Biodiverse and carbon forest plantings have potential to contribute significantly to climate change mitigation in Australia. Estimates find they could sequester between 350-750 megatons of CO2e annually by 2050. However, achieving large-scale mitigation will be challenging. Uptake by rural landholders is currently low due to high establishment costs, risks of drought and fire, and long contract lengths. Stable carbon pricing that incentivizes participation will be needed to realize the full mitigation potential. While biodiverse plantings provide benefits, obstacles like monitoring carbon cycles and landholder adoption rates must be addressed for this option to meaningfully impact Australia's emissions reductions goals.
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: The Case of the Ikalahan Forest Car...Vherna Comagon
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation through a potential forest carbon project in the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain in the Philippines. It outlines the case of developing payments for ecosystem services, specifically carbon sequestration and storage, through the Clean Development Mechanism. The Ikalahan people could develop a 900-hectare reforestation project to generate carbon credits, with support from RUPES and other organizations to help overcome challenges in project design, implementation, and long-term management. If successful, it would provide livelihood benefits to communities while conserving forests and their ecosystem services.
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factors (st...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document provides an overview of emission and removal factors for mangrove ecosystems. It discusses the scientific background and default factors in the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement for key carbon pools like aboveground biomass, dead organic matter, and soils. It identifies opportunities to refine the factors at Tier 2 and 3 levels based on bioregional and ecological data. Gaps in soil carbon factors for extraction activities and non-CO2 fluxes are noted. Integrating high resolution activity data with mangrove typology maps is recommended to improve national greenhouse gas inventories for blue carbon ecosystems.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Contributions of Mangroves in Achieving Emission Reduction TargetsCIFOR-ICRAF
Daniel Murdiyarso discusses the contributions of mangroves in achieving emission reduction targets. He provides roadmaps and timelines for including wetlands in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) processes. The document includes tables and figures from IPCC reports on carbon pools in wetlands and blue carbon potentials of mangroves. It also shows mangrove sampling sites in Indonesia and acknowledges contributions to the discussion.
The economic value of ecosystem services is not spatially congruent with biod...CIFOR-ICRAF
This study examined the spatial congruence between biodiversity and the economic value of ecosystem services in tropical forests. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 30 valuation studies from different tropical forest sites. They found that the economic value of ecosystem services does not match areas of high biodiversity, but instead follows a nonlinear relationship with accessibility and economic activity levels. Specifically, economic value peaks at intermediate accessibility and development levels. The study concludes that conservation policies focused solely on economic values would fail to protect remote, less disturbed regions that harbor much of the tropical forest biodiversity.
1. Natural forests can store significantly more carbon than previous estimates suggest, and the carbon stored in natural forests is an important component of national carbon accounts.
2. There are links between the carbon stock in a forest and carbon fluxes - a decreasing stock means the forest releases carbon to the atmosphere as a carbon source, while an increasing stock means the forest absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere as a carbon sink.
3. Deforestation and land use change account for around 17% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions according to the IPCC, making forests an important part of addressing climate change.
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: The Case of the Ikalahan Forest Car...Vherna Comagon
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation through a potential forest carbon project in the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain in the Philippines. It outlines the case of developing payments for ecosystem services, specifically carbon sequestration and storage, through the Clean Development Mechanism. The Ikalahan people could develop a 900-hectare reforestation project to generate carbon credits, with support from RUPES and other organizations to help overcome challenges in project design, implementation, and long-term management. If successful, it would provide livelihood benefits to communities while conserving forests and their ecosystem services.
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factors (st...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document provides an overview of emission and removal factors for mangrove ecosystems. It discusses the scientific background and default factors in the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement for key carbon pools like aboveground biomass, dead organic matter, and soils. It identifies opportunities to refine the factors at Tier 2 and 3 levels based on bioregional and ecological data. Gaps in soil carbon factors for extraction activities and non-CO2 fluxes are noted. Integrating high resolution activity data with mangrove typology maps is recommended to improve national greenhouse gas inventories for blue carbon ecosystems.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Contributions of Mangroves in Achieving Emission Reduction TargetsCIFOR-ICRAF
Daniel Murdiyarso discusses the contributions of mangroves in achieving emission reduction targets. He provides roadmaps and timelines for including wetlands in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) processes. The document includes tables and figures from IPCC reports on carbon pools in wetlands and blue carbon potentials of mangroves. It also shows mangrove sampling sites in Indonesia and acknowledges contributions to the discussion.
The economic value of ecosystem services is not spatially congruent with biod...CIFOR-ICRAF
This study examined the spatial congruence between biodiversity and the economic value of ecosystem services in tropical forests. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 30 valuation studies from different tropical forest sites. They found that the economic value of ecosystem services does not match areas of high biodiversity, but instead follows a nonlinear relationship with accessibility and economic activity levels. Specifically, economic value peaks at intermediate accessibility and development levels. The study concludes that conservation policies focused solely on economic values would fail to protect remote, less disturbed regions that harbor much of the tropical forest biodiversity.
1. Natural forests can store significantly more carbon than previous estimates suggest, and the carbon stored in natural forests is an important component of national carbon accounts.
2. There are links between the carbon stock in a forest and carbon fluxes - a decreasing stock means the forest releases carbon to the atmosphere as a carbon source, while an increasing stock means the forest absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere as a carbon sink.
3. Deforestation and land use change account for around 17% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions according to the IPCC, making forests an important part of addressing climate change.
BRIEF ASCEPTS IN CARBON STOCK, CARBON POOLS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIA...RJSREBCRAN
This document discusses carbon stocks, carbon pools, and carbon sequestration potential under different land uses in Indian soils. It provides background on carbon cycling and storage in soils, outlines carbon pools in Indian soils, and discusses factors that influence carbon sequestration potential such as soil type, climate, land use and management practices. The document reviews research on carbon storage in Indian agricultural soils and the potential to enhance soil organic carbon through improved land management.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...ijtsrd
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Estimating Carbon offset potential of renewable energy technologies vs trees NayanChoudhary6
The given following things are included:
1. Greenhouse effect and its impact
2. Carbon sinks and sources
3. Carbon cycle
4.Global forest cover and carbon emissions
5. Global energy consumption
6. Carbon offset potential of renewable sources estimation
7. Remedial and mitigation actions
8. Carbon sequestration
9. Enhanced oil recovery
10. Carbon capture and storage
11. What can we do from our end?
The document discusses fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. It notes that fly ash production is increasing substantially each year and poses waste disposal challenges. However, the document also analyzes research showing that fly ash can potentially be used as a soil amendment to improve soil properties and provide nutrients for agriculture, helping to address the growing fly ash waste issue.
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Carbon sequestration: conflicts and benefits. Harper PiarnJoanna Hicks
Land-based carbon sequestration can contribute significantly to restoring carbon balance through planting trees and improving soil carbon, as well as replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy. However, large-scale carbon investment in these areas also presents challenges and trade-offs regarding food and water security, biodiversity, and local communities. While afforestation and reforestation can provide environmental co-benefits, they may compete with agricultural land and water usage. Deforestation reductions also benefit the environment but conversion of forest land to agriculture raises issues around future global food supply and local economic development. Effective policy needs to consider all costs and benefits through economic, energy, carbon, food, water, and social lenses to design sustainable land-use
Contributions of methane and nitrous oxide to peat greenhouse gas emissions f...CIFOR-ICRAF
Past land use influences current greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands. Peatlands that were previously primary forests emit significantly lower levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide compared to peatlands that were converted to oil palm plantations or secondary forests. Specifically, primary forests emit 4.0 ± 4.8 Mg CO2e ha-1 yr-1 while secondary forests and oil palm plantations emit 10.2 ± 4.5 and 31.7 ± 8.6 Mg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, respectively.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2008. Assessing the cumulative effects of windfarms on ...Ryan Wilson-Parr
The document models the distribution of golden plover across Scotland using land cover and management variables. It finds the greatest overlap between golden plover abundance and current/proposed wind farms is in three biogeographical zones, estimated at around 5% of the population in each zone. New field data from eleven wind farm and control sites provides evidence that golden plovers significantly avoid wind turbines out to 200m. Wind farm sites also support lower golden plover densities than predicted, indicating negative effects. The results suggest strategies to reduce potential conflicts between wind energy development and maintaining golden plover populations.
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
This document discusses the role of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. It begins by defining climate change and its causes, then outlines some of the impacts on agriculture like reduced crop yields. It notes that deforestation and land use changes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The document then discusses strategies for carbon sequestration, identifying agroforestry as a key approach. Various agroforestry models are presented, and a case study shows higher carbon storage in a silvopastoral system compared to natural grassland. The conclusion is that agroforestry can significantly help mitigate climate change by storing carbon while providing other benefits.
Carbon stock of woody species along Altitude gradient in Alemsaga Forest, Sou...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Purpose: Forest ecosystems play a significant role in the climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore carbon determination provide clear indications of the possibilities of promoting forest development and management for mitigating of climate change through soil and vegetation carbon sequestration. The study was carried out to quantify carbon stock potential in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Research method: Vegetation data Collection was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants of 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distant to each other along the transect lines. In these plots, abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded, and soil sample was collected 1m X1m from the four corners and center of each quadrant. General allometric model was used for estimating above and belowground biomass. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was determined in the laboratory. Finding: A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, Fabaceae was the most dominant families. The total mean above and belowground carbon stock was 216.86 ton/ha and 114.71 ton/ha respectively and soil organic carbon (SOC) 103.15 ton/ha. Above and belowground carbon increased as altitude decreased, but SOC increases with increase of altitude. Originality/value: Carbon stock estimation in the forest helps to manage the forests sustainably from the ecological, economic and environmental points of view and opportunities for economic benefit through carbon trading to farmers.
Prime Carbon: Soil Enhancement & Carbon Sequestration ProgramCarbon Coalition
The document summarizes Prime Carbon's Soil Enhancement and Carbon Sequestration program, which aims to address climate change through increasing soil carbon levels. The voluntary program pays landholders for adopting practices like reduced tillage and fertilizer use that promote carbon capture in soil. Measurements verify increased soil carbon over 2 years, generating tradeable carbon credits which Prime Carbon brokers for profit sharing between landholders and the company. The multiple environmental and agricultural benefits of soil carbon sequestration are noted.
Forests play an important role in climate change by both emitting and absorbing carbon dioxide. At the UNFCCC COP13 in Bali, parties agreed to address reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD). India advocates a comprehensive approach to REDD+ that provides incentives for conservation, sustainable forest management, and increasing forest carbon stocks. Recent studies estimate that India's forest carbon stocks have increased by over 370 million tons between 1995 and 2005.
This presentation by Cristina Arias-Navarro (INRA) was given on the 26 of June 2019 as part of the SB50 side event – Enhancing NDC Ambition Through Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration. Country representatives and experts discussed the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation option and gaps between countries’ current and potential commitments.
More info: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ccafs-sb50-enhancing-ndc-ambition-through-soil-organic-carbon-sequestration
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Soil C Stocks: from climate importance to field assessment by Ciniro Costa Jr, a CLIFF student with CCAFS Low Emission Development.
Day 4a Bio Cf Ci Madagascar André Aquino Bio Cf Training Jan08theREDDdesk
The document summarizes a REDD+ project in Madagascar called the Mantadia Biological Corridor. The project aims to reduce deforestation and support reforestation efforts across 425,000 hectares of protected areas and 3,020 hectares designated for habitat restoration. It seeks to generate carbon credits while also conserving biodiversity and improving local livelihoods through agroforestry and sustainable agriculture programs. Key challenges include developing effective restoration techniques, securing land tenure, funding, coordination across stakeholders, and ensuring long-term monitoring and community benefits from reduced deforestation.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
On soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: potentials and drawb...SIANI
Carbon sequestration in soils has potential to mitigate climate change but also drawbacks. While increasing soil organic carbon could be considered sequestration, it must result in a net transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to land. Options to sequester carbon include converting arable land to grassland or forest, but this may displace agriculture elsewhere. Maintaining or increasing soil carbon through reduced tillage, cover crops or organic amendments provides other benefits but may not genuinely sequester new carbon. Overall, too much focus on soil carbon risks neglecting larger climate threats, and priorities should be good land stewardship and integrated solutions.
1. The document discusses key issues related to accounting for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities under the Kyoto Protocol. 2. It notes that LULUCF activities can significantly sequester carbon in forests and soils for decades or centuries, but some carbon may eventually be re-released and it is difficult to separate direct human impacts from indirect impacts. 3. The document analyzes different interpretations of articles in the Kyoto Protocol dealing with LULUCF activities and their potential effects on carbon sequestration credits.
BRIEF ASCEPTS IN CARBON STOCK, CARBON POOLS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIA...RJSREBCRAN
This document discusses carbon stocks, carbon pools, and carbon sequestration potential under different land uses in Indian soils. It provides background on carbon cycling and storage in soils, outlines carbon pools in Indian soils, and discusses factors that influence carbon sequestration potential such as soil type, climate, land use and management practices. The document reviews research on carbon storage in Indian agricultural soils and the potential to enhance soil organic carbon through improved land management.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...ijtsrd
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Estimating Carbon offset potential of renewable energy technologies vs trees NayanChoudhary6
The given following things are included:
1. Greenhouse effect and its impact
2. Carbon sinks and sources
3. Carbon cycle
4.Global forest cover and carbon emissions
5. Global energy consumption
6. Carbon offset potential of renewable sources estimation
7. Remedial and mitigation actions
8. Carbon sequestration
9. Enhanced oil recovery
10. Carbon capture and storage
11. What can we do from our end?
The document discusses fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. It notes that fly ash production is increasing substantially each year and poses waste disposal challenges. However, the document also analyzes research showing that fly ash can potentially be used as a soil amendment to improve soil properties and provide nutrients for agriculture, helping to address the growing fly ash waste issue.
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Carbon sequestration: conflicts and benefits. Harper PiarnJoanna Hicks
Land-based carbon sequestration can contribute significantly to restoring carbon balance through planting trees and improving soil carbon, as well as replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy. However, large-scale carbon investment in these areas also presents challenges and trade-offs regarding food and water security, biodiversity, and local communities. While afforestation and reforestation can provide environmental co-benefits, they may compete with agricultural land and water usage. Deforestation reductions also benefit the environment but conversion of forest land to agriculture raises issues around future global food supply and local economic development. Effective policy needs to consider all costs and benefits through economic, energy, carbon, food, water, and social lenses to design sustainable land-use
Contributions of methane and nitrous oxide to peat greenhouse gas emissions f...CIFOR-ICRAF
Past land use influences current greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands. Peatlands that were previously primary forests emit significantly lower levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide compared to peatlands that were converted to oil palm plantations or secondary forests. Specifically, primary forests emit 4.0 ± 4.8 Mg CO2e ha-1 yr-1 while secondary forests and oil palm plantations emit 10.2 ± 4.5 and 31.7 ± 8.6 Mg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, respectively.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2008. Assessing the cumulative effects of windfarms on ...Ryan Wilson-Parr
The document models the distribution of golden plover across Scotland using land cover and management variables. It finds the greatest overlap between golden plover abundance and current/proposed wind farms is in three biogeographical zones, estimated at around 5% of the population in each zone. New field data from eleven wind farm and control sites provides evidence that golden plovers significantly avoid wind turbines out to 200m. Wind farm sites also support lower golden plover densities than predicted, indicating negative effects. The results suggest strategies to reduce potential conflicts between wind energy development and maintaining golden plover populations.
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
This document discusses the role of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. It begins by defining climate change and its causes, then outlines some of the impacts on agriculture like reduced crop yields. It notes that deforestation and land use changes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The document then discusses strategies for carbon sequestration, identifying agroforestry as a key approach. Various agroforestry models are presented, and a case study shows higher carbon storage in a silvopastoral system compared to natural grassland. The conclusion is that agroforestry can significantly help mitigate climate change by storing carbon while providing other benefits.
Carbon stock of woody species along Altitude gradient in Alemsaga Forest, Sou...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Purpose: Forest ecosystems play a significant role in the climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore carbon determination provide clear indications of the possibilities of promoting forest development and management for mitigating of climate change through soil and vegetation carbon sequestration. The study was carried out to quantify carbon stock potential in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Research method: Vegetation data Collection was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants of 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distant to each other along the transect lines. In these plots, abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded, and soil sample was collected 1m X1m from the four corners and center of each quadrant. General allometric model was used for estimating above and belowground biomass. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was determined in the laboratory. Finding: A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, Fabaceae was the most dominant families. The total mean above and belowground carbon stock was 216.86 ton/ha and 114.71 ton/ha respectively and soil organic carbon (SOC) 103.15 ton/ha. Above and belowground carbon increased as altitude decreased, but SOC increases with increase of altitude. Originality/value: Carbon stock estimation in the forest helps to manage the forests sustainably from the ecological, economic and environmental points of view and opportunities for economic benefit through carbon trading to farmers.
Prime Carbon: Soil Enhancement & Carbon Sequestration ProgramCarbon Coalition
The document summarizes Prime Carbon's Soil Enhancement and Carbon Sequestration program, which aims to address climate change through increasing soil carbon levels. The voluntary program pays landholders for adopting practices like reduced tillage and fertilizer use that promote carbon capture in soil. Measurements verify increased soil carbon over 2 years, generating tradeable carbon credits which Prime Carbon brokers for profit sharing between landholders and the company. The multiple environmental and agricultural benefits of soil carbon sequestration are noted.
Forests play an important role in climate change by both emitting and absorbing carbon dioxide. At the UNFCCC COP13 in Bali, parties agreed to address reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD). India advocates a comprehensive approach to REDD+ that provides incentives for conservation, sustainable forest management, and increasing forest carbon stocks. Recent studies estimate that India's forest carbon stocks have increased by over 370 million tons between 1995 and 2005.
This presentation by Cristina Arias-Navarro (INRA) was given on the 26 of June 2019 as part of the SB50 side event – Enhancing NDC Ambition Through Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration. Country representatives and experts discussed the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation option and gaps between countries’ current and potential commitments.
More info: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ccafs-sb50-enhancing-ndc-ambition-through-soil-organic-carbon-sequestration
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Soil C Stocks: from climate importance to field assessment by Ciniro Costa Jr, a CLIFF student with CCAFS Low Emission Development.
Day 4a Bio Cf Ci Madagascar André Aquino Bio Cf Training Jan08theREDDdesk
The document summarizes a REDD+ project in Madagascar called the Mantadia Biological Corridor. The project aims to reduce deforestation and support reforestation efforts across 425,000 hectares of protected areas and 3,020 hectares designated for habitat restoration. It seeks to generate carbon credits while also conserving biodiversity and improving local livelihoods through agroforestry and sustainable agriculture programs. Key challenges include developing effective restoration techniques, securing land tenure, funding, coordination across stakeholders, and ensuring long-term monitoring and community benefits from reduced deforestation.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
On soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: potentials and drawb...SIANI
Carbon sequestration in soils has potential to mitigate climate change but also drawbacks. While increasing soil organic carbon could be considered sequestration, it must result in a net transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to land. Options to sequester carbon include converting arable land to grassland or forest, but this may displace agriculture elsewhere. Maintaining or increasing soil carbon through reduced tillage, cover crops or organic amendments provides other benefits but may not genuinely sequester new carbon. Overall, too much focus on soil carbon risks neglecting larger climate threats, and priorities should be good land stewardship and integrated solutions.
1. The document discusses key issues related to accounting for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities under the Kyoto Protocol. 2. It notes that LULUCF activities can significantly sequester carbon in forests and soils for decades or centuries, but some carbon may eventually be re-released and it is difficult to separate direct human impacts from indirect impacts. 3. The document analyzes different interpretations of articles in the Kyoto Protocol dealing with LULUCF activities and their potential effects on carbon sequestration credits.
Differences in land CO2 fluxes between global models and country GHG inventor...ipcc-media
1) There are large differences between global models and country GHG inventories in their estimates of land CO2 fluxes, with models showing a higher net land sink of around 5 GtCO2/year.
2) This gap is mainly due to conceptual differences in what is considered "anthropogenic". Countries include the impact of indirect human-induced environmental changes over a larger managed forest area, while models treat much of this as natural.
3) Reconciling these differences is important for the Global Stocktake to properly assess countries' collective progress towards meeting mitigation pathways. Preliminary results ex-post processing IAM results to translate them into categories consistent with country approaches shows promise.
The document summarizes MIT's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and goals to reduce emissions. It discusses that MIT measures direct Scope 1 emissions, indirect Scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity/steam, and some Scope 3 emissions. Emissions are categorized as Buildings, Fugitive Gases, and Campus Vehicles. The inventory includes most MIT buildings and properties but excludes some off-campus facilities. The document outlines the challenges in achieving MIT's goal of reducing emissions 32% below 2014 levels by 2030.
The document summarizes MIT's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and climate action plan. It discusses that MIT measures its direct and indirect GHG emissions according to the GHG Protocol's three scopes. Scope 1 includes direct emissions, Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from purchased electricity, and Scope 3 includes other indirect emissions. For public reporting, MIT categorizes its emissions into Buildings, Fugitive Gases, and Campus Vehicles. The inventory includes on-campus buildings but excludes several off-campus research facilities. The document also outlines the challenges of keeping global temperature increases below 2 degrees Celsius.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Agricultural Hotspots in the Tropics: mitigation pathways by Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, a CLIFF student with CCAFS.
This document discusses options for mitigating agricultural emissions while ensuring food security. It finds that:
1) The largest sources of agricultural emissions are enteric fermentation from livestock and manure management, though fertilizer use is also a major source.
2) Options for reducing emissions include improving livestock diets, manure management practices, and fertilizer efficiency. However, these technical solutions can only achieve modest reductions of around 10%.
3) Deeper emissions cuts will require lowering animal populations through sustainable intensification and reducing meat consumption, as enteric fermentation and manure are hard to abate without fewer livestock.
Wetlands across Canada store vast amounts of carbon, helping to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, Canada is losing nearly 12,000 hectares of wetlands each year through drainage, releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere. The boreal forest and prairie pothole region contain some of the world's largest intact wetland ecosystems and store enormous amounts of carbon that is released as wetlands are drained. An effective climate policy should encourage wetland restoration to offset emissions and minimize further wetland loss and drainage.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
Climate Change mitigation: practical measures to limit global warming IPCC re...GreenFacts
The IPCC uses a very specific language when it comes to expressing the degree of uncertainty or agreement for each statement in the fifth assessment report. For an overview of the specific meaning of each qualifier, you can read the relevant section in our summary of the Working Group I report.
This document provides an overview of global carbon emissions. It discusses that the electricity/heat generation and transportation sectors account for about two-thirds of global CO2 emissions. Coal combustion is a major contributor and emissions have been increasing in developing countries like China and India. The document also examines carbon emissions by region, sector and country for India. It outlines various ways that individuals and organizations can reduce their carbon footprint through more efficient energy use and purchasing carbon offsets.
This document discusses efforts by the pulp and paper industry to reduce waste, support recycling, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It notes that between 2005 and 2007, water use intensity at pulp and paper mills dropped 6% and air emissions of total particulate matter and total reduced sulfur decreased 65% and 60% respectively. It also discusses reductions in the industry's greenhouse gas emissions intensity of 7% from 2005-2007 and 61% from 1990-2007 as well as improvements in energy intensity of 5% from 2005-2007 and 22% from 1990-2007 through increased efficiency and cleaner fuels.
“Carbon dynamics in ecosystems: a global perspective” – Dr Lan Qie, Universi...Kyungeun Sung
“Carbon dynamics in ecosystems: a global perspective” – Dr Lan Qie, University of Lincoln, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
This document summarizes strategies for adapting to and mitigating climate change. It discusses approaches such as resilient agricultural systems, land-use planning, and solar radiation management as adaptation strategies. Wetland restoration, afforestation, changing agricultural practices, and international agreements are provided as examples of mitigation strategies. The document also examines the Paris Climate Agreement and debates around delaying emissions reductions through concepts like negative emissions.
This document discusses direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as a way to reverse climate change. It notes that CO2 levels have risen significantly since the Industrial Revolution and that CO2 is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The document reviews different approaches to CO2 removal and explains that DAC is needed to capture emissions from scattered sources. It then discusses the importance of the work, identifies gaps in current research on DAC, and outlines the objectives, timeline, and expected outcomes of simulating a 1 ton/day DAC process on Aspen Plus to provide a cost analysis. Commercialization opportunities and social impacts of DAC are also summarized.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Nnfcc market review feedstocks issue nineteen october 2013NNFCC
This document summarizes the key events and announcements from the biomass feedstock sector reported in the NNFCC Market Review for October 2013. It provides an overview of developments in the areas of land use, wood, crops, and waste. Specifically, it highlights studies finding potential for bioenergy production from abandoned agricultural lands, reports concluding wood pellets can provide rapid carbon savings, expansion of the Canadian and US pellet industries, and estimates of multi-billion pound savings available from reducing waste in the UK grocery sector.
This document discusses various methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global warming to less than 2°C, including reducing CO2 and other emissions, improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy and carbon sinks, implementing emissions trading programs, and negotiating international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. However, it notes that most countries' commitments to date remain inadequate to meet the 2°C goal.
Canada's energy policies have been increasingly shaped by environmental considerations. Laws like the Renewable Fuels Strategy and Energy Efficiency Act have promoted renewable energy and reduced emissions. However, the document suggests Canada's primary motivations may have been energy security and economic factors rather than just environmental protection. While partnerships with the US have improved efficiency and supported emission targets, they also helped secure Canada's economic relationship and growth. Overall, while environmental issues have contributed to Canada's energy strategies, concerns over trade, security and economic impacts may have been equally or more influential drivers of policy changes.
My presentation at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters on the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle (2 October 2017). I do not using present so detailed on the carbon cycle, so the slide deck is not that well developed. I mainly focused on aspects of uncertainty, and the interplay between the land sources and sinks.
Similar to Assessing the bio-diverse and carbon forest plantings as one of the land-based mitigation options in Australia (20)
The document outlines the organizational structure of SPERI CODE CIRUM, an independent monitoring group with a founding board that oversees several program coordinators and a scientific council. The organization has multiple divisions focused on livelihood sovereignty, eco-farming education, land use policy analysis, foreign affairs, organizational development, social enterprises, media, extractive industries, and livelihood and anthropology issues.
Dams and Disease Triggers on the Lower Mekong RiverSPERI
- Dams proposed along the Mekong River threaten fish diversity and abundance which millions rely on for food and livelihoods. The first dam, Xayaburi, could impact hundreds of thousands through loss of fishing.
- Dams would fundamentally change the river's flow regime and sediment transport, reducing fish habitats in floodplains and pools. This could result in further loss of fish through disrupted migration and lack of habitat maintenance.
- Dam construction could potentially trigger increases in water-borne and food-borne diseases like schistosomiasis, liver flukes, and malaria by creating new habitats that support transmission or increasing populations of disease vectors. Changes to the river's hydrology and ecology from dams may
This document summarizes forest and land allocation in Hanh Dich commune, Nghe An province, Vietnam. It describes the history of land management and users in the commune, including state forestry enterprises and other entities. It finds inconsistencies between the legal framework and actual land distribution. The document also describes a pilot land allocation project conducted in 2011-2012 according to the Joint Circular 07, which resulted in 2,132 hectares of forestland being allocated to 203 households. It concludes by recommending improvements to the legal framework and policy implementation for land allocation.
Inconsistencies in forestland allocation in upland indigenous ethnic minority...SPERI
This document reports on inconsistencies in forestland allocation in an indigenous H'mong community in Vietnam. It summarizes the history of resettlement and traditional forest management practices in Lung San village. It then describes the process of formalizing forestland management and different types of legal forestland. The report finds inconsistencies between traditional practices and formal maps and policies, including differences in ownership concepts, multiple users of the same land, unrecognized spiritual forests, boundary deviations, and discrepancies in plots and users. It aims to analyze these inconsistencies and their implications for proper land policy and effective implementation for ethnic minority communities.
Cultural Identity, Network Action, and Customary LawSPERI
This document summarizes a program between 1999-2009 that aimed to support cultural identity and community development among ethnic minority groups in Laos. It was a cooperation between the Lao government organization PRDFA and the Vietnam organization CHESH. The program had 3 phases and focused on activities in 2 villages - Long Lan, a Hmong village, and Xieng Da, a Lao Lum village. Activities included developing alternative livelihoods to opium, strengthening traditional culture, infrastructure projects, and creating networks around customary law and natural resource management. The overall goal was to improve lives while preserving cultural practices.
Cultural Identity, Network Action, and Customary LawSPERI
“
The CHESH-Lao Program” is the name given to the activities in Laos of the Centre for Human Ecology Studies of Highlands (CHESH). CHESH is an independent Science and Technology Association (STO) registered in Vi etnam with the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA). It was founded in 1999 by the Vietnamese NGO, Towards Ethnic Women (TEW), to carry out research on the traditional natural resource management practices of indigenous ethnic minority peoples in the highland areas of the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. Its founder, TEW, had itself been working very closely with highland ethnic minority peoples in Vietnam, supporting village-level development projects, since 1994. In its work, TEW had developed strong critique of conventional development programmes, such as those going under the names of ‘poverty alleviation’, ‘hunger eradication’ and ‘capacity building’. Such programmes they saw as imposing outsiders’ views minority peoples’ lives. They were particularly critical of the failure of development agencies, both domestic and foreign, to listen to and learn from minority peoples. They saw this failure as resulting in interventions that were destructive of the ecological balance and close spiritual relations that minority communities had with their natural environment. In its own work, in the areas of land rights and gender relations, TEW treated ethnic minority peoples as experts in human ecology and sustainable resource management. TEW staff lived with ethnic minority communities for months at a time to learn their languages and cultures and the spiritual values behind their ways of managing natural resources. It was to research these matters more thoroughly that TEW established CHESH, in the hope that its research results would be used to improve government policies and the lives of ethnic minority peoples in the highland regions (Vandenhende: 11)
This document outlines an eco-farming curriculum called HEPA that is based on permaculture design principles observed in nature. The curriculum has 4 parts: 1) ethics and culture, 2) learning from nature by observing patterns and principles, 3) ecological design using 9 principles, and 4) practical applications through hands-on projects. Some of the key design principles discussed are diversity, connection, feeding the soil, natural succession, using edges, multiple functions, saving energy, small slow solutions, and using biological resources. The overall goal is to design sustainable agricultural systems by emulating natural ecosystems.
Research paper: Reducing REDD: Implementation issues for lower Mekong subre...SPERI
This document presents a critical analysis of challenges in implementing REDD programs in the Lower Mekong Subregion. It examines issues through field exposures and interviews. Key challenges discussed are the hunger for economic growth prioritized over environmental protection, insecure land tenure increasing land conflicts, and lack of inclusion of local communities in decision making. The document calls for more decentralization of forest resources and stronger inclusion of local voices in REDD programs to better address equity and indigenous rights.
Bất cập trong giao đất giao rừng tại cộng đồng dân tộc thiểu số miê...SPERI
Tính đến ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2009, tổng dân số là người dân tộc thiểu số trên địa bàn 67 tỉnh và thành phố cả nước là 13 triệu người tương đương với 14,27%. Trong đó, 99.57% sinh sống trên các vùng trung du và miền núi, gồm: Miền núi, trung du phía Bắc là 54,68%, Tây Nguyên là 35,29%, Bắc Trung bộ và duyên hải miền Trung là 9,60% . Phần lớn các nhóm dân tộc miền núi sống dựa vào rừng và các hoạt động lâm nghiệp liên quan. Đối với những nhóm dân cư này, rừng và đất lâm nghiệp không chỉ là tư liệu sản xuất có tính chất đạc thù mà còn là không gian sinh tồn, có vai trò rất quan trọng đối với vấn đề xoá đói, giảm nghèo, ổn định đời sống, duy trì bản sắc văn hóa tộc người cũng như đảm bảo an ninh chinhs trị tại các vùng nông nôn miền núi.
Tính đến ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2010, toàn quốc có 13.388.075 ha đất rưng tự nhiên và đất rừng trông. Diện tích này đang được giao (khoán) quản lý bảo vệ cho các đối tượng khác nhau, gồm: Ban quản lý rừng phòng hộ và đặc dụng (33.5%), cộng đồng -) cộng đồng dân cư thôn/bản, gia đình và nhóm hộ gia đình (25.1% tương đương 3.3 triệu ha), Công ty Nhà nước 16.1%, chưa giao và hiện đang quản lý bởi UBND xã (19.3%) và khá là 6% .
Một điều nghịch lý đó là, tại các vùng trung du, miền núi (Miền núi, trung du phía Bắc, Tây nguyên, Bắc Trung bộ và duyên hải miền trung) – nơi chiếm phần đa diện tích rừng và đất lâm nghiệp lại có tỉ lệ đồng bào dân tộc gặp nhiều khó khăn nhất. Tính đến tháng 9 năm 2012, toàn quốc còn 326.909 hộ dân tộc thiểu số nghèo miền núi thiếu và không có đất ở, đất sản xuất, gần bằng số hộ cần đầu tư của giai đoạn khởi đầu chính sách (2002-2008) . Theo thống kê của Bộ Lao động, thương binh và xã hội, đến cuối năm 2006 , trong 62 huyện nghèo nhất cả nước, phần lớn xảy ra tại khu vực miền núi và biên giới. Tỷ lệ hộ nghèo ở đây cao gấp 3,5 lần mức bình quân của cả nước. Dân số các huyện nghèo là 2,4 triệu người, trong đó có tới 90% là các hộ gia đình người các dân tộc thiểu số.
Research paper: Community Based Natural Resources Management in VietnamSPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
SPERI has an organizational structure with several departments overseeing different functions, including Development Administration, Finance, Foreign Cooperation, Community Development, Development Studies, and Lobby. The structure also includes a Founding Committee and Scientific Committee that provide guidance, as well as field offices that support operations.
Case study_Existence: Culture, ecology and community development in VietnamSPERI
Welcome to the second edition of Existence, a newsletter devoted to highland development issues. As we did in our first issue, we will continue here to describe the results of field work initiated by Towards Ethnic Women.
One of TEW’s early projects was to set up a field office in Quang Binh province. This field office, the Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Research and Development, has now registered as a separate organisation. In this issue, several stories will outline the impact CIRD has had on ethnic minority communities in highland Quang Binh.
The first will describe the training centre that has been built to allow ethnic minorities the opportunity to learn in a familiar and comfortable environment. The centre, called CCCD, also provides young staff members with the opportunity to learn more about the different cultures of the farmers they work with.
The second story will describe CIRD’s experience with ‘interest groups,’ which are the village and commune-level farmer’s groups that organise activities in areas like gardening and animal husbandry. One of CIRD’s main aims to is to provide the credit and support needed for farmers to increase production in these and other areas. A third story will describe the model of credit delivery that CIRD has developed, based originally on the model developed by another Vietnamese NGO called the Rural Development Services Centre (RDSC).
Finally, the impact of CIRD’s land-use rights programme will be described by telling the story of how one Ma Lieng village reacted when outsiders cut trees in an area contracted to the villagers.
This issue of Existence will also describe one of TEW’s earliest field programmes, in the Sinh Mun village of Bo Ngoi, in Son La province. As a result of this project, a very strong network of women farmers has developed in Yen Chau district, where Bo Ngoi is located.
Finally, this issue will provide a short update of events in On Oc village, where villagers are engaged in an ongoing effort to protect the valuable forest which surrounds their community. In the last issue, we described a community road-building project which was effective in preventing outsiders from coming to cut the forest. Now, new pressures are emerging that the villagers must face. The story in this issue will describe recent events, as well as provide more background about On Oc village.
As always, we hope you find this issue informative. As TEW and CHESH continue to grow, our work will take us to new and exciting areas. We hope in the next few issues to describe the CHESH programme in Lao PDR, and outline our hopes for regional cooperation in other areas.
MECO-ECOTRA is a grassroots foundation that operates through six interconnected thematic networks focused on customary law, spirit forests, eco-farming, herbal medicine, women's skills, and farmer field schools. It aims to empower indigenous communities in the Mekong region through consolidating livelihood sovereignty based on land rights, cultural rights, knowledge rights, and natural resource governance rights. MECO-ECOTRA's strategies include reorganizing its networks around watershed management, eco-farming, and community enterprises, as well as developing young indigenous leadership through field schools and skill sharing.
Case study: Custlaw based landforest conflict resolutions in Long Lan village...SPERI
Land conflicts take place in many places due to land loss faced by people, especially farmers with various forms of pressures. Such programs as modernization, industrialization and urbanization tend to transfer fertile agricultural land attaching high profitability and commercial possibility to other purposes. The needs for more land for modern, large-scale food production are encouraged by technocrats as the way to meet growing consumer demand. Under pressure of attracting resources for industrialization from political power and monetary power, many farmers in developing countries are forced to move from their ancestor land and lose the land to the hands of investors and transnational companies. Shortage of land to live, lack of transparency, and overlapping of ownership of land, forests and natural resources or land use rights are among the hottest constrains causing conflicts over land.
Overview of CHESH Laos Program over the past 10 years approachSPERI
The document discusses lessons learned from CHESH Lao's community development approach based on the cultural identities of ethnic groups in Laos. It summarizes CHESH Lao's initial confusion in setting an approach, and the valuable advice received from local leaders. This advice emphasized the importance of developing a sustainable approach by learning from communities and basing the strategy on their cultural identities. It also highlights key findings about the cultural identities of the Hmong in Long Lan village, Lao Lums in Xiang Da village, and the Khmu in Nam Kha village, including the Hmong's "No Song" customary laws and ceremonies.
Case study: Customary law and Gender in Resettlement program for Ma Lieng eth...SPERI
In 1990s, Vietnam has launched several programs aimed at hunger eradication and poverty reduction. Various actors have been involved in the process, such as government agencies (resettlement, agricultural extension departments), NGOs (both international and local ones). Development agencies have disbursed a considerable amount of investment, especially focused on seriously poor mountainous areas, with concentration of various ethnic minority peoples.
One of important things concerned by Vietnamese government, foreign donors, local NGOs relating to development, especially in remote ethnic groups is how to improve people's quality of life and also keep good traditional values, including traditional laws. In addition, to improve gender equality in the ethnic community in the context of its harmony with cultural value reservation and development takes a very important role for any development activities.
There have been studies trying to answer the mentioned questions along with several debates on which development approach would be better for application in specific situation. This research also focuses on the topic through drawing out lessons from factual and practical development activities under Quang Binh provincial resettlement program. The project was carried out in Ma Lieng minority group at Chuoi village, Lam Hoa commune, Tuyen Hoa district of Quang Binh province, in the Central region of Vietnam since 1995.
Case study: Community-based natural resource management: Case of Thai ethnic ...SPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Assessing the bio-diverse and carbon forest plantings as one of the land-based mitigation options in Australia
1. Kien Dang (u3939218@anu.edu.au)
Biodiverse and carbon forest plantings
Dang To Kien
Introduction
This essay aims to assess the extent to which biodiverse and carbon forest plantings can be used to mitigate
Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. Crucial in this assessment is the question of scale i.e. defining the
scale at which can the option generate positive impacts given currently limited investments. In relation to
scale, it is essential to understand the level of uptake (or rate of adoption) by rural landholders as to
understand the current interests, and thus reflecting the credibility and feasibility of the option. This essay
concludes that biodiverse and carbon forest plantings has a potential to contribute to climate change
mitigation; nevertheless, would require to reach out to rural landholders for higher uptake as well as
(possibly) demanding stable carbon pricing mechanism to achieve further credibility.
Climate change in Australia and mitigation
Indication of climate change is irrefutable (Climate Commission 2011) and that science/data and
observations provided by CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) are of highly credible sources (State of
the Climate 2012). The average temperature for the 30-year records from the 1961-1990 indicates
temperature anomalies i.e. each decade has been warmer than the previous decade since the 1950s (BoM
2012). Australian average temperatures are projected to rise by 0.6 to 1.50C by 2030 when compared with
the climate of 1980 to 1999 (BoM 2012). Climate models suggest long term drying over southern areas
during winter and over southern and eastern areas during spring (BoM & CSIRO 2012). Australia has
indicated a strong interest in global mitigation (Garnaut 2008, Jotzo 2012) before the global averge
temperature exceeds critical thresholds (Climate Commission 2011). According to Garnaut (2008), the
Australia’s rural landscapes have been affected significantly by impacts from climate change. A number of
land based mitigation options have been proposed and explored their mitigation potential, of which
biodiverse and carbon forest plantings has increasingly gained interests.
What is biodiverse and carbon forest plantings?
Biodiverse and carbon forest plantings are the non-harvested sinks with a primary focus of carbon
sequestration and associated biodiversity benefits (CSIRO 2009). Other values such as erosion control,
shelter for stock (Paul et al 2012) and reducing dryland salinity (Jonson and Freudenberger 2011) have also
been studied. Carbon forest plantings (or carbon forestry) has to meet the international definition of a forest
i.e. ‘minimum of 20 per cent canopy cover, trees greater than two meters in height and a minimum area of
0.2 hectares (CSIRO 2009, p.22). It would also need to meet the international legal definition of a carbon
sink i.e. ‘a repository into which we can dispose of unwanted waste (CO2) rather than a source with
intangible, non-economic benefits’ (Aguirre 2009). Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol credits carbon sinks for
plantings on areas e.g. agricultural land that had been cleared prior to 1990 that have subsequently been
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reforested or afforested (Aguirre 2009; Durrant 2011) and meet the permanence requirement i.e. placed a
legal contract for 100 years to account for the natural cycles of death and decay of the carbon/forest (CSIRO
2009). As Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol, carbon forest plantings can be counted as offsets against
those emissions to meet the agreed target of a 5 per cent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020
from the 2000 levels (Durrant 2011).
Describe the mitigation option?
Biodiverse and carbon forest plantings is ‘the most straightforward way to sequester carbon in the rural
landscapes’ (CSIRO 2011, p.97) and has the ability to sequester large quantities of carbon (CSIRO 2009
Figure 1-2, see below). The Garnaut report (2008) indicated that carbon forest plantings as one of the rural
mitigation options; however it is highly responsive to a carbon price. Australian’s carbon pricing mechanism,
or Carbon Tax that took effect by July 1, 2012, was seen as the best design policy for climate change
mitigation (Jotzo 2012). This pricing policy is ‘meant to underpin Australia’s commitment of a 5 per cent
reduction in emissions by 2020 relative to 2000’ (Jotzo 2012, p.1). There would be some economic viabilities
(Garnaut 2011) from establishing carbon plantings in areas of lower rainfall and lower land values, and that
the rising carbon prices could draw attention from rural landholders. As carbon forest plantings provides
substantial low cost abatement for mitigation (Garnaut 2011), this mitigation option can play a part in
achieving mitigation potential.
Fig
ure 1: Adopted from GHG mitigation CSIRO 2009.
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3. Kien Dang (u3939218@anu.edu.au)
What is the proposed mitigation potential?
The potential of the option is looked at from comparing different estimates over the land area available for
planting, and carbon sequestration potential from the proposed profitable areas. Various credible sources
have estimated the low and high ranges of mitigation potential from carbon forest plantings as provided in
the Table 1 below.
Table 1: Summary of various estimates of carbon plantings mitigation potential.
MtCO2e/yr
Low
High
Lawson et al. (2008)
Average
Comments
6.9
2007-2050 (CPRS-5 scenario)
4.2
2013-2022 (CPRS-5 scenario)
Garnaut (2008)
n/a
143
7.2
In 20 years (plantations)
CSIRO (2009)
-
-
350
2010-2050 incl. 30% risk buffer
(750
with
carbon
forestry)
Polglase et al. (2011)
-
-
5.2
2010-2050 incl. 30% risk buffer
DCCEE (2011)
1
2
In 2020 (reforestation)
1.5
6
In 2020 (avoided deforestation and management
regrowth on deforestation land)
Lawson et al (2008) provided results for the CPRS-5 carbon price scenario (at AU$20.88 per tonne CO2-e in
2010) with an assumption that carbon price increases by an average of 4 per cent a year to 2100 that is 5.8
Mha of agricultural land would be economically suitable for afforrestation between 2007 and 2050; of which
47 per cent of this area used for environmental plantings. This potentially could sequester around 296 Mt of
CO2-e from 2007-2050 (Lawson et al 2008, p.12). On average, about 6.9 Mt of CO2-e per year would be
sequestered.
Garnaut (2008) indicated that carbon farming (plantations) would potentially remove 143 Mt CO2-e for 20
years. This used key assumptions such as using 9.1 Mha of land where returns would be more than AU$100
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per ha per year better than the current land use, with water interception less than 150 mm per year and
permit price of AU$20 per tonne CO2-e (Garnaut 2008). The difference of this to Lawson et al (2008) is this
estimate considers water interception; however accounts only from emissions removal from plantation
forests, i.e. not specifiy to environmental/biodiverse plantings. The land potentially available appears higher
than one predicted by Lawson et al (2008); yet the total amount of emissions removal deems lower.
CSIRO (2009) provided the Summary Table (p.12) in which predicted the total national potential of forestry
(i.e. change land use to carbon forestry with primary goal is carbon sequestration) is 750 Mt CO2-e per year,
of which biodiverse plantings account for 350 Mt CO2-e per year (CSIRO 2009), equivalent to a potential of
47.2 Mha. By analyzing a study area in Queensland, Table 9-1 (CSIRO 2009, p. 101) indicated that the
mitigation potential cross the total profitable areas was 153 Mt CO2-e; however the likely more realistic
scenario i.e. 10 % of farms in the 50% of profitable area if planted biodiverse and carbon forest plantings
then about 8 Mt CO2-e per year could be sequestered. The total land area estimated available for carbon
plantings by Garnaut (2008) is much smaller than one of CSIRO (2009) given the different profit
assumptions. Nevertheless, the scenario 10% of farms for carbon plantings (CSIRO 2009) appears realistic
(given areas of greater than 600 mm rainfall zones) despite it is only 5.6% of the predicted Garnaut (2008).
Polglase et al (2011) conducted 105 scenarios to see the impacts of varied assumptions on calculated
profitable areas of opportunity and associated rates of carbon sequestration. Their analysis incorporated
profitable area, establishment cost, carbon price, water price, soical discount rate and a risk buffer of 30% on
the carbon sequestration rate. Some of their results are provided next page. At scenario 11 given the
establishment costs (AU$1000/ha) and AU$20/ton C - the CO2-e sequestered is 312 Mt CO2/year over 32
Mha, which is 2.18 times the one from Garnaut (2008). However, the establishment rate deems realistically
too cheap and yet did not include water cost. Scenario 95 has had water costs included and yet with similar
establishment costs (AU$1000/ha) and AU$20/ton C, the CO2-e sequestered is 95 Mt CO2/year over 9.1
Mha. This scenairo’s result though appears more realistic (e.g. inclusive of water cost) and yet establishment
cost is still cheap. The estimated land available for plantings deem closed to one from Garnaut (2008); but
the carbon sequestration is only 66% of Garnaut’s (2008) prediction. Scenario 32 raised the establishment
costs up to AU$3000/ha and yet no water costs included, predicting potentially profitable area to only 1 Mha,
sequestering 19 Mt CO2-e/year, which is only 13% of Garnaut (2008) prediction.
The Polglase et al (2011)’s results showed that the mitigation potential would be restricted by the key
establishment cost of plantings, in few scenarios water costs, and also carbon price amongst other
secondary factors. The Garnaut’s prediction (2008) implies that there may be the need to convert large areas
of land for biodiverse and carbon plantings by which according to Polglase et al (2011) would mean
unrealistic. This would deem that the Garnaut (2008) estimate appears optimistic; yet without accounting for
realistic costs it is unlikely to be feasible for achieving its mitigation potential. Given the more realistic
scenarios such as one from CSIRO (2009) i.e. 10% of each farm (equivalent to 8Mt C/year) and Polglase et
al (2011) scenario 32 (equivalent to 19 Mt C/year); they nevertheless would deem not yet highly credible
given the unknown adoption rate by rural landholders. Most of the results of mitigation potential, CSIRO
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(2009) and Polglase et al (2011), indicated the adoption rate would predominantly be dependent upon the
carbon price and establishment cost, which apparently are changing everyday and highly reliant upon
political situation.
The Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) of DCCEE (2011) provided results in the low and high ranges of
abatement for Kyoto-related reforestation (p.10) and avoided deforestation and managed regrowth on
deforestation lands (p. 11-12), which is relative to other estimates. Yet, DCCEE (2011)’s results did not
indicate the current uptake level by landholders either and still referring these estimates would depend on
price, accounting rules, costs of generating the abatement credits, policy and participation from other sectors
(DCCEE 2011).
Figure 2: Adopted from Polglase et al 2011.
What would be incentives from the mitigation option?
There are a number of incentives from this option. Given that it would provide a substantial low cost
abatement, there has already been an incentive from Australian government to invest into this e.g. through
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CFI to (possibly) increase the national reputation in reducing GHG emissions by approaching domestic rural
landscapes. For industries e.g. coal, electricity, those who are legally obliged to pay a fixed carbon price for
the right to emit, may offset (Jotzo 2012, Keenan et al 2012) part of their emissions domestically with rural
landholders. Given its low start-up costs of between AU$1000-3000 per hectare, there has already been a
small amount of private business (24 firms) whom take interests in afforesting rural land areas with
biodiverse plantings, registered under Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS), and possibly driven by a
motivation to minimise their carbon footprint for corporate legitimacy, ethical and marketing businesses
(Dargusch et al 2010).
An emerging voluntary offset market (see Carbon Offset Guide.com.au) indicates 20 forestry registered
(2013, see below) already investing into carbon offsets as the key project type (19/20 retailers and 11/20
accredited Gold Standards VERs and VCUs). This voluntary nature to an extent demonstrates the
acceptablity and that associated with certain incentives-driven from the public (yet private sector) of the
option. There are other immediate benefits such as erosion control, wind breaks and shelter belts (Paul et al
2012) and reducing dryland salinity (Jonson and Freudenberger 2011), improve water quality, biodiversity
and enhancing resilience of natural assets under changing climate (CSIRO 2009). Another incentive is that
people seeing this as one way to diversify their income streams. Carbon forest plantings, given it can be
established in the lower rainfall and lower land values, can provide more positive returns even with low
growth rates typical of these regions (Dargusch et al 2010) besides there would be little to no costs of
transport and processing and ongoing management costs compared to other production forests (Garnaut
2011).
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Figure 3: Illustration of companies currently operating carbon offset with carbon plantings indicated as key project type (source:
CarbonOffsetGuide.com.au)
What are the obstacles for achieving the mitigation potential?
Despite the numerous incentives, there are obstacles. The most important obstacle is the question of scale
i.e. the recent level of uptake by rural landholders appears probably vastly low (from personal observation
despite there is not yet any literature studying/surveying the rate of adoption by rural landholders of
biodiverse and carbon plantings). Besides the uptake level is highly influenced by establishment costs and
maintenance, the carbon price is already low given the latest political decision to proceed ETS earlier
dropping to AU$6-10, associated obstacles are the likely loss of other agricultural income (Garnaut 2011),
and the broader community attitude (carbon forestry versus food producing land) and other possible risks
associated with plantings (CSIRO 2009).
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8. Kien Dang (u3939218@anu.edu.au)
Risks associated with predicted more events of droughts, floods and fires (Climate Commission 2011) in the
Australian rural landscapes could restrict people from investing into this. An additional obstacle i.e. legal
compliance of a 100-year contract which appears too long for landholders to feel hesistant and or risk
themselves what if the frequency and intensity of fire events were likely happening more in the rural areas
within 100-year. These types of risks may cause a greater burden financially for landholders to adopt the
option.
Ecologically, there are challenges in managing the carbon through its entire cycle; while the impacts of
climate change may cause plant stress, fire, pathogens and thus resultant emissions. The technical
challenge is that it remains uncertain of a fully comprehensive monitoring, review, and valuation system
accounting for carbon in a forest, given the CFI methodology has still been critical and or even the NCAS
was critical of its overestimation/underestimation.
Institutionally, in the absence (or immaturity) of a formal carbon compliance scheme this might affect the
credibility and thus the uptake level by wider landholders despite there is only some voluntary proaction. My
experiences when interviewing rural landholders in Orange, NSW in the past as well as working with other
landholders from Vietnam in varied initiatives assumed that landholders may even concern about economic
and employment opportunities to be created after carbon plantings which could be another source of
obstacle.
At the other form of obstacles, the controvery over this mitigation option would be - even if biodiverse and
carbon forest plantings may play a part in mitigation yet would this be credible enough to reduce the overall
GHG emissions given the Australian government has not yet pursued a 100% renewable energy (only 20 per
cent, see Figure 4 below). Identifying the scale at which can the option generate more positive impacts
remains unknown. Many coal companies have exported their emissions overseas (coal mines etc) and the
government allows companies to offset (about two third) from overseas carbon credits which paint the
controvery even more critical when it boils down to ethical and quality of Australia’s efforts in emissions
reduction. Should Australia restrict only to domestic reduction i.e. sourcing the offsets internally within
Australian boundary remains unanswered.
The potential of this mitigation option is also dependent upon the political situation. The recent change in the
political context in Australia i.e. a decision by PM Kevin Rudd to proceed to an early shift to an Emissions
Trading Scheme (ETS) has affected the price of carbon. The carbon price was predicted to fall from a fixed
$25.40 a tonne in 2014/15 to about $6-$7 a tonne under the floating regime linked to the European ETS.
This might affect the uptake (rate of adoption) by landholders. According to the latest news from Get Up
(2013), the early move to an ETS by the Government comes at a cost to the Government, dropping about
$3.8 billion of expected revenue for the 2014-15 fiscal year. Funds for biodiversity protection will lose $213
million over four years while the Carbon Farming Futures program will lose $144 million. There however
expected more money to rescue the coal industry to help their transition. This political uncertainty can affect
the adoption rate of biodiverse and carbon forest plantings, and hence its mitigation potential.
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9. Kien Dang (u3939218@anu.edu.au)
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets
Australian Labor Party (ALP): Committed to 5-25pc (pc: per cent) reduction on 2000 levels by 2020, based on the ambition of global
agreement and 80pc reduction by 2050 which is in line with the UK and Germany. Signatory to second commitment period of Kyoto
Protocol for 2020 reduction and intention to ratify.
Carbon price
ALP: Carbon pricing legislated in 2011 along with independent Climate Change Authority, Clean Energy Regulator, and Australian
Renewable Energy Agency. Climate Commission established administratively in February 2011 to explain the science of climate
change. Announced in July 2013 bringing forward emissions trading scheme to 1 July 2014 and cutting back Energy Security Fund
from $4.3 billion to $2.5 billion.
Renewable Energy Target (RET)
ALP: Committed to the RET of at least 20pc by 2020 which maintains target of 41,000 GWh large scale renewable energy
generation by 2020. Commitment not to review RET until 2016.
Carbon Farming
ALP: Set it up and committed $290 million to Carbon Farming Futures and Skills program. $44 million for complementary
improvements in Natural Resource Management planning. Adopted new international rules which allow virtually all Carbon Farming
Initiative credits to be sold to all polluters in the carbon pricing mechanism.
Biodiversity Fund
ALP: Committed over $400 million over six years, down from $1 billion originally allocated.
Figure 4: Adopted from most updated ABC news ‘Environment policy: where the parties stand’
Conclusion
Assessing the credibility and feasibility of biodiverse and carbon forest plantings might not be that easy given
the mitigation option is highly dependent upon various factors (DCCEE 2011), of which the firm running of
the CFI and the higher uptake level by rural landholders deem the critical ones. Mitigation potential estimates
from various credible sources are merely one part of the solution; yet translating those estimates into
practice (i.e. reality) that would require the magnitude of plantings works which can be enormous; and that
depending on the range of other factors as well e.g. amount of plantings to be conducted per year i.e.
dependent upon the profitability (i.e. carbon price) and the political situation. It appears that without reaching
out to rural landholders for higher uptake and (possibly) demanding stable carbon pricing mechanism to
achieve further credibility - this mitigation option has certain potential, yet should be conducted with other
mitigation options to reduce Australia’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.
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10. Kien Dang (u3939218@anu.edu.au)
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