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Energy systems main lesson
The document discusses how the body produces energy through different energy systems using carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. There are three main energy systems: 1) the phosphocreatine system which produces ATP very rapidly but has limited capacity, 2) the lactic acid system which produces ATP rapidly but leads to lactic acid buildup and fatigue, and 3) the aerobic system which produces ATP slowly through oxygen but has unlimited capacity. The type of energy system used depends on the intensity and duration of exercise.
Energy systems main lesson
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- 2. Foods consumed toProduce Energy Food Consumed Digestion Absorption into blood transported to Active cells Immediate usage or storage Carbohydrate Glucose Energy Pathways to ATP Storage As glycogen ATP Fat Fatty Acids Energy Pathways To ATP Storage As adipose tissue Protein Amino Acids Energy Pathways To ATP Storage & repair of tissue
- 3. The muscles ofthe body use both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. The following diagram shows how carbohydrates are used. Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body Carbohydrates in the form of starch gained from foods such as pasta, bread and potatoes are eaten. The starch is digested in the gut and turned into glucose molecules. The glucose enters the small intestine where it passes into the blood.
- 4. The glucose isthen used in 3 different ways… Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels. Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder. Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands. Skeletal Muscle LiverBody Cells
- 5. The ATP Cycle • Energyis released in the body by the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins to produce adenosine triphosphate or ATP. • ATP consists of a substance called adenosine and three phosphate groups. • Special high-energy bonds exist between the phosphate groups. • Breaking one of the phosphate bonds releases energy. In a muscle cell, the breakdown of ATP results in mechanical work (muscle contraction) and heat. • When ATP loses one of its phosphate bonds, energy is produced and it is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). • Once this has occurred ADP is resynthesised back into ATP by a process called 'coupled reactions' which is a bit like a shuttle system. Click here to see a demonstration of ATP
- 6. ATP & Exercise •ATP can be resynthesised in three different ways and these are referred to as the ‘energy systems’. • The first two energy systems (phosphcreatine & lactic acid) are termed ‘anaerobic’ because ATP is produced very quickly without oxygen. • The third energy system, ‘aerobic’, produces ATP slowly with oxygen.
- 7. ATP-PC System (anaerobic) •Creatine Phosphate is found in our muscles and stored in limited amounts. When added to ADP, will remake ATP. • The ATP-PC system is used when an activity lasts between 6 and 10 seconds, such as short sprints in some sports, lifting weights and some gymnastic events such as vaulting • After 6-10 Seconds, Creatine Phosphate must be regenerated, so other fuels eg glycogen and fats, must supply energy for the regeneration of ATP.
- 8. Lactic Acid System(anaerobic) • The Lactic acid system uses glycogen in the absence of oxygen to make ATP. • ADP and glycogen (made from carbohydrates) are combined to make more ATP. • Without oxygen, glucose can produce a little ATP, known as ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS but these stores deplete very quickly. • During glycolysis, glycogen produces by products called pyruvate and hydrogen ions. These compounds together form Lactic acid.
- 9. Lactic Acid System(anaerobic) • If the rate of lactic acid production exceeds the rate of removal, muscles become tired and muscle contraction is impeded. • To avoid fatigue, exercise intensity must be reduced so that the lactic acid can be carried away from the muscles by the bloodstream to the liver, for conversion back into glucose or used by other cells receiving a sufficient supply of oxygen. • Type 2a fibres are well adapted to carrying fast rates of glycolysis, but cannot tolerate high levels of lactate. Suitable activities are 400m, & sports that have repeated sprints, eg football, rugby or high energy activities • Lasts for up to 90 seconds
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- 11. Glucose produces… Lactic acidquickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long! Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement.
- 12. Glucose produces… Lactic acidquickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long! The rest is converted into heat to warm the body. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement.
- 13. Aerobic System (aerobic!) •The aerobic production of ATP takes place in the presence of oxygen using a mixture of fatty acids and glucose as fuel. This is very efficient at producing energy. • This process occurs within specialised structures in the muscle cell, called mitochondria, that contain special enzymes needed by the cell to use oxygen. • The by product of this system is Carbon Dioxide and Water. • A key adaptation to regular aerobic training is the body becomes more efficient in mobilising, transporting and oxidising fatty acids. This is because the body develops a greater number of mitochondria and fat oxidising enzymes. So the body becomes more efficient at burning body fat. • This is important for endurance activities, because glycogen is in much shorter supply than fat. By using more fatty acids you can make your glycogen stores last much longer
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- 15. Aerobic respiration ishow marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort. Glucose and oxygen produce… Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement.
- 16. Aerobic respiration ishow marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort. Glucose and oxygen produce… Carbon dioxide, which is carried away by the blood & excreted through the lungs. Water, which is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs, sweat and urine. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. The rest is converted into heat to warm the body.
- 17. Summary Table Energy SystemFuel Used Rate of ATP Production Capacity of Energy System Main Use Phosophocreatine Creatine Phosphate (stored in the muscle) Very rapid Very limited ATP production Very high intensity short duration activities of 1- 10 seconds Lactic Acid Glycogen (stored in the muscle and liver) Rapid By-product is lactic acid which can lead to muscular fatigue Limited ATP production High intensity short duration activities of 20 secs – 90 secs Aerobic Glycogen Fatty Acids (stored in the adipose tissue) Slow By-products are carbon- dioxide and water Unlimited ATP production Moderate to vigorous intensity activites, long duration 3 mins + The higher the exercise intensity, the more dependant you are upon glycogen. The type of fuel you use depends upon exercise duration, intensity and type.
- 18. Energy Systems andSpecial Populations •Children have more mitochondria in their muscles and are therefore more able to use oxygen more efficiently. •They have a high anaerobic threshold, so as long as they are working at an appropriate intensity, they are able to keep going. •But they have limited supplies of muscle and liver glycogen, smaller anaerobic fuel stores and the capacity to use it. So they are not able to tolerate short bursts of energy ot exercises that require high intensity and short reps. •This does improve with age
- 19. Energy Systems andSpecial Populations •There is a gradual increase in energy expenditure as pregnancy advances. •Pregnant exercisers use more carbohydrates than fat during moderate exercise. Therefore, blood sugar levels can fall quickly. •It should be noted that blood glucose can be reduced after strenuous exercise especially in the latter stages of pregnancy
- 20. Energy Systems andSpecial Populations The ability of skeletal muscle to produce energy becomes less efficient with age. Levels of ATP and creatine phosphate decline with activity in older people. This means that they may be less able to regenerate ATP. Also the enzymes responsible for energy release reduce in concentration and effectiveness. This can lead to reduced energy production