This document discusses epidemiology and community health. It defines epidemiology as the study of factors that affect the health of populations, including the frequencies and types of diseases. Community health aims to protect the health of communities through organized efforts. The success of epidemiology and community health relies on effective information transfer. Epidemiology tools are used to study disease patterns and priorities to inform health planning, research, and evaluation. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology are discussed as ways to understand disease distribution, risk factors, and evaluate associations. Community health activities work to maintain health records, protect food/water, provide immunizations, and educate communities.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health related events. It is concerned with epidemic of communicable disease, non communicable infectious disease, chronic disease,maternal-child health, occupational health, environment health etc.
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health related events. It is concerned with epidemic of communicable disease, non communicable infectious disease, chronic disease,maternal-child health, occupational health, environment health etc.
Epidemiology is: a) a quantitative basic science based on a working knowledge of statistics, probability, and sound research methods; b) a causal reasoning method based on the development and testing of morbidity and mortality hypotheses; and c) a tool for promoting and protecting public health action based on science, causal reasoning, and practical common sense.
In Nigeria, nursing education core value is jettisoned by educational qualification as against quality or standard of care. It is faced with explicit and implicit rivalry between the degree holders in nursing and non-degree holders, between those with single qualification and those with double qualification and between university lecturers with first degree in nursing and master/PhD in other field and those with first degree, master and PhD in nursing science. The rivalry is becoming a bane and indeed a malignant cancer devastating all spheres of nursing; training, practice, service and administration in Nigeria.
In Nigeria, nursing education core value is jettisoned by educational qualification as against quality or standard of care.
It is faced with explicit and implicit rivalry between the degree holders in nursing and non-degree holders, between those with single qualification and those with double qualification and
between university lecturers with first degree in nursing and master/PhD in other field and those with first degree, master and PhD in nursing science.
The rivalry is becoming a bane and indeed a malignant cancer devastating all spheres of nursing; training, practice, service and administration in Nigeria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Epidemiology and Community health are two
inseparable words in public health system. This
is because they deal with prevention of disease,
promotion of health and efficiency through
organized community efforts. Epidemiology
deals with the frequencies and types of
illnesses and injuries that affect population
while community health deals with the services
that aim at protecting the health of the
community.
3. The knowledge of pattern, distribution and
frequencies of diseases and how it effects the
community is the major concern of every health
organization. In fact, the success of
epidemiology and community health activities
rely greatly on effective transfer of information
from health professional to general public.
Thus health information management is the
most veritable tool for the achievement of the
desired goals of health for all.
4. At the end of this presentation participants will
be able to:-
Explain the terms epidemiology and
community health.
State the uses of epidemiology
Describe epidemiological tools of
measurements.
Describe community health.
5. Definition
The word epidemiology is derived from Greek
terms- “epi”-upon, among, “demos” –people,
district, “logos” –study, word, discourse.
Epidemiology literally is the study of
something that affects population.
Jekel, Elmore and Katz (1996) defined
epidemiology as the study of factors that
determine the occurrence and distribution of
disease in a population
6. Onwasigwe (2004) views epidemiology as the
study of the causes, distribution, determinants
and deterrent of diseases, injuries and other
health related condition in human population.
Epidemiology deals with the frequencies and
types of illnesses and injuries in group of
people and with factors that influence their
distribution.
In summary, epidemiology is the study of
factors that affect health of population
7. Epidemiology therefore serves as a
A) cornerstone of methodology of public health
research
B) evidenced based medicine
C) means of identifying risk factors for diseases
and determining optimal treatment approaches
to clinical practice.
8. It is used in:-
i) studying the history of diseases in
population in terms of profile, time & trends.
ii) determining the most common causes of
death, diseases and disability.
iii) community diagnosis in terms of morbidity,
and mortality rates and ratio.
iv) determining the effective control method of
disease when known.
9. v) provision of data for proper planning and
evaluation of health services
vi) identifying deficiencies in ongoing
programs
vii) identifying the priority areas for medical
research
10. Epidemics – the occurrence of the disease or
groups of illnesses of similar nature clearly in
excess of the expected rate for the place and
time.
Pandemic –an epidemic usually affecting a
large proportion of the populations occurring
over a wide geographic area.
11. -
Endemic – this refers to the constant
presence of a disease or infectious agent
within a given geographic area or
population group.
Sporadic – it the scattered about disease
with cases occurring irregular,
haphazardly from time to time and
generally infrequently.
Exotic- disease imported into a country ,
malaria in united kingdom.
12. There are various ways of grouping epidemiology,
a) Based on what it studied:-
Classical epidemiology –it studies the community
origins of health problems particularly those
related to nutrition, environment, human behavior,
and psychologic, social, and spiritual state of
population. Its aim is to discover risk factors.
Clinical epidemiology – it studies patients in
health care settings in order to improve diagnosis
and treatment of various diseases and the
prognosis of patients already affected.(jekel,1996)
13. B) Based on the steps in investigation and control.
According to onwasigwe (2004) there are :-
1)Descriptive epidemiology:- it studies the amount
and distribution of disease within population by
person, place and time. It is carried out to
determine the frequency of disease, the kind of
people suffering from it and where it occurs. It
makes use of routinely collected data such as
hospital data. Its study answers these questions
i) who are affected- ie the person(age,sex,race,
marital status,etc)
14. Ii) where do the cases occur:-ie the
place(rural,urban,altitude,humidity,rainfall)
Iii) when do these cases occur :-ie time
(monthly or annually ,secular trends-long term
variation or cyclic changes –recurrent
alterations in the frequency from annual or
periodic)
15. 2) Analytical epidemiology :-this study is carried
out to draw logical conclusion. The study is
used to determine why the rate is high or low
in a particular group. Analytical studies are
hypothesis-testing studies used to verify the
hypotheses.
It is different from descriptive studies because it
studies individuals within a population not the
entire population.
16. Analytical studies involve two types of
observation studies –
A) case control study
B) cohort study
Case control study –known as retrospective
studies which is used to estimate cause-effect
relationship between a suspected risk factor
and a disease. In this study people diagnosed
of having a disease(cases) are compared with
those that do not have the disease(control).
17. Cohort – is a group of persons at risk who
share common characteristics or experience
within a defined period of time.
Cohort study –this is a prospective study,
incidence study and forward looking study
which aims at obtaining additional evidence to
support or reject the existence of an association
between suspected risk factor or cause and
disease
18. Sensitivity and specificity – for screening
.Rates – to quantify disease
-relative risk and odd ratio –to evaluate
association between factors and disease
19. This is the prerequisites for infection occurrence
Agent
Reservoir (man, animals)
Route of exit from the reservoir
Channel of transmission-(air, water, formites)
Pathogen’s capacity for survival
Routes of entry (respiratory route,mouth)
Host susceptibility-(mechanical protection of skin
and chemical, inflammatory response,immunity)
20. Provide basic knowledge of disease trends and
distribution, causes and contributing factors.
For planning health programmes eg
procurement drugs
Advocacy
Research
Monitoring and evaluation.
21. This is made up of two words- community and
health.
Community:-is a group of individuals who are
bound in time and space, dependent on each
other and having common goals.
Health –According to WHO in 1986 health is
defined as the extent to which an individual or
group is able, on the one hand to realize
aspirations and satisfy needs and on the other
hand to change or cope with the environment.
22. Community health is simply referred to as the
health status of group of people and the actions
and conditions to promote, protect and
preserve their health.
However, park (2004), defined community
health as the health status of the members of
community, and the problems affecting their
health as well as the totality of health care
provided to the community.
23. In broader sense community health implies
integration of curative, preventive and
promotive health services rendered to
individual living in the same location.
The emphasis of community health is centred
on two things namely:, community diagnosis
and community treatment.
This therefore implies that the entire
community is regarded as patient requiring
diagnosis and treatment.
24. Community health activities are activities that
are aimed at protecting and improving the
health of a population or community.
These are as follows:-
Maintenance of accurate birth and death
records.
Protection of food and water supply.
Maintenance of environmental sanitation –
including vector control and personal health
care.
25. Immunization
Health education e.g. on healthy styles of
living.
Community diagnosis by surveying and
monitoring community health needs and
assessing the impact of intervention