To study how to improve an individuals fitness and correct illness, it is important to know which energy system is triggered at what moment. This knowledge enables one to extract maximum effort without undue stress. Thus, a briefing about energy systems in the human body.
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
All about ATP(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), how body gets energy from it (molecular formula) and its working in sports. Moreover Creatine Phosphate and Re-synthesis of ATP also know as ATP-CP system.(ATP-PC) (ATP-PCr) or Anaerobic system.
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
All about ATP(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), how body gets energy from it (molecular formula) and its working in sports. Moreover Creatine Phosphate and Re-synthesis of ATP also know as ATP-CP system.(ATP-PC) (ATP-PCr) or Anaerobic system.
Introductory Slides for energy systems. Delivered to year 10 including class activity.
Credit:
http://www.slideshare.net/kerrieobryan/introduction-to-the-energy-systems
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Introductory Slides for energy systems. Delivered to year 10 including class activity.
Credit:
http://www.slideshare.net/kerrieobryan/introduction-to-the-energy-systems
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Introduces Auraopathy: the pathology of the Aura and presents information about the aura, what's in it, why it needs to be cleared on a regular basis, how to get it done and how to learn how to do it for yourself and your family. eBook and aura clearing sessions available on DivineU.net. Check it out today!
Unlock Your Body Energy Level With Green and Organic Supplement - EZAdam Jetking
Try EZ daily energy capsule that support to promote your immune system as well fill all lacking gap of vitamins and minerals that your body needs on daily basis to performe well on your daily working life.
Schlager hören.
Enten füttern.
Kuchen backen.
Die Altersstereotypen von gestern sollten Sie getrost ad acta legen!
Eine wachsende Gruppe von Senioren will vom süßen Nichtstun des Rentnerdaseins erst einmal nichts wissen. Politischer und gesellschaftlicher Weitblick ist gefragt. Wir räumen auf mit den Vorurteilen, für einen anderen Blick auf das Altern.
Machen Sie den #gdvsehtest!
www.gdv.de/positionen
Biblical Teaching on ten economic principles that lay the foundations for modern Western economic systems, underlying the global expansion of wealth. They also are the basis for a moral critique of all economic systems.
Dead Sea Scrolls Mystery__Riddle of a Hebrew Sect 3 generations before Jesus ...Avi Dey
3 generations prior to arrival of John The Baptist, & his maternal cousin, Jesus of Nazareth, a strange recluse Hebrew sect called Essenes lived on north bank of the Dead Sea under the guidance of a spiritual leader, “Teacher of Righteousness” .
The human body relies on a complex energy system to sustain life and perform various physiological functions. This energy system involves the conversion of nutrients from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary molecule used for energy in cells. There are three main energy systems that contribute to ATP production: the phosphagen system, the glycolytic system, and the oxidative system.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Energy systems in human body by arianaacardiorespiratory
1. Energy Systems In Human Body
Presented by,
Dr. Priti Rajak
M.P.Th.
Cardio-Respiratory
Physiotherapy
2. “ENERGY”
• Is defined as the ABILITY or
CAPACITY to do WORK.
• It is expressed in JOULES, as
Energy = work/time
3.
4. Cells don’t get Energy directly from food, it
must be broken down into:
ATP -Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP = a form of energy one can immediately
use, it is needed for cells to function &
muscles to contract
5. ATP is stored in small amounts,
therefore the rest is stored as:
Glucose = Glycogen (muscle &
liver)
Fatty Acids = Body fat
Amino Acids = Growth, repair or
excreted as waste
6. ATP (2-3 seconds)
ATP-CP Energy System (8-10second)
Anaerobic Energy System (2-3 minutes)
Aerobic Energy System (3 minutes +)
Predominant Energy
Pathways
7. ATP-CP Energy System
ATP is stored in the muscle & liver for “Quick
Energy”
Nerve impulses trigger breakdown of ATP into
ADP
ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate & 1 Phosphate
The splitting of the Phosphate bond = Energy for
work
Ex. Muscle Contraction, Moving hand from a
hot stove, Jumping &Throwing
8. The ATP Molecule
a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine P
PPP
PP P
b. The breakdown of ATP:
Adenosine PP
PP PPP
Energy
Energy for cellular function
ATP = ADP + energy for biological work + P
(ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate)
9. For contractions to continue… ATP must be
REBUILT
This comes from the splitting of CP
(Creatine Phosphate a Hi energy source,
automatic)
When ATP is used – it is rebuilt – as long
as there is CP
Energy released from CP breaking down,
resynthesizes the ADP & P
10. REMEMBER – only small amounts of ATP
are stored = only 2-3 sec. of Energy
ATP-CP = 8-10 sec. of Energy
The usefulness isn’t the AMOUNT of
Energy but the QUICK & POWERFUL
movements
For longer periods of work = The
Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy System must
be utilized
11. The Immediate Resynthesis of ATP by CP
a. Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Creatine
P
High energy bond
b. CP = Creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP + P
Creatine P
Energy
c. ADP + energy from CP + P = ATP (reversal of ATP = ADP + P + energy for work)
Adenosine P
PP
P
12.
13. Anaerobic Energy
System
Without oxygen = Activities that require a
large burst of energy over a short period of
time
Anaerobic Glycolysis = Production of ATP
from Carbohydrates without oxygen
(breakdown of glucose)
14. Since glycogen is stored in the muscle &
liver, it is available quickly
This system provides ATP when ATP-CP
runs out.
Again, ATP-CP lasts for a few seconds, the
Anaerobic Energy System allows for 2-3
minutes of work
15. 1.The process to produce ATP is not as fast
as ATP-CP, which makes muscle
contraction slower
2.When oxygen is not present the end
product of glycolysis is lactic acid, which
causes the muscles to fatigue
3. Anaerobic Glycolysis is less efficient in
producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolysis,
BUT is needed for a large burst of energy
lasting a few minutes
16.
17. Without Oxygen
Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA
(digested component of carbohydrates)
Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA
(the storage form of glucose)
18.
19. Aerobic System uses oxygen to break down
food fuels. This gives off a high energy yield.
Carbohydrates and fats are used.
Three stages of the aerobic pathway
are…….
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. • ATP must be re-formed from
ADP+Pi. This required energy!
• The energy comes from breaking
down Glycogen.
• Breaking down glycogen is called
Glycolysis.
• The LA system does this without
02 and is therefore refereed to as
anaerobic glycolysis.
• Because there is no 02 present the
glycogen is not totally broken down
and the by-product lactic acid is
30. Soooooo….
• Lactic acid present in the muscle
decreases muscle pH, which in turn
decreases the amount on glycolytic
enzymes and the rate of ATP resynthesis,
causing FATIGUE!
• Glycolytic enzymes are responsible for
breaking down glycogen.
31. • As we exercise pyruvate is formed
• When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the
pyruvate then lactate is produced
• Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood
• The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either
breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use
it in the creation of glycogen
• The glycogen then remains in the cells until energy is
required
• 65% of lactic acid is converted to carbon dioxide and water,
20% into glycogen, 10% into protein and 5% into glucose.
32. • The process of lactic acid removal takes approx. one hour, but
this can be accelerated by undertaking an appropriate warm
down that ensures a rapid and continuous supply of oxygen to
the muscles.
• The normal amount of lactic acid circulating in the blood is
about 1 to 2 millimoles/litre of blood. The onset of blood
lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurs between 2 and 4
millimoles/litre of blood. In non athletes this point is about
50% to 60% VO2 max and in trained athletes around 70% to
80% VO2 max.
33. • Lactic acid (lactate) is not:
• responsible for the burn in the leg muscles when
exercising very fast
• responsible for the soreness you experience in the 48
hours following a hard session
• a waste product
• Lactate, which is produced by the body all day long,
is resynthesized by the liver (Cori Cycle) to form
glucose that provides you with more energy. Sounds
like a friend to me.
34. • The breakdown of glucose or glycogen produces
lactate and hydrogen ions - for each lactate
molecule, one hydrogen ion is formed. The presence
of hydrogen ions, not lactate, makes the muscle
acidic that will eventually halt muscle function. As
hydrogen ion concentrations, increase the blood and
muscle become acidic. This acidic environment will
slow down enzyme activity and ultimately the
breakdown of glucose itself. Acidic muscles will
aggravate associated nerve endings causing pain and
increase irritation of the central nervous system. The
athlete may become disorientated and feel
nauseous.
Hydrogen ions
35. Improving your Lactate Threshold
• The aim is to saturate the muscles in lactic acid that
will educate the body's buffering mechanism
(alkaline) to deal with it more effectively. The
accumulation of lactate in working skeletal muscles is
associated with fatigue of this system after 50 to 60
seconds of maximal effort. Sessions should comprise
of one to five reps (depends on the athlete's ability)
with near to full recovery.
36. • Training continuously at about 85 to
90% of your maximum heart rate for
20 to 25 minutes will improve your
LT.
37. • A session should be conducted once a week
and commence eight weeks before a major
competition. This will help the muscle cells
retain their alkaline buffering ability.
Improving your LT will also improve your
duration of VO2max.