is also observed.
This stage is characterized by return of fever,
severe headache followed by neck stiffness, coarse
tremors, abnormal reflexes and mental
disturbances.
The case fatality rate is 5%.
8. CONTROL
Control of ticks: Spraying at hot spots i.e. areas
where monkey deaths have been reported, within
50 metres around the spot of the monkey deaths.
Restriction of cattle movement.
Vaccination: population should be immunized with
killed KFD vaccine.
Personal protection: By use of insect repellants,
adequate clothing. Habit of sitting or lying down on
the ground should be discouraged through health
education. At the end of day, body should be
examined for ticks and should be removed
promptly.
10. One of the major bacterial zoonoses.
Occasionally transmitted by different species of
brucella group.
The disease is characterized by intermittent febrile
attacks, with profuse sweating, arthritis and enlarged
spleen.
Disease may last for several days, months or years.
Disease is endemic wherever sheeps, goats, pigs and
cattle are raised in large numbers.
Important endemic areas are: mediterranean zones,
Europe, Central Asia, Mexico and South America.
In India, practically every state reports animal
brucellosis. It is an occupational hazard of butchers,
shepherds, farm workers and lab personnel etc.
11. HISTORY OF THE DISEASE
It was first described more than 2,000 years ago by
the Romans and Hippocrates.
In 1887, Dr .David Bruce, isolated the organism that
causes brucellosis from several deceased patients
from the island of Malta.
The mid-20th century, the Brucella bacteria was
also developed for use as a biological weapon by
the United States.
The use of brucellosis for biological warfare
purposes was later banned in 1969 by President
Nixon.
12. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Agent factors: Gram-negative rod shaped
cocobacilli of the genus Brucella.
Four species infect man: B. melitensis (goats and
sheeps), B.abortus (cattle), B.suis (pigs), B.canis
(dogs).
Brucella can live upto 8weeks in unpasteurized milk
and upto 40days in dry soil.
Reservoir of infection: Cattle, sheep, goats,
swine, buffaloes, horses and dogs.
Infected animals excrete Brucella in the urine,
milk, placenta, uterine and vaginal discharges
particularly during a birth or abortion.
The animal may remain infected for life.
13. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Host factors: human brucellosis is a disease of
adult males. Farmers, shepherds, butchers,
veterinarians and lab. Workers are at high risk.
Environmental factors: overcrowding of herds,
high rainfall, lack of exposure to sunlight,
unhygienic practices in milk and meat production.
The infection can travel long distances in milk and
dust. Organism can survive in water, urine, feces,
damp soil and manure.
Incubation period: 1-3 weeks but may be as long
as 6 months.
14. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Contact infection: by direct contact with infected
tissues, blood, urine, vaginal discharge, aborted
fetus and especially placenta.
Food-borne infection: infection takes place
indirectly by ingestion of raw milk or dairy products
from infected animals. Fresh raw vegetables grown
in infected manure. Water contaminated with
excreta of infected animals.
Air-borne infection: environment of cowshed is
highly infected. Infected aerosols and dust act as
mode of transmission. Brucellae may be inhaled in
slaughter houses and laboratories.
15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Acute phase : sudden onset of illness with
swinging pyrexia, rigors and sweating.
Arthralgia involving larger joints like: hip, knee shoulder
and ankle.
Low back pain.
Headache and insomnia
Small firm hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
Leucopenia
Acute phase subsides within 2-3 weeks. There is severity
of illness but absence of clinical signs. If the patient is
treated with tetracycline, symptoms may disappear
quickly.
Complications: thrombophlebitis, arthritis,
epididymo-orchitis and spondylitis
16. DIAGNOSIS
An accurate history about travel, occupation and
animal exposure.
Blood culture.
Tissue biopsy from bone marrow or liver
Other serological test.
17. DETECTION OF INFECTED ANIMALS BY RAPID
TEST METHODS
Milk ring test: A sample of whole milk is mixed well
with a drop of stained brucella antigen (killed B.
abortus stained with hematoxylin).
If antibodies are present in the milk, the bacilli
are agglutinated and rise with cream to form blue
ring at the top, leaving the milk unstained.
If the antibodies are absent, no coloured ring is
formed and milk remains uniformly blue.
18. TREATMENT
Tetracycline is the drug of choice.
Relapse is common and is due to the difficulty in
eradicating the intracellular bacteria.
Multidrug (two or more) antibiotic regimen is
recommended as it lowers the relapses.
The antimicrobials most commonly used include
doxycycline (200mg/day), streptomycin (1gm/day),
rifampicin (600-900mg/day), gentamycin, tetracycline
(2gm/day) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
A full six-week course of antibiotics is recommended.
19. CONTROL OF BRUCELLOSIS
In animals:
Test and slaughter- the infected animals are
slaughtered with full compensation to farmers.
Vaccination: with the live attenuated S19 brucella
strain. A compulsory vaccination program for endemic
areas. Systematic vaccination for the period of 7-10
years may result in the elimination of disease.
Hygienic measures: a clean and sanitary environment
for animals, sanitary disposal of urine, feces, veterinary
care of animals and health education.
20. CONTROL OF BRUCELLOSIS
In humans:
Early diagnosis and treatment: drug of choice is
tetracycline. In patients with skeletal or other
complications I.M. streptomycin 1g daily in addition to
tetracycline.
Pasteurization of milk: pasteurization of milk and milk
products. Boiling can be done in case pasteurization is
not possible.
Protective measures: high standards of personal
hygiene, safe disposal of excreta, disposal of placenta,
discharges and fetuses from aborted animal. Wear
protective clothings.
Vaccination: Human live vaccine for B. abortus is
available.
21. It can be prevented by
animal-disease-control
measures, avoidance of
unpasteurized dairy
products, and occupational
protective measures.
24. ABOUT DISEASE
Leptospirosis is primarily a contagious disease of
animals, occasionally infect humans.
It is caused by pathogenic spirochete of the genus
leptospira.
Disease manifestations are varied and many
ranging in severity from a mild febrile illness to
severe and sometimes fatal disease.
Its outbreaks mostly occur as a result of heavy
rainfall and consequent flooding.
There was an outbreak in Orissa after the super
Cyclone in 1999.
25. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Agents factors:
Agent- Leptospira. Only strains of L. interrogans.
Source of infection- leptospira are excreted in
the urine of infected animals for a long time,
often for an entire life time in cases of rodents.
Animal reservoir: it affects wild and domestic
animals worldwide especially rodents. Most
domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats
etc. may be infected through grazing in infected
areas.
26. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Host factors:
Age- children get more frequently infected than
the adults.
Occupation- Agricultural and livestock farmers,
workers in rice fields, sugarcane fields
underground sewers workers, animal handlers
and vets etc. leisure time activities like swimming
and fishing also carry risk.
Immunity: specific immunity follows infection.
27. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Environmental factors:
Leptospira shed in urine can survive for weeks in
soil and water.
The association of poor housing, limited water
supply, inadequate method of waste disposal
add to the risk of causing disease.
28. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Direct contact: leptospira can enter the body
through skin abrasions or through intact mucous
membrane by direct contact with urine or infected
tissue.
Indirect contact: through contact of broken skin
with soil, water or vegetation contaminated by urine
of infected animals, or through ingestion of
contaminated food or water.
Droplet infection: infection may also occur due to
inhalation as when milking infected cows or goats
by breathing air polluted with droplets of urine.
Direct man to man transmission is rare.
29.
30. Clinical types:
Anicteric leptospirosis
• It is the milder form of the disease.
• Patients have fever, myalgia but do not have
jaundice.
• Almost 90% of patients have this type of
illness.
Icteric leptospirosis
• It is the severe form of the disease.
• It is characterized by jaundice and is usually
associated with involvement of other organs.
• About 5-10% of patients have these type of
manifestations
31. Anicteric Leptospirosis- Sign and
symptoms:
Fever - Patients have remittent fever with chills.
Myalgia-It is a very characteristic finding in
leptospirosis. Calf, abdominal & lumbosacral
muscles are very painful & severely tender.
Conjunctival Suffusion- There is reddish
colouration of conjunctiva.
Headache -intense,throbbing, commonly in frontal
region.
Renal manifestations
Pulmonary manifestations
Hemorrhage
32. Icteric Leptospirosis: -( Weil’s syndrome
)
This is the more severe form of leptospirosis. As the
name suggests all patients have jaundice. Patients
present with: -
• Fever
• Myalgia
• Headache
• Conjuctival suffusion
• Oliguria/Anuria and/or proteinuria
• Nausea, vomiting
• Abdominal pain
33. Incubation period: 10 days
Diagnosis:
Blood culture- it takes 1-6 weeks to become
positive.
Agglutination test- it becomes positive after 7-
10days
IgM ELISA – useful in early diagnosis, it is
positive as early as 2 days.
34. CONTROL
Antibiotics: penicillin is the drug of the choice. The
dosage is 6 million units I.V. daily.
Environmental measures: reducing contamination
by rodent control and protection of workers in
hazardous occupation. Proper disposal of wastes
and health education.