Enzyme invoved in eukarotic translation
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The document discusses two key enzymes involved in eukaryotic translation: aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and peptidyl transferase. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA. There are 20 types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes, each specific to one amino acid. Peptidyl transferase is an enzyme located on the ribosome that catalyzes peptide bond formation between adjacent amino acids, using two tRNA molecules to elongate the growing polypeptide chain. Both enzymes play essential roles in ensuring the accurate translation of mRNA into protein sequences.
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Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
3) Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.
4) Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules, one of which continues through glycol
eukaryotic translation machinery by kk sahu
Introduction
Components of protein synthesis
Translation in eukaryotes
1.initiation
2.elongation
3.Termination
Conclusion
references
Translation (1)
Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is used to produce a polypeptide chain. It involves mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The mRNA codons are read three bases at a time by tRNA molecules carrying complementary anticodons and their attached amino acids. The ribosome facilitates the formation of peptide bonds between incoming amino acids to assemble the polypeptide chain according to the mRNA template. Translation terminates when a stop codon enters the ribosome with no corresponding tRNA.
2.12.2010
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2) Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to acetyl-CoA, which fuels the Krebs cycle to generate NADH, FADH2, and GTP while producing CO2.
3) The electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
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atp production & utilization ppt
Contents –
INTRODUTION
PATHWAY OF ATP PRODUCTION
GLYCOLYSIS
PHASES
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
UTILIZATLION
ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES
ATP PROVIDES ENERGY BY GROUP TRANSFER
ATP ENERGIES ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND GROUP TRANSFER
GLOWING REPORTS OF ATP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
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eukaryotic translation machinery by kk sahu
Introduction
Components of protein synthesis
Translation in eukaryotes
1.initiation
2.elongation
3.Termination
Conclusion
references
Translation (1)
Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is used to produce a polypeptide chain. It involves mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The mRNA codons are read three bases at a time by tRNA molecules carrying complementary anticodons and their attached amino acids. The ribosome facilitates the formation of peptide bonds between incoming amino acids to assemble the polypeptide chain according to the mRNA template. Translation terminates when a stop codon enters the ribosome with no corresponding tRNA.
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atp production & utilization ppt
Contents –
INTRODUTION
PATHWAY OF ATP PRODUCTION
GLYCOLYSIS
PHASES
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
UTILIZATLION
ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES
ATP PROVIDES ENERGY BY GROUP TRANSFER
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GLOWING REPORTS OF ATP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
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2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
prokaryotic translation mechinry
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
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Translation(molecular biology)
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
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The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.
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Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
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Similar to Enzyme invoved in eukarotic translation
Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
prokaryotic translation mechinry
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Protein synthesis
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis which occurs in four main steps: transcription, charging of tRNAs, translation, and post-translational modifications. During transcription, the gene is transcribed into mRNA. tRNAs are charged with specific amino acids through the action of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Translation then occurs on ribosomes, where the mRNA codon sequence is read and amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain in the correct order. Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps.
Translation(molecular biology)
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
9 Translation.ppt
1. Translation is the process by which the genetic code stored in mRNA is used to direct the assembly of proteins from amino acids using ribosomes and tRNAs.
2. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome and initiation factors at the start codon on the mRNA. Elongation then adds amino acids one by one to the growing polypeptide chain through the actions of elongation factors.
3. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the completed protein and dissociating the ribosome into its subunits. The protein may then undergo further processing to become functional.
Protein synathesis in eukariyotes
Introduction.
History.
Central dogma.
Mechanism of protein synthesis.
Transcription.
Process of transcription
translation
Step of translation
Activation of amino acid.
Transfer of amino acid to tRNA.
Initiation of polypeptide chain
Elongation of polypeptide chain
Translocation
Termination of polypeptide chain
processing of released polypeptide chain
Main difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukryotes
Conclusion
Reference
Protein synthesis(translation)
The document discusses the process of translation, where mRNA is used to synthesize proteins from amino acids. Translation occurs through three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination - and involves various tools like amino acids, mRNA, tRNAs, ribosomes, and other factors. While similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, translation differs in some initiation and elongation factors used, and eukaryotic mRNA contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail.
Translation
This is a process by which the genetic code contained within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Protein Synthesis In Eukaryotes
Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves ribosomes, tRNA, and various translation factors. The mRNA binds to the ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time, known as codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, which is delivered to the ribosome by tRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to form a polypeptide chain in an elongation process driven by the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA. Translation terminates when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete protein.
5,.translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code stored in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation assembles the ribosome and other factors to begin protein production. Elongation repeatedly adds amino acids specified by codons. Termination releases the completed protein when a stop codon is reached. Post-translational modifications can further process newly made proteins into their active forms.
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Translation ( synthesis of proteins )
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, and various enzymes. There are three main steps: initiation begins protein synthesis using initiator tRNA; elongation joins amino acids through peptide bond formation and translocation; and termination releases the complete polypeptide when a stop codon is reached. The newly formed protein then undergoes post-translational modifications to achieve its functional structure and may combine with other proteins. Multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously as a polysome.
Protein metabolism
Proteins play important roles in living organisms as structural components and catalysts. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription and translation are the two processes by which the information in DNA is used to synthesize proteins. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA and the ribosome. Translation begins with initiation and involves elongation and termination steps to assemble the amino acid sequence specified by the mRNA.
Translation in molecular biology.pptx
The document discusses the process of translation in three sentences:
Translation involves mRNA being read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. Amino acids are activated and attached to specific tRNAs, which bring them to the ribosome in the correct order to link them together based on the mRNA codon sequences. The process involves initiation, elongation through sequential amino acid additions guided by tRNA-mRNA base pairing, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
Molecular Biology Presentation.pptx
The document discusses the process of translation in three sentences:
Translation involves mRNA being read by ribosomes to synthesize a polypeptide based on the mRNA sequence. Amino acids are activated and attached to specific tRNAs, which bring them to the ribosome in the correct order to add to the growing polypeptide chain. The polypeptide may then undergo post-translational modifications before taking on its functional shape.
Translation
1. Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins from amino acids. It involves the use of ribosomes, tRNAs, and various protein factors.
2. The three main stages of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves assembling the ribosomal subunits and other components at the start codon. Elongation is the repetitive process of adding amino acids according to the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached.
3. Key components required are the ribosomes, which have A, P, and E sites for tRNA binding; tRNAs, which carry specific amino acids and recognize mRNA codons via
Translation in eukaryatic
The document summarizes the process of translation in eukaryotes. It describes how amino acids are activated and attached to specific tRNAs. Then it explains the initiation, elongation, and termination steps of translation. In initiation, a preinitiation complex forms on the 5' end of mRNA. In elongation, aminoacyl-tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome in sequence to elongate the polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when release factors recognize a stop codon and catalyze protein release from the ribosome.
Prokaryotic translation
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
Translation in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of translation. It describes:
1) The machinery involved including mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and other proteins.
2) The three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves binding of the ribosome and first tRNA. Elongation is the repetitive addition of amino acids by tRNA and peptide bond formation. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors trigger the release of the complete protein.
3) Key processes within each step like activation of amino acids, charging of tRNA, translocation during elongation, and hydrolysis of the peptide bond during termination.
02_Protein_Synthesis_Translation__1_.pptx
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis through translation. It describes the key components involved, including ribosomes, mRNA, tRNAs, and amino acids. The process of translation is explained in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Mutations that can occur during translation, such as missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, are also discussed and how they impact the resulting protein structure.
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Enzyme invoved in eukarotic translation
- 1. ENZYME INVOLVED IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION BY: Khushboo Arya
- 2. CONTENTS • Introduction of translation • Enzymes i. Amino acyl tRNA– synthetase enzyme ii. Peptidyl transferase • Structure and function of amino acyl t- synthetase enzyme • Structure and function of peptidyl transferase enzyme 6/2/2020 2 Khushbu Arya
- 3. TRANSLATION • It is a process of synthesis of proteins directed by a mRNA template . • The information in form of three nucleotide sequence of mRNA is read as the three letter words known as (triplet ),codons. • Each word stands for one amino acid . • During translation amino acid linked together to form a polypeptide chain of protein. . 6/2/2020 3
- 4. TRANSLATION MACHINERY •The machinery required for translating the language of mRNA into the language of protein is composed of four components • mRNA • tRNA • Enzymes I. Amino acyl tRNA - synthetase enzyme II. Peptidyl transferase • Ribosome 6/2/2020 4
- 5. AMINOACYL tRNA SYNTHETASE ENZYME It is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid on its tRNA . It catalyze the esterification of specific amino acid . The accuracy of protein translation depends upon its fidelity with which the correct amino acid are esterified to their cognate tRNA molecule by amino acyl tRNA synthetase. This enzyme catalyzes the union of amino acid and tRNA. 6/2/2020 5
- 7. ATTACHMENT OF AMINO ACIDS TO tRNA Amino acids are attached to tRNA in two steps: a) ADENYLATION : Amino acid react with the ATP to become adenylated and carboxylic group of amino acids is ionized to phosphate group of AMP by releasing PPi from ATP. b) CHARGING: Carboxylic group of adenylated amino acids react with 3’OH of tRNA . A high energy bond and a concomminent release of AMP. 6/2/2020 7
- 8. tRNA CHARGING MECHANISM Step 1 : The amino acids and a molecule of ATP enter the active site of enzyme . The ATP loses the pyrophosphate and resulting AMP bond covalently to the amino acid. The pyrophosphate hydrolyze into two phosphate groups. Step 2 : the TRNA covalently bonded to amino acids to displace the AMP and amino acyl tRNA release from the enzyme. 6/2/2020 8
- 12. AMINO ACYL tRNA SYNTHETASE •There is one synthetase enzyme for each amino acid . •A single synthetase recognize multiple tRNAs for the same amino acid Two classes of synthetase : •Different in 3d structure. •Differ in which side of the tRNA they recognize and how they bind ATP. CLASS 1: monomeric , acylates the 2’OH on terminal ribose Arg , Cys , Leu , Met , etc. CLASS 2 : dimeric, acylates the 3’OH on terminal ribose Ala ,Asp , Gly,His etc. 6/2/2020 12
- 13. PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE ENZYME The peptidyl transferase enzyme is an amino acyl transferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which form peptide bond between adjacent aminoacids using tRNAs during the translation process of proteins. The substrate for the peptidyl transferase reaction are two tRNA molecule, one bearing the growing peptide chain and other bearing the amino acids that will be added to chain 6/2/2020 13
- 15. PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE REACTION Once the correctly charged tRNA has been placed in the A site has rotated in peptidyl transferase centre peptide bond formation takes place. This reaction is catalyzed by 23S rRNA component of large subunit . So ribosome also known as ribozyme . Base pairing between the 23S rRNA and the CCA end of RNA in the A site and P site help to position the alpha amino group of the amino acyl tRNA to attack the carbonyl group of the growing polypeptide chain attached to the peptidyl tRNA. 6/2/2020 15
- 17. 6/2/2020 17