Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
Asst Prof SSNAIK ENTO PJTSAU, profile picture
Uploaded byAsst Prof SSNAIK ENTO PJTSAU
5,395 views

ENTO 332_Lec No.2_Morphology of Honey Bees.pptx

The document discusses the morphology, biology, and caste distinction of honey bees. It describes the key physical features of honey bees including their heads, antennae, mouthparts, mandibles, wings, legs, and abdomens. It also explains the three main castes - queens, workers, and drones - and their roles within the honey bee colony as well as the life cycle from egg to adult. The document provides details on the structure and functions of honey bees.

Science◦
Course In-Charge Mr.S.Srinivasnaik Assistant Professor Department of Entomology Lecture No.2 Brief Morphology and bee-biology- Life cycle and caste distinction in all stages of European and Indian honey bee ENTO 332 (1+1):Management of Beneficial Insects
Kingdom :Animalia Phylum :Arthropoda Class :Insecta Order :Hymenoptera Family :Apidae
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES - HEAD The head of honey bee is triangular with two large compound eyes and three ocelli. The drones head is larger than that of either queen or worker and its compound eyes are contiguous on the vertex. The number of ommatidia in an eye are about 4000 in queen, 5,000 in the worker and 8,000 in the drone. The ocelli are located in a triangular anteriorly on the vertex in the worker and queen but lower in the face of the drone. Bees recognize objects with their compound eyes, perceive movement and distinguish color and forms. They can distinguish only yellow, blue, blue-green and ultraviolet and can not see black, red or grey colours.
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES-ANTENNAE The antennae is geniculate with a large scape, a small pedicel and 10 flagellar sub-segments in the females (queen and worker) and 11 in the males (Drone). It accommodates various kinds of sense organs, chiefly tactile and olfactory
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES - MOUTH PARTS The mouth parts are of chewing – lapping type. The mandibles and labrum are of the same structure as in the chewing insects. However, the labium, maxillae, and hypopharynx are integrated to form a sucking proboscis, the labial glossa becoming an elongate hairy extensible sucking organ which can be rapidly protracted and retracted to reach deep into the nectaries of tubular flowers. The glossa is curved and inwards forming central cavity. It has a small spoon shaped flabellum or button at its apex. The length varies in different castes of honey bees. It is about 6 mm in workers, 3-5 mm in queen and 4 mm in drones. The labial palpi are long and four segmented and maxillary palpi are very small. The paraglossa are represented by two concealed lobes at the base of glossa.
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES-MANDIBLES The mandibles vary in their size and shape in three castes. In the worker it is broad at the base and apex and narrowed in the middle and oblique in its apex; its distal end is concave. The mandibles of the queen is about the same length as that of the worker but is wider at base and bilobed distally, the outer surface is clothed more densely with long hairs than in the case of workers. The mandibles of the drone is smaller than that of either the worker or the queen and the mandibular hairs are plumose. The mandibles in honey bees are not mainly concerned with feeding but are put into various other uses. In the worker bee the mandibles, apart from serving as grasping organ, helps in the ingestion of pollen grains, in manipulation of wax in comb building, in supporting the proboscis at its base when extended.
The thorax in honey bees, as in other hymenopterous insects, is characterized by the fusion of the first abdominal segment propodeum with the metathorax. The two wings in each side are coupled together, during flight, by a row of 25 hooks as hamuli arising from the anterior margin of the hindwings. MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES-WINGS
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES-LEGS S.No. Type Leg modified Purpose Modifications 1 Antennal cleaning Fore legs For cleaning antennae Tibia possess a movable spine, and the first tarsal segment with a semi circular notch. 2 Wax picking type Middle leg For picking wax plates Tibia posses a spine called wax pick for removing the wax plates from the ventral side of the abdomen. 3 Pollen basket and brush type Hind legs For collecting pollen and cleaning body Inner surface of large tibia has a groove and is used as pollen basket or corbicula for temporary storage of pollen. First tarsal segment enlarged and possess stiff hairs “pecten” all over the surface called pollen brush.
MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEES-ABDOMEN The second abdominal segment is greatly constricted at its union with the propodeum called petiole and the rest of the abdomen is called gaster. The gaster consists of six exposed segments in the females and seven in the males and remaining are concealed and considerably modified. The ovipositor is well developed and is useful for laying eggs in queen and modified as stinging organ in the worker and drone with stingless.
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS i) Mandibular glands: There is a pair of mandibular glands, one in each side associated with the mandible. It is large and sac like situated at the base of the mandible. This gland is supposed to be used for softening the wax
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS ii) Lateral pharyngeal glands: These are paired glands situated in the anterior - dorsal region of the head in the form of long, coiled chain of follicles. These glands are well developed in the worker, vestigial in queen and absent in the drones. They produce the nutritive food material called “royal jelly” or “bee silk”, which is used for feeding the larvae and also queen and drones. Workers in the second week of their life produce the royal jelly and these bees are called “feeder bees”.
iii) Wax glands: Four pairs of wax glands are present in the ventral aspect of abdominal segments 4 to 7. Below these glands, the sterna of these segments show each a pair of large oval polished areas separated by a median space. These are called wax plates or wax mirrors. The secretions of the glands is carried through the cuticle and the wax hardens on the outer surface of the wax plates. The wax is removed by the hind tarsi. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
iv) Sting: It is an elaborated and modified ovipositor with poison and serves as an instrument of defense. The sting consists of a pair of acid glands which meet into poison sac. The secretions of this gland consist mainly of formic acid which is the venom of the bee’s sting. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
v) Scent Glands: These are present in the thin membrane connecting lat two abdominal terga. The odour produced from these glands are derived from scented waste products of metabolism. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION A colony of honey bees comprises a cluster of several to 60,000 workers (sexually immature females), a queen (sexually developed female) and a few to several hundred drones (sexually developed males). A colony normally has only one queen whose sole function is egg laying. The bees cluster loosely over wax combs, the cells of which are used to store honey (carbohydrate food) and pollen (protein food) and to rear, young bees to replace old adults
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION Honey bees are social insects, living together in highly organized colonies. Three distinct kinds of honey bees in a colony are queen, workers and drone.
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION i) The queen : It is the longest bee in the hive but has the shortest wings, pointed abdomen, wings only partially cover the body. She is the mother of all other bees. Her most important job is to lay eggs. She can lay more than 2000 eggs a day. She lay one egg in every cell. Few eggs scattered among many empty cells or several eggs per cell are signs of problems. Queen lays two types of eggs: Fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs.
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION The worker: These are smaller than queen and drones. A strong colony can have close to 1,00,000 workers. These bees keep the colony going. Worker’s jobs change with their age. Young bees, called house bees, do their hive chores. They produce wax, and shape into combs, use propolis to seal cracks, fan their wings to ventilate the hive in summer, controlling temperature and humidity, guard the hive to keep out raiders, produce honey and royal jelly, feed brood and cleaning and repairing cells, feed queen and drones.
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION Day 1-3: Spent cleaning hive and preparing cells for egg laying. Day 4-6: Become nurse bees, feed worker larvae. Day 7-14: Secrete Royal jelly, feed queen larvae. Day 15-20: Receive, exchange nectar, ripe honey, secrete wax, build combs. From Day 21: Venture down to hive entrance, guard against predators, then becomes foragers.
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION iii) The Drone: These are longer than workers but not as long as queens. A drone has compound eyes that touch each other at the top of the head. They do not have sting or pollen basket on their legs. Their only function is to fertilize queen and workers develop from fertilized eggs, drones develop from unfertilized eggs. Drone cells are slightly longer than worker cells. Drones are conceived for one purpose: to fertilize queens during mating flights.
Queen Drone Worker 1. Relative size Large Medium Small 1. Per hive 1 50-2000 20,000 – 2.0 lakhs 1. Life span 4-5 years 21-90 days 20-40 days 1. Sex Female Male Sterile female 1. Functions - Kill sisters and mother - Mate with male - Lay eggs @2000/day (200 K eggs/yr) - Secrete pheromone (9-hydorxy decenoic acid) - Egg laying capacity declines after her 2nd year Mate with queen - Make comb - Tend larva - Clean hive - Gather nectar, pollen etc. - Defend colony
S.No. Queen Drone Workers 1 Fertile female and largest in size Fertile male and bigger than workers Imperfect female smaller than drone 2 Abdomen extends beyond the closed wings and pendulous It is not so It is not so 3 Compound eyes normal Large and holoptic Normal 4 Frontal region not reduced Reduced Not reduced 5 Absent Tip of the abdomen pointed with ovipositor modified in to sting 6 Pollen basket absent and wax glands absent Absent Present
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION Honey bees undergo complete metamorphosis through four developmental stages i.e., Egg, larva, pupa and adult Egg: Queen lays both fertilized and unfertilized eggs which are similar in size and shape. Fertilized eggs develop into females ( Worker and Queen) and unfertilized eggs develop into drone bees. Eggs are laid singly and attached vertically to the bottom of comb. Eggs hatch on 3rd day. Larva: After hatching, all the larvae are fed with royal jelly ( bee milk produced by worker bee) for 3 days. Thereafter, the worker and drone larvae are fed with nectar and pollen. A queen larvae is continuously fed with royal jelly upto 8th day. Initially, the larvae are loop shaped, but towards cell capping get stretched in the cell with head facing upwards. After passing through four moults, larvae enter into the prepupal and final pupal stage.
HONEY BEE BIOLOGY-CASTE DISTINCTION Pupa: Before entering into pupal stage, the larvae spins a thin silken cocoon around itself and undergoes gradual, but drastic changes. At this stage, head, thorax, abdomen are clearly distinguishable and compound eyes and other appendages are also clearly visible. Adult: When pupal development stage is completed, the insect metamorphosis into adult and adult bee emerges by gnawing its way out of the sealed cell
S.No . Developmental stage Queen Worker Drone 1 Egg- Apis cerena (A.c) 3 3 3 Apis mellifera(A,m) 3 3 3 2 Larvae- A.c 5 4-5 7 A.m 5 5 7 3 Pupae-A.c 7-8 11-12 14 A.m 8 12-13 14 4 Adult-A.c 15-16 18-20 24 A.m 16 21 24
Workers: Form bulk of the colony population. Functionally sterile females. Perform all duties and labor for maintenance of the colony. Develop from a fertilized egg laid by the queen.
Labor activities of workers: • Feeding, care of the young (nurse activities) • Comb building and nest constructions. • Protection of the colony (clean cells before reuse, remove debris and dead bees) • Maintenance of colony internal environment (Fan at the entrance to circulate fresh air into the hive if Co2 levels get too high or if temperature rise above acceptable levels). • Collection and storage of food (nectar and pollen) • Serve as guards at the hive entrance to protect from intruders by attacking and stinging. Nectar is converted into honey by workers in the hive. When the honey is ripe the cells have been filled, workers cap the cells with a wax capping. Pollen is carried on the hind legs when foraging. Pollen is stored in the cells and serves as the source of proteins, fats and minerals.
Queen: Queen is the most important individual in the colony, It is responsible for normal functioning of the hive.Quality of the queen which determines the value of a hive. •Develop from a fertilized egg. •Queens are reared in special cells – hang vertically and extended as larva grows. •Queen larvae are fed a diet of “royal Jelly” •Queen mate with 10-12 drones. •Nuptial flight from day 20-24 days age. •Egg laying from days 23. Biological role of queen: •Reproduction – egg laying. •Production of pheromones – maintain social order and allow workers to determine queen presence. •Prevent worker ovaries development. Prevent queen rearing.
Drones: • These are males larger than workers, larger eyes, no sting. • It hatch from unfertilized egg reared in larger cells, longer development (24 days) • Only function – reproductive. • Reach sexual maturity at about 12 days of age. Virgin queens leave the hive to mate, seeking males at drone congregation areas. Mating occurs in flight. Drone congregation areas remain stable over a period of years. Comb is made up of hexagonal cells – optimal arrangement, cells offset on different sides with an angle 9-140 usually 130. Majority of cells are worker cells (83%) and remaining cells are drone (17%). Worker cells average 5.23 mm (5-6 mm) in diameter, drone cells 6.2 mm (6-7 mm).
Apiculture: Beekeeping as an industry Honey and beekeeping have a long history in India. Honey was the first sweet food tasted by the ancient Indian inhabiting rock shelters and forests. The raw materials for the beekeeping industry are mainly pollen and nectar that come from flowering plants. Both the natural and cultivated vegetation in India constitute an immense potential for development of beekeeping. About 500 flowering plant species, both wild and cultivated, are useful as major or minor sources of nectar and pollen.Honey has a long history of human consumption, and is most commonly consumed in its unprocessed state(i.e. liquid, crystallized or in the comb). It is taken as medicine, eaten as food, or incorporated as an additive in a variety of food and beverages. India has been known as ‘land of honey.’ Since centuries, honey is used to treat a variety of ailments through a wide range of applications.
Rapeseed / Mustard Honey, Eucalyptus Honey, Lychee Honey, Sunflower Honey, Karanj / Pongamea Honey, Multi- flora Himalayan Honey, Acacia Honey, Wild Flora Honey, Multi and Mono floral Honey are some of the major varieties of Natural Honey.
Macro benefits of Beekeeping include: 1.Excellent source of employment for the rural unemployed: currently approx. 250,000 farmers in India are employed through beekeeping. 2. Provides an excellent source of income for the landless farmers: since beekeeping in migratory in nature, even the landless farmers can take up this profession. 3. No farm land is wasted as apiaries are kept on the boundaries and not cultivable land. 4. Increases crop yield by cross ––pollination: can increase yields in some crops by up to 200%. The per capita consumption of honey in India is just 8 grams, whereas in Germany it is 1800 grams. About sixteen lakh people are directly or indirectly engaged in the bee keeping and allied activities. Major honey producing states in the country include Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, UP, Bihar and West Bengal. However, quality honey reportedly comes mainly from the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
1. The All India Beekeepers’ Association, Kolkata, w.Bengal has made laudable contributions to the development of beekeeping and has been disseminating information about honey trade through its informative publication Indian Bee Journal. 2. Agricultural Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), New Delhi under the aegis of the Ministry of Commerceand Industry, government of India, is the nodal agency to promote exports of honey. 3. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd (TRIFED), New Delhi has been playing an importantrole by providing training to tribals in the scientific cultivation and harvesting of wild honey. A lot of workhas also been done on honey related issues like Indian bees and beekeeping by individuals, agricultural experts, agricultural colleges and institutions. 3. The Central Bee Research and Training Institute, Pune---- and 4. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), Mumbai not onlycontributed to the science of bees, bee plants and beekeeping but also developed several appropriatetechnologies suited to Indian beekeeping. 5. In India the Export Inspection Council (EIC) under the Union Ministry of Commerce arranges for tests on residues, antibiotics, etc., in the honey meant. 6. All India Coordinated project on honey bee research and training at Bee research station, Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh. The first bee keeping research station was established in Punjab in 1945 by ICAR.
NATIONAL BEE BOARD, New Delhi: Main objective is overall development of Beekeeping by promoting Scientific Beekeeping in India to increase the productivity of crops through pollination and increase the Honey production for increasing the income of the Beekeepers/ Farmers. •Overall development of scientific beekeeping in India by popularizing state of the art technologies through the governmental schemes of National Horticulture Mission and Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States in the country. •Development of nucleus stock production, capacity building programmes and training of bee breeders and beekeepers, processing, research work, etc. and conducting of seminars. •Dissemination of information on technological advancement in the field of beekeeping through its various publications and the quarterly magazine “Bee World”. •Initiating steps for quality honey production and other bee hive products for overseas and domestic markets besides enhancing productivity of various crops through bee pollination. •Increasing the employment opportunity in rural sector and thus enhancing the ancillary income of the beekeepers & farmers.
• Number of bee keepers in India- 1,50,000 • No. of bee hives- 6,00,000 • Average production of honey/bee hive/year- 8.5Kg
Constraints in the Industry: •Quality testing facilities are also not easily available to beekeepers and packers in India. The European Union will not import honey from countries where the use of pesticides is not regulated and where samples are not specifically tested for insecticidal residues. •Some honey importing countries also insist on a certificate to the effect that the honey has been procure from disease-free colonies. However, there is no arrangement for diseases surveillance. •Honey is often stored in undesirable and inappropriate containers which deteriorate the quality. •Above all, the processing of honey has to be of high standards so that quality deterioration is minimal. Imports from China and Argentina, the two large exporters, are now being avoided due to the poor quality of honey and many counties are turning towards new exporters like India. Europe, the USA and Japan are the major honey importers.India needs to build the confidence of world buyers. •The price, supply, purity and service are the major determinants in the honey industry..
Future prospects •Honey industry in the country can well become a major foreign exchange earner if international standards are met. •Beekeeping is an age-old tradition in India but it is considered a no- investment profit giving venture in most areas.Of late it has been recognised that it has the potential to develop as a prime agri- horticultural and forest-based industry. •Honey production is a lucrative business and it generates employment. • With the use of modern collection, storage, beekeeping equipment, honey processing plants and bottling technologies the potential export market can be tapped.
REFERENCES: •Abrol, D.P.2010. Bees and Bee keeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Pp450 •David, B.V and Kumara Swami, T. 2016. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Depot, Madras. Pp536 •Ganga, G and Sulochana Chetty, J. 2008. An introduction to sericulture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp160 •Gautam, R.D.2008. Biological Pest Suppression •Ghorai, N. 1995. Lac culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service. •Jolly, M.S. 1987. Appropriate sericulture techniques . International center for training and research in tropical sericulture, Mysore. Pp209 •Krishnaswami, S., Narasimma, M.N., Suryanarayan, S.K and Kumararaj,S. 1995. Silkworm Rearing. Sericulture Manual 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp150 •Mishra, R.C.1995. Honeybees and their management in India. ICAR, New Delhi. •Patnaik, R.K.2008. Mulberry Cultivation •Rangaswami, G., Narasimhanna, M.N., Kasiviswanatham, K., Sastry, C.R and Jolly, M.S. 1995. Mulberry Cultivation. Sericulture Manual 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi. Pp150 •Sailesh Chattopadhyay. 2011. Introduction to lac and lac culture. Tech. Bulletin.FBTI:01/2011 •Abrol, D.P.2010. Bees and Bee keeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Pp450 •David, B.V and Kumara Swami, T. 2016. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Depot, Madras. Pp536 •Ganga, G and Sulochana Chetty, J. 2008. An introduction to sericulture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp160 •Gautam, R.D.2008. Biological Pest Suppression
MARKS ALLOTMENT 1. Mid semester Examination : 50M 2. Final Practical Examination : 25M 3. Class Work : 25M Record: 10M Observation Notes: 5M Attendance: 3M Discipline and attentive and answering: 2M Internal Tests: 5M 4. Assignment : 25M Power Point Presentation:10M Model preparation:5M Photo frame/Laminations :5M Internal Write ups:5M
“Strive hard to make farming profitable and sustainable for the prosperous Nation”