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Red:very important. Green: Doctor’s notes. Yellow: numbers. Gray:notes and explanation. Physiology Team 436 – Musculoskeletal Block Lecture 8 Lecture: If work is intended for initial studying. Review: If work is intended for revision. 1 Physical and Physiological Factors Affecting Sport Performance
1.Identify the muscle metabolic systems and the nutrients used in exercise o Adenosine triphosphate o Phosphocreatine-creatine system o Glycogen-lactic acid & aerobic system 2.Explain the recovery of the muscle metabolic systems after exercise and the phenomena of oxygen debt 3.Discus the effects of smoking on pulmonary ventilation in exercise. 4.Correlate between heart diseases and the athletic performance in old age. 5.Analyze the changes in body fluids and salts in exercise. 6.Interpret the effects of drugs on athletes. 2 Objectives
Metabolic Pathways in Skeletal Muscle ⦁ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the only energy source used directly by muscles for contractile activities. ⦁ The demand and the mechanism ofATP production vary according to the type of work done ⦁ At rest,a muscle cell contains a small store ofATP , but it cannot rely on thisATP once it begins contracting (enough for 3 seconds) -> (It will finish quickly so we need to regenerate it) ⦁ Muscle cell must get ready forATP production to keep pace with* the increased rate of utilization. * To keep pace with : ‫ةبكاومل‬ 3
Energy for Muscle Contraction ⦁ Mitochondria in the muscle converts glucose,fatty acids, and amino acids intoATP: (ATP =AdenosineTri-Phosphate = Adenosine-PO3 ~ PO3 ~ PO3) ⦁ Each of the last 2 high energy phosphate bonds inATP stores 7300 calories per mole ofATP . ⦁ AllATP stored in the muscle is sufficient for only 3 seconds (the number will vary) of muscle power .(Enough for one half of a 50-meter dash) ⦁ So resting muscles must have energy stored in other ways: 1.Creatine Phosphate (CP) 2.Glycogen 3.Fat & amino acids. 4
Muscle Metabolic System in Exercise ⦁ There are 3 metabolic systems exceedingly (extremely , very) important in understanding the limits of physical activity ,those are:- Phosphocreatine- creatine system Glycogen-lactic acid system Aerobic system 5
ATP Regeneration ⦁ As we begin to exercise, we almost immediately use our storedATPwithin a few seconds A TP is regenerated fromADP by: phosphorylati 1) Direct on of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP) (take the phosphate and turn ADP toA TP) 2)Anaerobic pathway (glycolysis  lactic acid) 3)Aerobic respiration of fatty acids in the mitochondria (slow, little intensity) Fast and limited 6
Immediate 7 Short-term Long-term Interaction of Energy Systems
1-Phosphocreatine-creatine System (Creatine Po3): ⦁ CP:Contain high energy phosphate bond has 10,300 calories/mole ⦁ Most muscle cells have 2-4 times as much CP asATP ⦁ Energy transfer from CP toATP occurs within a small fraction of a second. ⦁ Energy of muscle CP is immediately available for contraction just as stored energy ofATP . ⦁ Product:1ATP Creatine 8 Direct phosphorylation Coupled reaction of creatine Phosphate (CP) andA D P Energy source:CP Creatine kinase Oxygen use:None Products: 1ATP per C P ,creatine Duration of energy provided: 15 seconds
⦁ Formed of combined amounts of cellATP + CP ⦁ T ogether provide maximal muscle power for 8-10 seconds (enough for 100 meter run) ⦁ Energy of phosphagen system is useful for maximal short bursts of muscle power ( 8- 10 seconds). (Severe exercise for short duration) Phosphagen Energy System: 9
2- Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glycogen-Lactic Acid System) Without Oxygen: ⦁ Is the primary energy source for peak (severe) muscular activity .It provides 1.3-1.6 minutes of maximal muscle activity ⦁ The process of anaerobic metabolism can maintainATP supply for about 45-60s. ⦁ Source of energy: • Carbohydrate (glycolysis) • Products:2ATP & Lactate Produces 2ATP molecules per molecule of glucose + 2 N ADH Lactic acid diffuses out of musclesblood taken by the liver  Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood  taken by the muscle again •Glycogen  Glucose  2 pyruvic acid •2 Pyruvic acid  2 lactic acid (2 NAD+)
11 ⦁ Anaerobic metabolism is inefficient ( ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ( … Why? 1- Large amounts of glucose are used for very small ATP returns. 2- Lactic acid is produced whose presence contributes to muscle fatigue. ⦁ Which type of sports use anaerobic metabolism? -Sports that require bursts of speed and activity like: 1 basketball. 2 tennis. Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glycogen-Lactic Acid System)
3- Aerobic Metabolism (With Oxygen): ⦁ Source of Energy: 1-Fatty acids (mainly) 2- Carbohydrates 3-Amino acids CO2, H2O & ATP • Primary energy source of resting muscles: - to convert glucose into glycogen - to create energy storage compounds as CP . ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ • during rest and light to moderate (average) exercise aerobic metabolism contributes 95% of the necessaryATP. • It breaks down fatty acids, pyruvic acid (made via glycolysis), and amino acids • Produces 34ATP molecules per glucose molecule. 12
Comparing the Energy Supply of the 1. Phosphagen, 2. Anaerobic, and 3. Aerobic Systems ‫م‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ (. ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أل‬ .) ‫ج‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ 13 ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ . ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬
6 seconds ATP stored in muscles is used first. 10 seconds and ADP (direct phosphorylation). 30–40 seconds ATP is formed from Glycogen stored in muscles is broken creatine phosphate down to glucose, which is oxidized to generate A TP (anaerobic pathway). End of exercise ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. Hours 14 Comparison of Energy Sources Used During Short- Duration Exercise and Prolonged-Duration Exercise
Extra From Team435 15
1 6 Both Both Recovery of Muscle Metabolic Systems After Exercise Energy from CP reconstitutes ATP. from glycogen-lactic acid system reconstitutes the phosphagen system (CP+ATP). from oxidative metabolism of aerobic system reconstitutes(‫يوكت‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ) all other systems: glycogen-lactic acid system + CP+ ATP. lactic . ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ oxidative ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ Glycogen metabolism Lactic acid causes fatigue so it should be removed by: 1-portion (small amount ) converted into pyruvic acid that is oxidized by all body tissues. 2-The remaining is changed into glucose in the liver to replenish glycogen stores of muscles. ) lactic acid is an energy source ). ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ATPs : ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ . ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ري‬ ‫دحاو‬ ‫لك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬
Recovery of Aerobic System After Exercise (Oxygen Debt) 17 • It is the amount of extra O2 that must be taken after exercise to restore the muscles to the resting conditions. • When a person stops exercising, the rate of oxygen uptake does not immediately return to pre-exercise (Normal) levels, it returns slowly. (the person continues to breathe heavily –hyper ventilating- for some time afterward). • This extra oxygen is used to repay the oxygen debt incurred during exercise. : ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ , ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ .(recovery) ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ Oxygen Debt : ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬
Oxygen Debt ⦁ The body normally contains about 2 liters of stored oxygen that can be used for aerobic metabolism. ⦁ These 2 liters consist of (0.5 L in lungs + 0.25 L dissolved in body fluids + 1.0 L combined with Hb + 0.3 L stored in muscle myoglobin). These 2 liters are used within a minute of heavy exercise or for aerobic metabolism. ⦁ When a person stops exercising, oxygen debt is about 11.5 L of oxygen. ⦁ In addition to 2 L, more O2 (9 L) are needed to reconstitute the phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid systems. : ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ phosphagen& ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬, ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ 2 ‫ال‬ , ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ . ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫نيجسك‬ ‫نم‬ 11 L ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬, ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ , Glycogen ‫مهم‬ Oxygen debt is only with aerobic system 18 4 minutes to replenish
• During the first 4 minutes, O2 uptake is high & fast to refill stored O2 & phosphagen system. It is called (alactacid O2 debt = 3.5 L) • After the first 4 minutes, O2 debt takes 40 minutes for lactic acid removal. Breathing level will be slower. It is called (lactic acid O2 debt =8 L) : ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ 4 ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ,phosphagen system ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ lactic acid removal ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬40 Oxygen Debt 19
Recovery of Muscle Glycogen 20 • Reduction of glycogen stores by heavy exercise needs days to be replenished. • On high CHO (Carbohydrates) diet, recovery occurs in 2 days. • On high fat, high protein or on no food all show very little recovery. • Therefore, athletes should: 1. Have high CHO diet before exercise for ideal recovery. (to have glycogen storage) 2. Not to participate in exhausting exercise during 48 hours preceding the event.
Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity ⦁ During early stages of exercise body use CHO of muscle and liver glycogen. ⦁ Also in intense muscle activity the body uses fats as F.A& very little amino acids. ⦁ 1. If endurance athletic events last longer than 4-5 hours & 2. During exhaustion. Then muscle glycogen is depleted (because it finishes after 1 minute) & muscle depend on fats. ⦁ Glucose solution given to athletes to drink during athletic event supplies 30-40% of energy required during prolonged events such as a marathon race. 21
Effects of Smoking on Pulmonary Ventilation in Exercise ⦁ Smoking (Nicotine) causes irritation to the bronchioles: 1. By increasing fluid secretion into the bronchial tree and swelling of epithelial layer. Which will constrict the terminal bronchioles and therefore increases resistance of airflow into and out of the lungs. 2. Also , Nicotine paralyzes the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cell surface. ⦁ All lead to fluid and waste accumulation and reduced level of performance. ⦁ Chronic smokers may develop emphysema = (obstruction of bronchioles + chronic bronchitis + destruction of alveoli) - so slight exercise causes respiratory distress (pain). 22
Effects of Heart Disease and Old Age on Athletic Performance • Cardiac diseases that reduce cardiac output (C.O.P) will reduce muscle power. •Patient with congestive heart failure has little muscle power to even walk on the floor. •Recall muscle power : is the amount of work that the muscle perform in a period of time (kg-m/min) . •N.B the muscle power is inverse proportional with the time. 1. There is 50% decrease in C.O.P between age 18-80 years. 2. There is a decrease in maximal breathing capacity 3. Decrease in muscle mass. Therefore there is decrease in muscle power with age.
Effect of Body Fluids and Salts in Exercise 24 • Exercising for 1 hour during endurance athletic events causes 5-10 pounds of weight loss in hot humid atmosphere due to sweat loss. • Recall: muscle endurance: is the ability of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for a period of time. • Loss of enough sweat reduces performance -5-10% may lead to cramps, nausea & serious effects, so this water lost due to sweat should be replaced.  Sodium tablets or supplemental fluids which contain potassium in the form of fruit juice are required for athletes.  AlsoAcclimatization to exercise by gradual increase over 1-2 weeks instead of maximal exposure is needed. -Acclimatization: is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in its environment, to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions. (‫تال‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫م‬)
Drugs and Athletes 25 ⦁ Caffeine increases athletes’performance. Male sex hormone (Androgens) & other anabolic steroids: epinephrene A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress, When women use Androgens , They develop: 1. Increases athletes’performance 2. Increasea the risk of heart attacks due to hypertension, 3. Increase LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) increasing LDL increase the risk of CVD 4. and decrease HDL. (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) N.B: LDL also called ("bad" cholesterol) , HDL also called ("good" cholesterol) 5. Decrease testicular functions 6. Decrease natural testosterone secretion in males Amphetamine & cocaine improve performance -BUT overuse reduces performance, they are psychic stimuli. *Have a “psychological effect” -The action of these drugs in addition to epinephrine and norepinephrine (hormones of adrenal medulla ) secreted during exercise lead to death by ventricular fibrillation. 1. Develop facial hair, 2. Stoppage of menses “menstruation” 3. Ruddy “reddish” skin and bass “the lowest adult male singing voice.” voice
Body Fitness Prolongs Life ⦁ Studies show that body fitness, exercise & weight control prolong life (between 50-70 yrs) ⦁ Reasons:- 1Reduce CVD (cardiovascular diseases), heart attacks, brain stroke and kidney disease due to low blood pressure, low blood cholesterol, low LDL, and high HDL. 2 Reduces insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 3Reduces the risk of breast, prostate, and colon cancers and reduces obesity. 26
Link to Editing File (Please be sure to check this file frequently for any edits or updates on all of our lectures.) References: • Girls’and boys’slides. • Guyton and HallTextbook of Medical Physiology (Thirteenth Edition.) Quiz 27 ⦁ https://www.onlineexambuilder.com/physical-and-psycological-factors-affecting- sport-performance/exam-120808
Thank you! 28 Contact us: Physiology436@gmail.com @Physiology436 Team Leaders: Qaiss Almuhaideb LulwahAlshiha HassanAl Shammari AliAl Subaei OmarAl Babteen Fouad Bahgat FaisalAl Fawaz MuhammadAlAayed MuhammadAl Mutlaq WaleedAlAsqah . ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ The Physiology 436Team: FahadAl Fayez Rana Barasain NoufAloqaili Ruba Barnawi LamaAlfawzan HebaAlnasser

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8- Physical and Phsyiological Factors in Sport (1).pptx

  • 1. Red:very important. Green: Doctor’s notes. Yellow: numbers. Gray:notes and explanation. Physiology Team 436 – Musculoskeletal Block Lecture 8 Lecture: If work is intended for initial studying. Review: If work is intended for revision. 1 Physical and Physiological Factors Affecting Sport Performance
  • 2. 1.Identify the muscle metabolic systems and the nutrients used in exercise o Adenosine triphosphate o Phosphocreatine-creatine system o Glycogen-lactic acid & aerobic system 2.Explain the recovery of the muscle metabolic systems after exercise and the phenomena of oxygen debt 3.Discus the effects of smoking on pulmonary ventilation in exercise. 4.Correlate between heart diseases and the athletic performance in old age. 5.Analyze the changes in body fluids and salts in exercise. 6.Interpret the effects of drugs on athletes. 2 Objectives
  • 3. Metabolic Pathways in Skeletal Muscle ⦁ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the only energy source used directly by muscles for contractile activities. ⦁ The demand and the mechanism ofATP production vary according to the type of work done ⦁ At rest,a muscle cell contains a small store ofATP , but it cannot rely on thisATP once it begins contracting (enough for 3 seconds) -> (It will finish quickly so we need to regenerate it) ⦁ Muscle cell must get ready forATP production to keep pace with* the increased rate of utilization. * To keep pace with : ‫ةبكاومل‬ 3
  • 4. Energy for Muscle Contraction ⦁ Mitochondria in the muscle converts glucose,fatty acids, and amino acids intoATP: (ATP =AdenosineTri-Phosphate = Adenosine-PO3 ~ PO3 ~ PO3) ⦁ Each of the last 2 high energy phosphate bonds inATP stores 7300 calories per mole ofATP . ⦁ AllATP stored in the muscle is sufficient for only 3 seconds (the number will vary) of muscle power .(Enough for one half of a 50-meter dash) ⦁ So resting muscles must have energy stored in other ways: 1.Creatine Phosphate (CP) 2.Glycogen 3.Fat & amino acids. 4
  • 5. Muscle Metabolic System in Exercise ⦁ There are 3 metabolic systems exceedingly (extremely , very) important in understanding the limits of physical activity ,those are:- Phosphocreatine- creatine system Glycogen-lactic acid system Aerobic system 5
  • 6. ATP Regeneration ⦁ As we begin to exercise, we almost immediately use our storedATPwithin a few seconds A TP is regenerated fromADP by: phosphorylati 1) Direct on of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP) (take the phosphate and turn ADP toA TP) 2)Anaerobic pathway (glycolysis  lactic acid) 3)Aerobic respiration of fatty acids in the mitochondria (slow, little intensity) Fast and limited 6
  • 8. 1-Phosphocreatine-creatine System (Creatine Po3): ⦁ CP:Contain high energy phosphate bond has 10,300 calories/mole ⦁ Most muscle cells have 2-4 times as much CP asATP ⦁ Energy transfer from CP toATP occurs within a small fraction of a second. ⦁ Energy of muscle CP is immediately available for contraction just as stored energy ofATP . ⦁ Product:1ATP Creatine 8 Direct phosphorylation Coupled reaction of creatine Phosphate (CP) andA D P Energy source:CP Creatine kinase Oxygen use:None Products: 1ATP per C P ,creatine Duration of energy provided: 15 seconds
  • 9. ⦁ Formed of combined amounts of cellATP + CP ⦁ T ogether provide maximal muscle power for 8-10 seconds (enough for 100 meter run) ⦁ Energy of phosphagen system is useful for maximal short bursts of muscle power ( 8- 10 seconds). (Severe exercise for short duration) Phosphagen Energy System: 9
  • 10. 2- Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glycogen-Lactic Acid System) Without Oxygen: ⦁ Is the primary energy source for peak (severe) muscular activity .It provides 1.3-1.6 minutes of maximal muscle activity ⦁ The process of anaerobic metabolism can maintainATP supply for about 45-60s. ⦁ Source of energy: • Carbohydrate (glycolysis) • Products:2ATP & Lactate Produces 2ATP molecules per molecule of glucose + 2 N ADH Lactic acid diffuses out of musclesblood taken by the liver  Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood  taken by the muscle again •Glycogen  Glucose  2 pyruvic acid •2 Pyruvic acid  2 lactic acid (2 NAD+)
  • 11. 11 ⦁ Anaerobic metabolism is inefficient ( ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ( … Why? 1- Large amounts of glucose are used for very small ATP returns. 2- Lactic acid is produced whose presence contributes to muscle fatigue. ⦁ Which type of sports use anaerobic metabolism? -Sports that require bursts of speed and activity like: 1 basketball. 2 tennis. Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glycogen-Lactic Acid System)
  • 12. 3- Aerobic Metabolism (With Oxygen): ⦁ Source of Energy: 1-Fatty acids (mainly) 2- Carbohydrates 3-Amino acids CO2, H2O & ATP • Primary energy source of resting muscles: - to convert glucose into glycogen - to create energy storage compounds as CP . ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ • during rest and light to moderate (average) exercise aerobic metabolism contributes 95% of the necessaryATP. • It breaks down fatty acids, pyruvic acid (made via glycolysis), and amino acids • Produces 34ATP molecules per glucose molecule. 12
  • 13. Comparing the Energy Supply of the 1. Phosphagen, 2. Anaerobic, and 3. Aerobic Systems ‫م‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ (. ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أل‬ .) ‫ج‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ 13 ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ . ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬
  • 14. 6 seconds ATP stored in muscles is used first. 10 seconds and ADP (direct phosphorylation). 30–40 seconds ATP is formed from Glycogen stored in muscles is broken creatine phosphate down to glucose, which is oxidized to generate A TP (anaerobic pathway). End of exercise ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. Hours 14 Comparison of Energy Sources Used During Short- Duration Exercise and Prolonged-Duration Exercise
  • 16. 1 6 Both Both Recovery of Muscle Metabolic Systems After Exercise Energy from CP reconstitutes ATP. from glycogen-lactic acid system reconstitutes the phosphagen system (CP+ATP). from oxidative metabolism of aerobic system reconstitutes(‫يوكت‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ) all other systems: glycogen-lactic acid system + CP+ ATP. lactic . ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ oxidative ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ Glycogen metabolism Lactic acid causes fatigue so it should be removed by: 1-portion (small amount ) converted into pyruvic acid that is oxidized by all body tissues. 2-The remaining is changed into glucose in the liver to replenish glycogen stores of muscles. ) lactic acid is an energy source ). ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ATPs : ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ . ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ري‬ ‫دحاو‬ ‫لك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬
  • 17. Recovery of Aerobic System After Exercise (Oxygen Debt) 17 • It is the amount of extra O2 that must be taken after exercise to restore the muscles to the resting conditions. • When a person stops exercising, the rate of oxygen uptake does not immediately return to pre-exercise (Normal) levels, it returns slowly. (the person continues to breathe heavily –hyper ventilating- for some time afterward). • This extra oxygen is used to repay the oxygen debt incurred during exercise. : ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ , ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ .(recovery) ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ Oxygen Debt : ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬
  • 18. Oxygen Debt ⦁ The body normally contains about 2 liters of stored oxygen that can be used for aerobic metabolism. ⦁ These 2 liters consist of (0.5 L in lungs + 0.25 L dissolved in body fluids + 1.0 L combined with Hb + 0.3 L stored in muscle myoglobin). These 2 liters are used within a minute of heavy exercise or for aerobic metabolism. ⦁ When a person stops exercising, oxygen debt is about 11.5 L of oxygen. ⦁ In addition to 2 L, more O2 (9 L) are needed to reconstitute the phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid systems. : ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ phosphagen& ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬, ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ 2 ‫ال‬ , ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ . ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫نيجسك‬ ‫نم‬ 11 L ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬, ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ , Glycogen ‫مهم‬ Oxygen debt is only with aerobic system 18 4 minutes to replenish
  • 19. • During the first 4 minutes, O2 uptake is high & fast to refill stored O2 & phosphagen system. It is called (alactacid O2 debt = 3.5 L) • After the first 4 minutes, O2 debt takes 40 minutes for lactic acid removal. Breathing level will be slower. It is called (lactic acid O2 debt =8 L) : ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ , ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ 4 ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ,phosphagen system ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ lactic acid removal ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬40 Oxygen Debt 19
  • 20. Recovery of Muscle Glycogen 20 • Reduction of glycogen stores by heavy exercise needs days to be replenished. • On high CHO (Carbohydrates) diet, recovery occurs in 2 days. • On high fat, high protein or on no food all show very little recovery. • Therefore, athletes should: 1. Have high CHO diet before exercise for ideal recovery. (to have glycogen storage) 2. Not to participate in exhausting exercise during 48 hours preceding the event.
  • 21. Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity ⦁ During early stages of exercise body use CHO of muscle and liver glycogen. ⦁ Also in intense muscle activity the body uses fats as F.A& very little amino acids. ⦁ 1. If endurance athletic events last longer than 4-5 hours & 2. During exhaustion. Then muscle glycogen is depleted (because it finishes after 1 minute) & muscle depend on fats. ⦁ Glucose solution given to athletes to drink during athletic event supplies 30-40% of energy required during prolonged events such as a marathon race. 21
  • 22. Effects of Smoking on Pulmonary Ventilation in Exercise ⦁ Smoking (Nicotine) causes irritation to the bronchioles: 1. By increasing fluid secretion into the bronchial tree and swelling of epithelial layer. Which will constrict the terminal bronchioles and therefore increases resistance of airflow into and out of the lungs. 2. Also , Nicotine paralyzes the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cell surface. ⦁ All lead to fluid and waste accumulation and reduced level of performance. ⦁ Chronic smokers may develop emphysema = (obstruction of bronchioles + chronic bronchitis + destruction of alveoli) - so slight exercise causes respiratory distress (pain). 22
  • 23. Effects of Heart Disease and Old Age on Athletic Performance • Cardiac diseases that reduce cardiac output (C.O.P) will reduce muscle power. •Patient with congestive heart failure has little muscle power to even walk on the floor. •Recall muscle power : is the amount of work that the muscle perform in a period of time (kg-m/min) . •N.B the muscle power is inverse proportional with the time. 1. There is 50% decrease in C.O.P between age 18-80 years. 2. There is a decrease in maximal breathing capacity 3. Decrease in muscle mass. Therefore there is decrease in muscle power with age.
  • 24. Effect of Body Fluids and Salts in Exercise 24 • Exercising for 1 hour during endurance athletic events causes 5-10 pounds of weight loss in hot humid atmosphere due to sweat loss. • Recall: muscle endurance: is the ability of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for a period of time. • Loss of enough sweat reduces performance -5-10% may lead to cramps, nausea & serious effects, so this water lost due to sweat should be replaced.  Sodium tablets or supplemental fluids which contain potassium in the form of fruit juice are required for athletes.  AlsoAcclimatization to exercise by gradual increase over 1-2 weeks instead of maximal exposure is needed. -Acclimatization: is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in its environment, to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions. (‫تال‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫م‬)
  • 25. Drugs and Athletes 25 ⦁ Caffeine increases athletes’performance. Male sex hormone (Androgens) & other anabolic steroids: epinephrene A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress, When women use Androgens , They develop: 1. Increases athletes’performance 2. Increasea the risk of heart attacks due to hypertension, 3. Increase LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) increasing LDL increase the risk of CVD 4. and decrease HDL. (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) N.B: LDL also called ("bad" cholesterol) , HDL also called ("good" cholesterol) 5. Decrease testicular functions 6. Decrease natural testosterone secretion in males Amphetamine & cocaine improve performance -BUT overuse reduces performance, they are psychic stimuli. *Have a “psychological effect” -The action of these drugs in addition to epinephrine and norepinephrine (hormones of adrenal medulla ) secreted during exercise lead to death by ventricular fibrillation. 1. Develop facial hair, 2. Stoppage of menses “menstruation” 3. Ruddy “reddish” skin and bass “the lowest adult male singing voice.” voice
  • 26. Body Fitness Prolongs Life ⦁ Studies show that body fitness, exercise & weight control prolong life (between 50-70 yrs) ⦁ Reasons:- 1Reduce CVD (cardiovascular diseases), heart attacks, brain stroke and kidney disease due to low blood pressure, low blood cholesterol, low LDL, and high HDL. 2 Reduces insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 3Reduces the risk of breast, prostate, and colon cancers and reduces obesity. 26
  • 27. Link to Editing File (Please be sure to check this file frequently for any edits or updates on all of our lectures.) References: • Girls’and boys’slides. • Guyton and HallTextbook of Medical Physiology (Thirteenth Edition.) Quiz 27 ⦁ https://www.onlineexambuilder.com/physical-and-psycological-factors-affecting- sport-performance/exam-120808
  • 28. Thank you! 28 Contact us: Physiology436@gmail.com @Physiology436 Team Leaders: Qaiss Almuhaideb LulwahAlshiha HassanAl Shammari AliAl Subaei OmarAl Babteen Fouad Bahgat FaisalAl Fawaz MuhammadAlAayed MuhammadAl Mutlaq WaleedAlAsqah . ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ The Physiology 436Team: FahadAl Fayez Rana Barasain NoufAloqaili Ruba Barnawi LamaAlfawzan HebaAlnasser