The document summarizes enzyme immobilization. It discusses how immobilizing enzymes attaches them to an inert carrier to provide stability, allow reuse, and make them more efficient. It describes different carrier properties and immobilization methods, including physical adsorption, entrapment, encapsulation, and chemical bonding. The main advantages are enzymes being stable and reusable, while disadvantages include potential loss of enzyme activity and the expense of immobilization.

1. SUBMITTED BY:
Miss. Saroj Singh
M.Sc. Sem. III Biotechnology
SEMINAR PRESENTED
ON
ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION
IN
SESSION 2016-17
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Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology
Rungta College of Science & Technology, Durg
GUIDED BY:
Miss. Khusbu Chandrakar
Dept. of MB/BT

2.  Introduction
 Immobilized enzyme
 Characters
 Need
 Carrier
 Classification of carrier
 Properties of carrier
 Methods : 1) Physical methods
2) Chemical methods
 Choice of immobilized method
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Limitations
 Conclusion
 Reference
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3. ENZYMES : Enzymes are protein molecule produced by living cells
which work as catalyst and speed up chemical reactions.
ENZYME IMMOBLIZATION :
 Generally enzymes are found in free form hence they are not
stable and can not be recovered for reuse.
 Immobilization of enzyme refers to the technique anchoring the
enzyme on an inert support for their stability and functional
reuse.
 By employing this technique enzymes become more efficient .It
allows enzyme to be held in place during reactions.
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4.  Immobilized enzyme is an enzyme that is attached to an
inert ,insoluble material .
 This can provide resistance to changes in conditions such
as PH and temperature .
CHARACTERS :
 Attached with a carrier.
 Stable
 More efficient .
 Cost effective
 Held in place during
Reactions.
 Temperature and PH
Resistance.
 Recovered for reuse after
reactions.
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5. CARRIER
Carrier is an inert product which attached with enzyme to
provide stability and it allows enzymes to be held in place during
reactions .
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6. PROPERTIES :
1. Inert or non reactive .
2. Insoluble.
3. Physically strong and stable.
4. Cost effective .
5. Regenerable .
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8.  Physical methods are again of three types
depending on the way we immobilize the
enzyme they are:
1) Adsorption
2) Entrapment
3) Encapsulation
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9.  Adsorption involves the physical
binding of enzyme to the surface
of an inert support which may be
inorganic or organic.
 Adsorption of enzyme involves
weak forces such as Vander walls
forces and hydrogen bonds.
 The adsorbed enzyme can be
easily removed by minor
changes in PH and temperature.
 Commonly used support for
adsorption are: alumina, silica,
charcoal, etc.
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10. ADVANTAGES:
 The native structure of the enzyme is less disturbed.
 Preparation is easy.
 Regeneration of enzyme is possible while it is not
possible in cross linking.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The overall enzyme activity is low.
 Temporary immobilization provided by it.
 Yield are often low.
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11.  Enzymes can be immobilized by
physically inside a polymer or a
gel.
 The materials used for
entrapping of enzyme include
poyacrylamide gel, collagen,
gelatin, starch, cellulose, silicon
and rubber.
 In this process may or may not
be covalent formation between
the enzyme molecules or the
matrix.
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12. ADVANTAGES:
 Cost is low.
 Industrially useful.
 can be reused many times.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Preparation is difficult.
 The enzyme may leak from the pores.
 Lack of control.
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13. 3). ENCAPSULATION:
 It involves the enclosing of
enzyme in a semipermiable
membrane.
 Membrane is made up of
nitrocellulose and nylon.
 In this process
semipermiable membrane
work as base which helps to
hold enzyme at one place
during whole reactions.
 The membrane should be
polymeric, and non ionic in
nature.
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14. ADVANTAGES:
 Native structure of enzyme not disturbed.
 This method is suitable in medical and health
care centers.
 General applicability is high.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Cost is high.
 Difficult to prepare.
 Chance of enzyme leakage
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15. 1). COVALENT BOND:
 It involve the immobilization of
enzyme by creation of covalent
bond between the chemical
groups of enzymes and the
chemical group of carrier.
 Cellulose, dextrose, agarose are
some of the important support
in covalent attachment. The
choice of support depends upon
the surface properties.
 The support should have
functional group to facilitate the
attachment
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16. ADVANTAGES :
 Enzyme activity is high.
 The strong covalent attachment hold the enzyme
tightly.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Cost is high.
 Preparation is difficult.
 Regeneration of enzyme is impossible
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17. 2). CROSS LINKING:
 The absence of a solid
support is a characteristic
feature of immobilization
of enzyme by cross
linking.
 DEAE sephadex , DEAE
cellulose ,Dollen 50,
caeboxymethyl cellulose
and amberlite are the
support usually used.
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18. ADVANTAGE :
 Low cost.
 Regeneration is possible.
 Preparation is easy.
 Overall enzyme activity is high.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Not fit for industrial use.
 Ionic interaction between substrate and enzyme
disturb the enzyme activity.
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19. 1. Suitable for industrial and medical use .
2. Held in place during Reactions.
3. Temperature and PH Resistance.
4. Recovered for reuse after reactions.
5. Enzyme become more efficient.
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20. There are however certain disadvantages also associated
with immobilization :
 The possibility of loss of biological activity of an enzyme.
 Immobilization is an expensive affair often requiring
sophisticated equipment .
 Some time native structure of enzyme is disrupted due to
immobilization.
 All the enzymes are not immobilized by immobilization.
 Cost of carriers .
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21.  Enzyme immobilization is one of the most
promising approaches which used in various
fields such as biotransformation , diagnostic ,
pharmaceutical and also in food industries .
 Several hundred of enzymes have been
immobilized including penicillin and amylase
, lipase , protease etc . And are being
currently used as catalyst in various large
scale process .
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22.  Singh B.D. , Text Book Of Biotechnology (Expending
Horizon) ,Kalyani publishers , page no. 454 to 461.
 Satyanarayan U. ,Book Of Biotechnology ,Beliaghata
Main Road ( Kolkata ) , page no. 288 to 290 .
 WWW.Wikipedia.com . And other online sources .
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